The difficulty of composition lies in the beginning. Many times, facing a material or a proposition, the biggest difficulty in writing is not knowing how to stand on one's feet, taking this as a starting point to drive the writing of the whole article.
The reasons for this difficulty in writing are very complicated. In addition to the difficulty in capturing the meaning of materials or propositions, the writer's own lack of writing skills is also an important reason. Writing, especially writing in the examination room, always has some fixed rules. If you can master some related skills before writing, you won't get into an embarrassing situation where you can't start. Next, just write according to the proposition? Fight? For example, talk about the beginning method of composition in the examination room.
First of all, cut to the chase.
Case: In fact, we have been struggling all our lives.
Many classic argumentative essays adopt this opening way. For example, Wu Han's Talking about Bones is a monologue:? We China people have backbone. ? These simple ten words play an outline role in the full text, as the general argument of the full text. Concise, clear theme.
This kind of beginning has three advantages:
First, use the most economical words to clarify the key points of full-text writing and make the theme stand out.
Secondly, it helps the author to stick to this key idea in subsequent writing, so that the theme of the article will not drift.
Third, it helps readers to quickly grasp the core theme of the article and examine the full text according to this core.
This way of opening is more suitable for students with simple style and unpretentious language, and also suitable for writing simple argumentative papers. For candidates with strong expressive force of words, or compositions that need vivid language to create specific writing situations, candidates' language talents can't be displayed to a great extent because the words at the beginning are too simple. Therefore, this method is generally not recommended.
Second, the scene description
Case:? It's rush hour, please pay attention to safety and don't be crowded. The bus just passed a platform and got on many passengers. Passengers flocked to their seats. An old woman has just slowly moved to an empty seat by the window. A man with yellow hair and a cigarette in his mouth? Teng? I sat down first, crossed my legs and looked at grandma proudly. Grandma stood beside him helplessly, clutching the handrail tightly, and her thin body kept shaking in the car.
The value of scene description is to create an immersive sense of reality for readers through the creation of specific situations. Such a sense of reality is conducive to arousing readers' own real emotional experience and making use of such a sense of reality? Arouse? Convey the author's thoughts and feelings.
When describing the scene, we should pay attention to the following points:
First, when describing the situation, try to show the objective and fair situation, and don't insert critical words in descriptive words.
Second, when describing the situation, the language should be written and rational to avoid being too colloquial and emotional.
Third, the situation can be fictional, but it must conform to the real laws of life, be representative, and have a certain depth and breadth. This way of opening can easily make the article stay at the simple evaluation and criticism level of superficial phenomena. This is something that you must always be vigilant when writing.
Third, the concept description
Case: Struggle is the struggle of grass to break through rocks; Struggle is the moment when young warblers leave their nests and learn to fly; Struggle is the torrent of ships under the storm; Struggle is the struggle of students on the narrow wooden bridge; ? We need to argue.
The characteristic of concept description is that the key words in the composition proposition are metaphorical, and the abstract concept is transformed into an image picture through visualized words. The purpose of this transformation is to turn abstraction into concreteness, and to transform the original abstract concept into concrete scenes that can be seen everywhere in life through concrete and sensible examples. Secondly, the original general concept is described from multiple angles, and a multi-angle interpretation is generated to serve the multi-angle development below.
The beginning of concept description is always reflected in the structure of first division and then combination. In general, as the case shows, the concept is vividly described from different sides in three or four sentences. Finally, summarize the previous description with a summary sentence. It should be noted that the above descriptions are vivid and vivid, but their value is actually only the last conclusion. This kind of summative short sentence is the writing focus that you really want to highlight. This sentence is usually the central argument of the full text.
Fourth, the concept interpretation.
Case 1: Controversy, is it Tao Yuanming? Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan? Calm down; Fighting? Is it a land tour? I'm not talking about fighting for spring, but a group of people are jealous? Helpless; Fight, but also Yue Fei? Don't wait, white young head, empty sad? Sigh; Is it also Li Bai? Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those people with high status and important positions? They never want to be seen with a sincere face. Proud?
Case 2: Some people say that struggle is a gesture, which represents a positive and enterprising spirit; Some people say that struggle is a character and represents a fighting spirit that never gives up; Some people say that struggle is an idea and represents a kind of wisdom in peacetime. But I don't want to be? Fight? Sing a hymn, because? Fight? Is the unbearable weight of life.
On the surface, the concept explanatory open method and the concept descriptive open method are similar, but in fact, the difference between them is quite big. This difference is mainly reflected in:
At the beginning of the concept description, after the concept is put forward, concrete pictures are used to reflect the concept content, the expression is mainly description, and the writing focus is on drawing. For example, reading? Struggle is the struggle of grass breaking through rocks? In this sentence, as readers, we will have a dynamic picture of grass breaking through rocks in our minds.
At the beginning of the concept explanation, after the concept is put forward, the content of the concept is explained by quoting famous sayings. The expression is mainly explanation, and the writing focus is on example explanation. For example, reading? Is it Tao Yuanming? Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan? Calm down? This sentence, as a reader, is not how Tao Yuanming picked chrysanthemums under the hedge and looked at Nanshan, but how Tao Yuanming's attitude towards life can be regarded as a kind. Fight? . That is to say, quoting Tao Yuanming and his poems is just for illustration? Fight? This concept.
Of course, the explanation here is not scientific, so there is no need to give a precise definition of the core concepts. The purpose of explanation is only to lead to the core point of view. From this perspective, it is the same as the concept description. After the concept explanation, it is usually necessary to use a conclusion sentence to lead to the main points of the full text.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) sentence is parallel.
Case:? Building a house is based on human conditions. Are there any chariots and horses? Tao Yuanming enjoys it? No dispute? Dull; ? Hungry to eat pork, laughing and thirsty to drink Hun blood? Yue Feile is in it? Fight? Agitation; ? Because the world can't satisfy our desire. Send it out tomorrow morning to make a boat? . Li Bai pursues? No dispute? Freedom; ? What did you do for the king of the world, and won fame before and after? What did Xin Qiji pursue? Fight? Achievement; ? Pick up all the cold branches and refuse to live. Is the lonely sandbar cold? Su Shi's mind? No dispute? A cold person; ? How much sadness can you have, like a river flowing eastward? What about Li? Fight? The dignity of.
What do you want? Fight? , or want it? No dispute? Throughout the ages, this question has been haunting the hearts of every China scholar?
The advantage of parallelism lies in using limited words to express infinitely rich meanings. For example, in this case, although only six ancient people are listed, they can represent all people in ancient and modern times, at home and abroad. After reading such a beginning, as readers, we are not only thinking of these six people. Fight? Or? Do not dispute? But thought of the difficult choices made by the whole human being in the face of this great book of life from ancient times to the present. Through this choice, we can read the living conditions of people with different personalities in different times, different social environments.
The arrangement of the first sentence should pay attention to the creation of momentum, the harmony of language style, the elegance of language, the representativeness and generality of content. This way of opening is more suitable for students with wide reading and profound thoughts. The parallelism sentence can reflect the breadth of reading and the depth of thought.
Like the concept description, the beginning of sentence parallelism also needs a group of conclusion short sentences after the parallelism sentence. This short sentence also plays a role in revealing the key points of full-text writing.
Sixth, paragraph arrangement
Case: bold and elegant Li Bai, crying? Go out laughing, are we Artemisia people? This is a struggle with the strong.
Broad-minded and calm perilla, a sigh? Who is afraid that a misty rain will last a lifetime? It was an official struggle.
Wan Qing beautiful Li Qingzhao, a word? Cold and lonely, sad and painful? This is a struggle with fate.
Ten thousand years is too long to seize the day.
This kind of beginning and sentence arrangement are roughly the same. The only difference is that the beginning of paragraph arrangement makes the article more layered and fresh on the surface.
Is it possible to divide every sentence at the beginning of sentence parallelism into paragraphs and make it a paragraph parallelism? The answer is no, because the first two statements are closely related, and the latter one is loose. In other words, sentences with sentence parallelism are usually closely related in internal logic. They are either different aspects of the same thing or a group of things that appear in contrast. Paragraph parallelism is much looser, and the paragraphs used in parallelism are usually only related to the theme meaning, without much internal logic.
Seven. cite
Case 1:? I walked through the south of the Yangtze River, and I looked like a lotus in full bloom in Zheng Chouyu in the season, with his faint loneliness. For us to build a world without competition? Empty and beautiful.
Case 2: Aristotle once said: Man is a rational animal, and struggle is the biggest similarity between man and other animals. ? Life is full of conflicts, isn't it? Fight? Imperfect consciousness of life?
Case 3: Darwin said it as early as in his theory of evolution. Natural selection, survival of the fittest Indeed, our society today is full of competition.
The beginning of a reference usually consists of two parts. The first part refers to famous sayings, historical materials, theorem definitions and scientific data; The latter part makes the most general comments on the previous quotations.
The advantages of quoting the beginning are:
First, enhance the credibility of the point of view.
Second, show the author's reading face.
Third, give readers the accumulation and enlightenment of knowledge.
There are three questions to pay attention to when starting with quotation marks:
First, as the opening quotation, the content should not be too long, preferably within 30 words. It's too long for readers to remember and it's not eye-catching.
Secondly, the summary comments in the later part should be as brief as possible, and the core topics of this composition must be pointed out in the summary, and it is best to explain your core views.
Thirdly, there should be logical rationality between quoting and summarizing comments, so that readers can understand the inevitable connection between them at a glance. You can't pull it around, it's far-fetched.
Eight. Presentation of historical materials
Case: It's raining blood along the Wujiang River. You left silently, not buried by horses, and died in battle. You ended your glorious life with your own sword.
This is a common way to start writing culture and prose candidates in the perfect composition of the senior high school entrance examination in recent years. This kind of article, which takes the reproduction of some historical materials as the breakthrough point, mostly presents historical materials directly at the beginning, and with the help of carefully selected historical pictures and unconventional speaking methods, the clause of the article obtains eye-catching artistic effect at the beginning.
At the beginning of the presentation of this kind of historical materials, description, discussion and lyric are often closely combined in the way of expression, so as to embody the maximum text connotation with limited words as much as possible. Its description highly condenses the original lengthy historical materials into abstract pictures; Its discussion only pays attention to the presentation of opinions and downplays the arguments after opinions; Its lyricism is expressed by leaping words and personalized vocabulary.
It is worth noting that this way of opening requires candidates to have strong language control ability. This control is not only reflected in the limited words at the beginning, but also runs through the whole article. In other words, if there is such a beginning, there must be such a subject and an end, and you must never give up halfway. It is precisely because of the high requirements for language control that candidates are generally not encouraged to start like this.
Nine. Comparison formula
Case: Confucianism emphasizes patriarchal clan system and has no dispute with the system; Buddhism stresses exquisiteness and is uncontroversial with others; Taoism emphasizes being born and not competing with the world. However, I think this rapidly changing information age needs us to fight for it.
Comparative opening method is one of the common opening methods in modern prose. Mr. Yu Dafu's Winter Scenery in the South of the Yangtze River begins with the description of the winter in the north. This description means one thing and another, and the goal is actually the characteristics of the winter scenery in Jiangnan below. At the beginning of Winter in Jinan, Mr. Lao She also compared it with the windy weather in Beiping and the foggy weather in London, thus highlighting the sunny weather in Jinan in winter.
The beginning of comparison has the following two advantages:
First, through comparison or analogy, highlight the essential attributes of the things to be expressed and clarify the purpose and significance of the beginning of the article. Just like this case? This ever-changing information age needs us to strive for? Can be regarded as the core argument of the full text.
Secondly, with the help of the enumeration of comparative materials, the author's reading vision is displayed, and the readers are conquered with novel and unique opinions and highly summarized skills. For example, the summary of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in the case, with concise and standardized language and rich knowledge connotation, is easy to leave a deep impression on readers at the starting point.
Starting with comparative method, we need to work hard on the comparability of materials. First of all, the materials should be novel and readable; Secondly, the language must be concise; Thirdly, we should be able to show the author's writing quality from a certain angle, such as reading, such as language control. Never piece together materials for comparison.
X. suspense.
Case: A great leader, a master of literature and a master of painting won wisdom, talent and friendship for a painting?
The value of suspense lies in doubt and excitement. Using suspense to start, first, it can arouse the reader's appetite with suspense and guide the reader to enter the preset plot structure step by step; Second, the contradictions and conflicts of the story can be concentrated at the beginning of the article to ensure the maximum expression of the core content of the article; Thirdly, with the help of the description and creation of suspense, we can point out the theme significance of the article and lay the emotional tone and value trend for the description of the subject.
What's so important at the beginning of suspense? Strange? With what? Coincidence . First of all, there must be some suspense, or the suspense set by the author at the beginning should stand up to scrutiny and really interest people. So, it was conceived? Strange? Especially important. Secondly, suspense plays a vital role in the full text, which is often the intersection of contradictions and conflicts in the full text. What is the setting of this conflict? Coincidence , want to have that? Unexpected, reasonable? The aesthetic effect of.
In writing practice, we should distinguish suspense from suspense. The former is that the material does contain suspense, while the latter is mysterious, but it has no substantive content. In addition to the wonderful opening, the main body of the article will present more wonderful things in layers of cocoon peeling; The latter is anticlimactic, and there is no need for a compact plot to back it up after the beginning.
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