Confucius: Confucianism is about benevolence in the Spring and Autumn Period, restraining oneself and restoring etiquette, teaching without distinction

Mencius: Confucianism is about valuing the people over the king, benevolent government, and being inherently good in nature

Laozi: Taoism in the Spring and Autumn Period was quiet and inactive

Mozi: Mohism and the Warring States Period were both non-aggressive and loving

Han Feizi: Legalism and the Warring States Period ruled by law (note that it is not the rule of law)

First of all, let’s talk about Confucianism:

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Confucianism basically adheres to the legislative principles of "kinship with relatives" and "respect for respect", upholds "rule by etiquette", advocates "rule by virtue", and attaches great importance to "rule by people". Confucianism had a great influence on feudal society and was regarded as orthodox by feudal rulers for a long time.

The fundamental meaning of Confucianism's "ritual rule" is "difference", that is, noble and humble, superior and inferior, elder and younger each have their own special behavioral norms. Only when there are proper etiquette for nobility, inferiority, elder and younger, and relatives and strangers, can we achieve the Confucian concept of monarch, minister, father, son, elder brother, younger brother, husband, and wife. ideal society. The governance of a country depends on the stability of the hierarchical order. Confucian "ritual" is also a form of law. It is centered on maintaining the patriarchal hierarchy. Anyone who violates the norms of "ritual" will be punished by "penalty".

The Confucian doctrine of "Government by Virtue" advocates the use of morality to influence and educate people. Confucianism believes that regardless of whether human nature is good or evil, morality can be used to influence and educate people. This kind of education method is a kind of psychological transformation, which makes people kind-hearted, aware of shame and without evil intentions. This is the most thorough, fundamental and positive approach and cannot be achieved by legal sanctions.

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And the idea of ????administering the rule by "people" with ethical nature. From this perspective, the doctrine of "rule by virtue" and the doctrine of "rule by man" are closely related. "Government by virtue" emphasizes the process of enlightenment, while "rule by man" emphasizes the moralizer himself, which is a kind of meritocratic politics. Since Confucianism believes that "personality" has great charisma, it has developed on this basis into extreme "government by people" such as "Government depends on people", "There is no way to govern people, but no law

" ism.

Let’s talk about Legalism:

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Legalism is the school that attaches the most importance to law among the pre-Qin scholars. They are famous for advocating the "rule of law" of "ruling the country by law" and have put forward a whole set of theories and methods. This provided an effective theoretical basis for the centralized Qin Dynasty that was later established. The later Han Dynasty inherited the Qin Dynasty's centralized system and legal system, which were the political and legal subjects of ancient my country's feudal society. .

Legalists have made contributions in jurisprudence, including the origin, essence, and role of law, as well as the relationship between law and social economy, the requirements of the times, state power, ethics, customs, and the natural environment

Basic issues such as the environment, the relationship between population and human nature have all been discussed with great success. But Legalism also has its shortcomings. For example, they strongly exaggerate the role of the law, emphasize the use of heavy punishment to govern the country, "use punishment to remove punishment", and implement heavy punishment for minor crimes, superstitiously following the role of the law. They believe that people's nature is to pursue interests, and there are no moral standards at all. Therefore, they must use interests and honor to induce people to do things. For example, in war, high rewards, including official positions, will be given to those who have achieved military exploits, thus motivating soldiers and generals to fight bravely. This may be one of the reasons why the Qin army

has strong combat effectiveness. To destroy the six countries and unify China, the role of Legalism should be affirmed, although it has some shortcomings.

A brief introduction to the thoughts of Legalism is as follows:

Opposition to etiquette

Legalism attaches great importance to law and opposes Confucian "rituals". They believed that the emerging landowning class at that time opposed the hereditary privileges of the aristocracy to monopolize economic and political interests, and demanded private ownership of land and the award of official positions based on merit

and talent. This was a fair and correct proposition. The etiquette system that maintained the privileges of the nobility was backward and unfair.

The role of law

The first role is to "determine the division and end disputes", that is, to clarify the ownership of things. One of the Legalists carefully made a very simple metaphor: "When a rabbit runs away, a hundred people chase it. Accumulate rabbits in the market and pass them by

ignoring them. Unless you don't want the rabbit, you can't fight over it. "It means that when a rabbit runs away, many people chase it, but there are so many rabbits in the market that they don't even look at it. This is not because you don’t want the rabbit

, but the ownership has been determined and can no longer be fought for. Otherwise, it will be against the law and will be punished.

The second function is to "encourage people to perform military exploits and fear violence", that is, to encourage people to perform military exploits and make those lawless people feel fear. The ultimate goal of success is to enrich the country and strengthen the army, and win the annexation war

The theory of human nature of "loving benefits and hating harms"

Legalists believe that everyone has "loving benefits and hating harms" Or the nature of "taking advantage and avoiding disadvantage". As Guanzi once said, a businessman travels day and night, even if he travels thousands of miles, he does not feel it is far, because the interests are attracting him in front of him

. Fishermen are not afraid of danger and sail against the current, not caring about hundreds of miles away. They are also pursuing the benefits of fishing.

With this same idea, Shang Yang came to the conclusion: "There are likes and dislikes in life,

so the people can be governed." The view of history of "not following the past, not following the present"

< p>Legalism opposed conservative retro-thinking and advocated vigorous reform. They believe that history is moving forward, and all laws and systems must develop with the development of history. They can neither retrogress or regress nor follow the old ways. Shang Yang clearly put forward the proposition of "not following the past and not following the present". Han Fei further developed Shang Yang's ideas and proposed that "time changes and governance becomes difficult, chaos will occur." He satirized the conservative Confucianism as stupid people who wait and wait.

A state-governing strategy that combines "law", "technique" and "power". Shang Yang, Shen Dao and Shen Buhai respectively advocated emphasizing law, power and power, each with its own characteristics. When it came to Han Fei, the master of Legalist thought,

Han Fei put forward the idea of ??closely combining the three. Law refers to the sound legal system, power refers to the power of the monarch, who must be solely responsible for military and political power, and technique refers to the strategies and means to control ministers, control political power, and implement laws.

The main purpose is to detect and prevent rebellion and maintain the status of the monarch. There are fundamental differences between Legalist thought and the democratic rule of law that we advocate now. The biggest difference is that Legalists strongly advocate the centralization of monarchy, and it is absolute. This should be noted. We can selectively learn from and use other ideas of Legalism.

The above is a general summary of Legalist thought. The ideological system is to rule the country by law!

The next one should be military strategists:

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The management thoughts of ancient Chinese military strategists are an important part of the splendid ancient literature of the Chinese nation and are the reflections of military strategists of all ages on war. The sum of rational understanding of decision-making, command, coordination and their laws.

The management thinking of ancient Chinese military strategists includes a number of scientific management viewpoints, which take various objective factors such as politics, economy, military, astronomy, geography, and international relations as conditions for determining victory

< p>, and regard them as a unified whole of interrelated management decisions, and at the same time regard the subjective guidance of war, that is, the subject's decision-making, command, organization, operations and other military theoretical qualities (the so-called "general ability"

< p>, "general talent") as a basic factor, and thus led to a series of tactics to win the war.

The discussion of tactics (strategy) can be said to be the richest aspect of the management thinking of ancient Chinese military strategists. It reveals many regular principles that must still be observed today

. Many famous sayings have become popular management mottos, such as: "Know your enemy and yourself, fight a hundred battles without danger, know heaven and earth, and victory is possible", "Be prepared for danger in times of peace", "Be prepared for danger", "Plan first and fight later"

, "Befriend far away and attack close", "attack the unprepared and surprise", "avoid the truth and attack the weak", "defeat the weak with numbers", "win with troops is more important than long", "swiftness is more important with troops"; "harmony is more important with troops, peace is more important" Then one mind

", "Three armies and one person can win", "Three armies can seize the spirit, and the general can seize the heart", "Secretly observe the enemy's opportunities, take advantage of them quickly, and attack them unexpectedly", etc. wait. Some of the basic principles used in these famous military management mottos are not only consistent in basic spirit with modern scientific theories, but also have obvious origins in language.

The main idea of ??a military strategist should be sophistry!

Then let’s talk about Taoism:

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In China, Confucianism and Taoism often penetrate and complement each other. Confucianism advocates "relaxing the way of civil and military affairs" and "a man can bend and stretch". If conditions permit, he will actively strive. If he encounters resistance, he will turn around and retreat to the mountains and forests. Therefore, Taoist "escaping from the world" and "doing nothing" exactly reflect the flexible side of Chinese culture, and can be said to be a supplement to Confucianism.

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Taoism regards Tao as the origin and universal law of the world. It believes that the way of heaven is inactive and the way of Tao is natural. Based on this, it proposes politics such as governing by inaction, valuing softness and guarding femaleness, and using softness to overcome hardness. , military strategy.

The political thought of ancient Taoism was even more complex than that of Confucianism. Laozi's main thoughts are "governing by doing nothing" and "a small country with few people"; Zhuangzi avoids politics and is the master of the theory of no king; Yang Zhu is "no one loses anything, everyone is disadvantaged" "The world is governed." Huang Lao Taoism, while inheriting Laozi's "governing by doing nothing", also mixed the ideas of other schools, such as the legalism; Ruan Ji and Ji Kang in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. After practicing personal disobedience in politics, Taoist views on politics were transformed into Taoist political thoughts. I am not familiar with this, so I will omit it.

There is a view in Western political science: "The government plays the role of a night watchman" and "the government with the least control is the best government." Lao Tzu's "governing by doing nothing" has many similarities with this.

At the same time, Lao Tzu's "I do nothing and the people transform themselves" also has many similarities with Hayek's "spontaneous order", but Lao Tzu The inaction is a warning to the authoritarian government, and those Western ideas all come from the concept of liberal democracy. Laozi's "small country and few people" refers to the state of natural villages in ancient society, but it has many similarities with the ideal of autonomy in modern society.

Zhuangzi’s thought of escaping politics makes people think that the entire Taoism advocates escapism.

In fact, Zhuangzi's critical spirit on social politics is unparalleled. He can be said to be the master of the ancient theory of no king. This kind of thought was widely used by Ruan Ji, Bao Jingyan, "The Incompetent Son", Deng Mu, etc., and became a valuable resource for Huang Zongxi to criticize the monarchy.

Yang Zhu is seen as a typical example of selfishness without spending any money, but their selfishness is based on not harming the interests of others, which is bold for China's collective thinking. Rebellion

. They have a bit of the image of modern "economic man". If their political ideals become reality, it will be the pre-Qin version of "Pareto optimality".

People also have a misunderstanding about Taoism, that is, it is the representative of Machiavellianism. In fact, although Machiavellianism is related to Taoist thought, it was originally a patent of Legalism. Later, Huang Lao Taoist blended Taoism and Legalism

thoughts together, forming the so-called "Nanmian Technique". However, Huang Lao Taoism carried forward the idea of ??governing by doing nothing and advocated tranquility and self-determination. The prosperity of the Han, Tang and Song Dynasties were closely related to Huang Lao Taoism.

During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Ruan Ji and Ji Kang practiced personal disobedience in politics, which was significantly related to Gandhi’s non-violent non-cooperation movement in India and Martin Luther’s non-violent mass direct action movement in the United States

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The difference between the two works; as for the metaphysics of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was just a fig leaf for the rulers to muddle along with their extortionate expropriations, leaving behind the saying that empty talk harmed the country.

Let’s talk about the Mohist school next:

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Confucianism talks about governing the country by virtue and advocating the role of role models; Mohism takes the path of totalitarianism in governing the country and advocates obedience to superiors (shang same). ("Everything above is everything, everything above is not everything", this sentence may be familiar to everyone

I'm afraid it comes from Mozi.

Mozi is a member of the Mohist school The founder was a great thinker and politician in the early Warring States period, and he was also a natural scientist with outstanding contributions. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended and various scholars created theories.

The academic atmosphere was very active, and many scholars emerged. Thinkers and scientific schools. Mohism is one of the very important schools.

Mozi’s birth and death dates are unknown. Modern scholars generally believe that Mozi was born around 476 BC and died in BC. Around 390, some people have also verified that Mozi was born around the fourth year of King Jing of Zhou Dynasty (480 BC) and died around the sixth year of King Weilie of Zhou Dynasty (420 BC). p>

There is also controversy about where Mozi was born. "Historical Records: Biography of Meng Xun" states that he was a senior official of the Song Dynasty. "Lu Shi Chun Qiu Dang Ran" also believes that he was originally from Lu. He was a native of the Song Dynasty, but later lived in the Lu State for a long time. Mozi may have belonged to the "scholar" class at that time, but he himself was a craftsman who made utensils and had rich production craft skills. His ability in making city defense equipment was even better than that of Lu Ban, the most famous craftsman in history. He once competed with Lu Ban on their skills in city defense in front of King Hui of Chu, and ended up defeating Lu Ban.

According to legend, Mozi first learned Confucianism, but because he was dissatisfied with the cumbersome "rituals" advocated by Confucianism, he learned from Dayu's spirit of hard work and simplicity, so he established his own new theory and founded the Mohist school

<. p>It had a great influence on the ideological circles at that time. Together with Confucianism, it was called "Xianxue". The Mohist school was the main opposition to the Confucian school. Mozi had many disciples, most of whom came from the lower classes of society.

< p>A well-organized political group with very strict discipline requirements. These people can endure hardships, are diligent in conducting experiments, are very brave in fighting, and are usually engaged in productive labor.

They are people. Do good deeds even at the expense of your own life. Therefore, "Huainanzi" says: "Mozi served one hundred and eighty people, and they were willing to go through fire and death without paying back." And they succeeded.

Not being rewarded, giving kindness without repaying it, living an extremely simple and difficult life

Mozi’s life was devoted to the just cause of helping those in need, Ban Gu’s "Answers". "Bin Xi" said: "Confucius's mat is not warm, Mo Tu is not Guizhou", which means that Mozi, like Confucius, devoted himself to the affairs of the world

He worked hard every day, even sitting on the mat to warm the chimney of the stove He didn't even have the time to dye himself black. He "worked day and night to suffer himself to the extreme" and traveled among the vassal states for a long time to promote his political ideas.

According to legend, he once prevented the powerful Chu State from attacking the weak ones. The Song Dynasty implemented the principle of "universal love and non-aggression". Later, Lu Yangwenjun wanted to attack Zhengguo. After Mozi knew about it, he went to reason and persuade Luyang Wenjun to stop. Attack Zheng. He "traveled to the south to send guards" and preached "preparing soldiers" for defense. He also visited Chu State many times and presented letters to King Hui of Chu. But later he refused the fiefdom given to him by the King of Chu and left the state of Chu

. Mozi came to Qi in his later years and tried to dissuade Xiang Ziniu from attacking Lu, but he failed. The King of Yue invited Mozi to serve as an official and promised him a fief of five hundred miles. Mozi took "listen to my words and use my way (listen to my advice and act according to my principles)" as the conditions for his departure. He did not care about fiefdoms and titles, in order to realize his political ambitions. ambitions and ideas.

What the Mohist school represents politically is the interests of the broad class of small producers and small private owners.

Mozi's teachings, such as "Heaven's will and Mingsi" are still inseparable from the traditional thoughts of the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, but they are endowed with the content of "non-fate and universal love" to oppose the Confucian "destiny" and the idea of ??"there are differences in love". Mozi believed that "carrying on one's destiny is a great harm to the world" and strongly advocated "mutual love and mutual benefit", and there should be no distinction between closeness and distance, high and low. He also has the spirit of dedication to "put your feet on the back and benefit the world".

His "non-offensive" thinking reflected the people's intention to oppose predatory wars at that time. He put forward the ideas of "no pleasure", "frugal use" and "frugal burial", and opposed the "extraordinary rites and music" of the aristocrats in power

and the decadent life of luxury and enjoyment. He realized the basis of laboring human life and put forward the proposition of emphasizing production and "those who rely on their own strength will survive, and those who do not rely on their own strength will not survive." Politically, he advocated improving the social and economic status of workers and small producers, advocating that "the hungry must be fed, the cold must be clothed, the laboring must be rested, and chaos must be To be governed", he also put forward the viewpoint of "valuing the virtuous" and "valuing the common people", believing that "officials are not always noble, and people are never lowly".

Mozi conducted in-depth research on issues such as knowledge and logic, formulated the "Three Tables" as a criterion for understanding truth, and put forward the concept of "not by its name, but by its name" Materialist Cognition

Theory of knowledge. Mozi's educational thought is "hard practice and obedience to discipline", and he puts forward the educational purpose of "promoting the benefits of the world and eliminating the harm of the world".

Mohism was once a "prominent school" in the pre-Qin period, but it declined in the Han Dynasty. However, the Mohist spirit has not been lost. The chivalrous people after the Han Dynasty are the inheritors of the Mohist spirit of "universal love"

China's civil socialist party's chivalrous spirit of equality and mutual assistance of "all brothers within the four seas" is to a large extent the true inheritance of the Mohist spirit. Chinese poems and chivalrous novels that praise the spirit of chivalry are all closely related to Mohist thought.

Their spiritual origins are closely related. Mohist thought is spread at the bottom of Chinese folk society, and its influence on Chinese culture is as great as that of Confucianism and Taoism.

/From China.com community club.china.com/

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