"Historical Records·Biography of Bai Qi and Wang Jian" records:

Bai Qi was from Xidi. He was good at using troops and served King Zhao of Qin. In 294 BC (the thirteenth year of King Zhao), Bai Qi was granted the title of Zuo Shu Chang and led troops to attack Xincheng in South Korea. In this year, Ranghou served as the prime minister of Qin. He appointed Ren Bi as the governor of Hanzhong County.

The next year, Bai Qi was named Zuogeng again, attacked the allied forces of Han and Wei, fought in Yique, killed 240,000 enemies, and captured their general Gongsun Xi, and took Next five cities. Bai Qi was promoted to captain of the country.

He led his troops across the Yellow River and captured a large area of ??land east of Anyi in South Korea as far as Wanhe. In the third year, Bai Qi was granted the title of Daliangzao again. Defeated the Wei army and captured sixty-one cities, large and small. In the fourth year, Bai Qi and Ke Qing attacked Yuan City by mistake and captured it immediately.

In the fifth year after that, Bai Qi attacked Zhao and captured Guanglang City. In the seventh year after this, Bai Qi attacked Chu and occupied five cities including Yan and Deng.

The next year, he attacked Chu again, occupied Ying, the capital of Chu, burned the tombs of the Chu kings, and headed east to Jingling. The king of Chu fled the capital of Ying and fled eastward, moving his capital to Chen. The Qin State established Yingdi as Nanjun.

Bai Qi was named Lord Wu'an. He took advantage of the situation to attack Chu and pacified Wu and Qianzhong counties. In 273 BC (the thirty-fourth year of King Zhao), Bai Qi attacked Wei and captured Huayang, causing Mangmao to flee. He also captured the generals of Zhao and Wei and killed 130,000 enemies.

At that time, Bai Qi fought with Zhao's general Jia Yan and sank 20,000 Zhao soldiers into the Yellow River. In 264 BC (the 43rd year of King Zhao), Bai Qi attacked Xingcheng in South Korea, captured five cities, and killed 50,000 enemies. In 263 BC (forty-four years), Bai Qi attacked Nanyang Taihang Road in South Korea and blocked this passage.

In 262 BC (the 45th year of King Zhao), Bai Qi sent troops to attack the Yewang City in South Korea. The Yewang surrendered, cutting off the connection between Shangdang County in South Korea and South Korea.

Feng Ting, the governor of Shangdang County, planned with the people and said: "The road to the capital Zheng is cut off, and South Korea will definitely not be able to control us. The Qin army is advancing day by day, and South Korea cannot rescue it, so why not Subdue Shangdang to the State of Zhao. If the State of Zhao accepts us, the State of Qin will definitely attack the State of Zhao. If the State of Zhao is attacked by force, the two countries will unite to resist the State of Qin." p>

So he sent someone to inform Zhao State. King Zhao Xiaocheng studied this matter with Pingyang Jun and Pingyuan Jun. Pingyang Jun said: "It is better not to accept it. If you accept it, the disaster will be much greater than the benefits."

Pingyuan Jun. Jun expressed his dissent and said: "I got a county for nothing, and it is beneficial to accept it." As a result, King Zhao accepted Shangdang and named Feng Ting the King of Huayang.

In 261 BC (the forty-sixth year of King Zhao), the Qin State captured Goushi and Linyi in South Korea.

In 260 BC (the 47th year of King Zhao), the State of Qin sent Wang Lu, the chief of the left concubine, to attack South Korea and capture Shangdang. The people of Shangdang fled to Zhao State one after another. The State of Zhao stationed troops in Changping to support the people of Shangdang. In April, Wang Lu used this opportunity to attack Zhao. Zhao Guo sent Lian Po to lead the army.

Soldiers of the Qin and Zhao armies fought each other from time to time. The Zhao army's soldiers attacked the Qin army's scouts, and the Qin army's scouts beheaded the Zhao army's deputy general named Qie. The war gradually expanded. In June, the Qin army broke through the Zhao army's position, captured two castles, and captured four lieutenants.

In the seventh month, Zhao Jun built a high wall and could not get out. The Qin army carried out an attack, captured two lieutenants, broke through the Zhao army's position, and captured the western camp. Lian Po held on to the fortress and adopted a defensive posture to confront the Qin army. The Qin army challenged him many times, but the Zhao soldiers could not hold on.

The King of Zhao repeatedly accused Lian Po of not fighting the Qin army. The prime minister of Qin, Yinghou, sent people to Zhao to spend thousands of gold to carry out counterintuitive tactics, and loudly announced: "The most troublesome thing about Qin is just that it is afraid that Zhao Kuo, the son of Ma Fujun, will become a general. Lian Po is easy to deal with, so he will surrender." . ”

King Zhao was already angry that Lian Po’s army suffered many casualties and suffered repeated defeats, but instead he stood firm and did not dare to fight. In addition, he heard many counter-insurgent rumors and believed them to be true.

So Zhao Kuo was sent to replace Lian Po and lead troops to attack the Qin army. When the Qin State learned that Ma Fujun's son was serving as a general, he secretly sent Wu'an Jun Bai Qi to be the general and Wang Lu to be the deputy general. Anyone in the army who dares to leak that Bai Qi is the supreme commander is ordered to be killed without mercy.

As soon as Zhao Kuo took office, he sent troops to attack the Qin army. The Qin army pretended to be defeated and fled, and at the same time deployed two surprise troops to force the Zhao army. The Zhao army took advantage of the victory and pursued it until they reached the Qin army's camp.

However, the Qin Army's camp was very strong and could not be invaded. A Qin Army's 25,000-strong assault force had already cut off the Zhao Army's retreat, and another fast force of 5,000 cavalry was wedged in.

Entering the Zhao army's camps, they cut off their connection, divided the Zhao army into two isolated parts, and the food transportation channel was also blocked.

At this time, the Qin army sent out lightly-armed elite troops to attack. Zhao Jun lost the battle, so he built a barrier and held on tenaciously, waiting for the arrival of reinforcements. When the King of Qin learned that Zhao's food transportation channel had been cut off, he personally went to Hanoi and granted the common people one level of nobility. He recruited all young men over fifteen years old and concentrated them on the Changping battlefield to intercept Zhao's reinforcements and cut off their food supply.

In September, Zhao soldiers had been without food rations for forty-six days. The soldiers in the army secretly killed and used human flesh to satisfy their hunger. The Zhao army, which was in dire straits, rushed towards the Qin army's camp, launched an attack, and planned to break out and escape.

They formed four teams and took turns attacking four or five times, but still couldn't get out.

Their general Zhao Kuo sent out elite soldiers and personally went into battle to lead these men to fight with the Qin army. As a result, the Qin army shot Zhao Kuo to death. Zhao Kuo's army was defeated and 400,000 soldiers surrendered to Lord Wu An.

Wu Anjun planned and said: "When the Qin army captured Shangdang, the people of Shangdang were unwilling to be Qin's subjects and surrendered to Zhao. Zhao's soldiers were fickle, so he didn't kill them all. , I'm afraid there will be trouble."

So they used deception to bury all the Zhao soldiers alive. Only 240 young soldiers were left and returned to Zhao. Before and after this battle, 450,000 Zhao soldiers were beheaded and captured, and the whole Zhao country was shocked.

In October of 259 BC (the forty-eighth year of King Zhao), the Qin army once again pacified Shangdang County. After that, the Qin army divided into two groups: Wang Hao captured Pi Lao, and Sima Geng pacified Taiyuan. Han and Zhao were very afraid, so they sent Su Dai to Qin and presented generous gifts to persuade the Prime Minister Yinghou: "Has Lord Wu'an captured Zhao Kuo?"

Yinghou replied: " "Yes." Su Dai asked again: "Are we going to besiege Handan?" Yinghou replied, "Yes." So Su Dai said: When Zhao is destroyed, King Qin will rule the world. You should be named San Gong. Lord Wu'an captured more than 70 cities for the Qin State. In the south, he pacified the Chu State's Yan, Ying and Hanzhong areas, and in the north, he captured Zhao Kuo's 400,000 troops. Even the famous Zhou Gong, Zhao Gong and Lu Wang's contribution cannot exceed these.

If the Kingdom of Zhao is destroyed and the King of Qin takes over the world, then it is certain that Lord Wu'an will be the third Duke. Can you succumb to him? Even if you are not willing to succumb to the lower position, you have to submit to it after it has become a fact. The Qin army once attacked South Korea, besieged Xingqiu, and trapped Shangdang to death. The people of Shangdang all turned to Zhao. It has been a long time since the people of the world were unwilling to be Qin's subjects.

If the State of Zhao is destroyed, the land to the north will fall to the State of Yan, the land to the east will be merged with the State of Qi, and the land to the south will belong to the States of Korea and Wei, then the people you will get will not How much.

So it is better to take advantage of the panic of South Korea and Zhao to let them cede land, and don't let Wu Anjun build credit again. < /p>

The King of Qin listened to the advice of the Marquis Ying and made peace after seizing Yuanyong of South Korea and six cities of Zhao. In the first month of the year, the two sides stopped fighting. When Wu An heard the news of the truce, he had his own ideas, and he and Ying Hou had a bad feeling about each other.

In September of this year, the State of Qin once again sent troops and ordered the five officials Wang Ling to attack Handan of the State of Zhao. At that time, Lord Wu'an was ill and could not go to war. In the first month of 258 BC (the 49th year of King Zhao), Wang Ling attacked Handan, but with little success and little progress, Qin sent additional troops to help Wang Ling continue the attack.

As a result, the Wangling troops lost five military camps. Lord Wu An recovered from his illness, and the King of Qin planned to send Lord Wu An to lead the troops instead of Wang Ling. Wu Anjun further said: Handan is really not easy to capture. Moreover, reinforcements from the princely states arrived every day, and their resentment against Qin had been accumulated for a long time.

Although the Qin State has wiped out the Zhao army in Changping, more than half of the Qin army's soldiers have died, leaving the country empty of troops. Traveling thousands of miles across rivers and mountains to compete for other people's capitals, the Zhao army will fight in the city, and the princes' armies will attack outside the city. They will cooperate with each other inside and outside, and attack from both inside and outside. The defeat of the Qin army is certain. This battle cannot be fought.

The King of Qin personally gave the order, but Wu Anjun refused to go to his post. So he sent Marquis Ying to invite him, but Wu An Jun always refused to go to his post. From then on, he claimed that he was ill and could not afford it.

The King of Qin had no choice but to send Wang He instead of Wang Ling to lead the troops. In August and September, he besieged Handan but failed to capture it. Chu State sent Chunshen Jun and Wei Gongzi Xinling Jun to lead hundreds of thousands of soldiers to attack the Qin army. The Qin army suffered many losses and casualties.

Wu Anjun had something to say: "Qin didn't listen to my opinion, what will happen now!" After King Qin heard this, he was furious and ordered Wu Anjun to take up his post. Wuan Jun said that his condition was serious. Ying Hou invited him again, but he still refused to take up his post.

So Lord Wu An was relieved of his rank and reduced to a soldier, and he was asked to leave Xianyang and move to Yinmi. But Lord Wu An was ill and could not make the trip. Three months later, it became more urgent for the allied forces of the princes to attack the Qin army. The Qin army retreated many times, and messengers reporting the defeat came every day.

The King of Qin sent people to expel Bai Qi and could not let him stay in Xianyang City. Wu Anjun was already on his way, walking ten miles from the west gate of Xianyang and arriving at Duyou. King Zhao of Qin discussed with Marquis Ying and other officials: "I ordered Bai Qi to move out of Xianyang, but he still showed dissatisfaction, dissatisfaction, and complaints."

The King of Qin sent an envoy to give him a hand. The sword made him commit suicide. When Wu Anjun was about to wipe his neck with his sword, he looked up to the sky and sighed: "What sin have I committed against God to end up like this?"

After a while, he said: "I should have died. Changpingzhi During the war, hundreds of thousands of Zhao soldiers surrendered. I used deception to bury them all alive, which was a death penalty. "

I then committed suicide. Wu Anjun died in November of 257 BC (the fiftieth year of King Zhao of Qin). Lord Wu'an died innocently, and the people of Qin sympathized with him, so they worshiped him in both urban and rural areas.

Bai Qi died under the regime at that time. It has been the same since ancient times. When the country is built, I don’t know how many heroes died.

Original text:

Those who rise in vain are also Yiren. Make good use of soldiers and serve King Zhao of Qin. In the thirteenth year of King Zhao's reign, Bai Qi became the commander of Zuo Shu, and he attacked Han's new city. At that year, Marquis Rang was in charge of the Qin Dynasty, and he appointed Ren Bi as the guard of Hanzhong. Zuo Geng attacked Han and Wei at Yique, beheading 240,000 people, captured their general Gongsun Xi, and captured five cities.

Moved to be a national captain. Cross the river and take the east of Han'anyi to Wanhe. Next year, Bai Qi will be built for Daliang. Attack Wei, capture it, and capture the small and large sixty-one cities. Next year, I will attack Yuancheng by mistake with Keqing and pull it out. In the next five years, Bai Qi attacked Zhao and completely destroyed Langcheng.

In the next seven years, Bai Qi attacked Chu and defeated the five cities of Yan and Deng. Next year, he will attack Chu, overthrow Ying, burn Yiling, and then go east to Jingling. The king of Chu died and went to Ying, and moved eastward to Chen. Qin made Ying the southern commandery. Bai Qiqian became Lord Wu'an. Because Lord Wu'an captured Chu, he settled in Wu and Qianzhong counties.

In the thirty-fourth year of King Zhao, Bai Qi attacked Wei, conquered Huayang, and marched to Mangmao. He captured three Jin generals and beheaded 130,000. He fought with Zhao general Jia Yan and sank 20,000 of his soldiers in the river. In the forty-third year of King Zhao, Bai Qi attacked Hanxing City, captured five cities, and beheaded 50,000 people.

In the forty-fourth year, Bai Qi attacked Taihang Road in Nanyang and defeated it. Forty-five years, the wild king conquered Korea. The wild king surrendered to Qin, and the Shangdang was completely defeated. The guard Feng Ting consulted the people and said: "The way of Zheng has been cut off, and Han must not be able to serve as a people. Qin's troops are advancing day by day, and Han cannot respond. It is better for the above party to return to Zhao.

If Zhao accepts me, Qin will If you are angry, you will attack Zhao. If Zhao is defeated, you will be close to Han. If Han and Zhao are one, you can take over Qin." King Zhao Xiaocheng planned it with Pingyang Jun and Pingyuan Jun.

Pingyang Jun said: "It is better not to accept it. If you accept it, the disaster will be greater than the gain." Pingyang Jun said: "I got a county for no reason, it is convenient to accept it." Zhao accepted it, because Feng Ting was granted the title of Huayang Jun.

In the forty-sixth year, Qin attacked Han Feng and Lin and defeated them.

In the forty-seventh year, Qin sent Wang Lu, the chief of Zuo Shu, to attack Han and capture Shangdang. The people of Shangdang left Zhao. The Zhao army was in peace, and the party and the people were controlled by the army. In April, Lu Yin attacked Zhao. Zhao sent General Lian Po. Zhao's soldiers attacked Qin's soldiers, and Qin's soldiers killed Zhao Pi's general Qie. In June, he captured the Zhao army and captured two Zhang and four lieutenants.

In July, Zhao Jun built a fortification and defended it. Qin attacked the fortress again, captured the second lieutenant, defeated the formation, and captured the west fortress wall. Lian Po built a strong wall to wait for Qin. Qin challenged him several times, but Zhao soldiers could not come out. King Zhao thought he would give in.

But Qin Yinghou also sent thousands of gold coins to Zhao to rebel, saying: "What Qin hates is that the only thing Qin fears is that his horse will obey his son Zhao Kuo. He is honest and easy to surrender, so he surrendered."

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The King of Zhao was angry that Lian Po lost many of his troops and was defeated, but he rebelled against the strong wall and did not dare to fight. He also heard that Qin was rebelling, so he ordered Zhao Kuo to attack Qin on Lian Po's behalf. Qin heard that Ma obeyed the general, and Naiyin made Bai Qi, Lord Wu'an, the general. And Wang Lu was the Wei Bi general, so he ordered anyone in the army who dared to betray Lord Wu An to be killed.

When Zhao Kuo arrived, he sent troops to attack the Qin army. The Qin army was defeated and fled, but Zhang Erqi's troops robbed it. The Zhao army pursued victory and built the Qin wall. The wall refused to enter, but after Qin Qi's 25,000 soldiers defeated the Zhao army, another army of 5,000 cavalry defeated the Zhao army between the walls. The Zhao army was divided into two, and the food road was cut off.

But Qin sent out light troops to attack him. Zhao was at a disadvantage in the battle, so he built a wall to hold on, waiting for rescue to arrive. When the King of Qin heard that Zhao's food supply had been cut off, he moved to Hanoi and granted each level of civil nobility. Those who were fifteen years old or older were sent to Changping, thus blocking Zhao's efforts to save food.

In the ninth month, Zhao soldiers were not allowed to eat for forty-six days, and they all had internal Yin to kill and eat. Come to attack the Qin base and want to come out. For four teams, four or five are restored, and they cannot go out. His general Zhao Kuo sent out his sharp soldiers to fight, but the Qin army shot Zhao Kuo dead. Kuo's army was defeated and 400,000 soldiers surrendered to Lord Wu'an.

Wu'an Jun Ji said: "The former Qin Dynasty has pulled out Shangdang, and the people of Shangdang are not happy to serve Qin and return to Zhao. The Zhao soldiers are revolted. If they are not killed, they may cause chaos." So they were deceived and killed. He killed them and left 240 of the younger ones back to Zhao. They beheaded and captured 450,000 people. The people of Zhao were shocked.

In October of the 48th year, Qin restored Shangdang County. The Qin army was divided into two: Wang He attacked Pi Lao and captured it; Sima Geng captured Taiyuan. Han and Zhao were afraid, so they sent Su Dai to pay a heavy coin to the Qin Dynasty. Marquis Yingying said: "Is the Lord Wu'an a bird and a horse subdued?" He said: "Of course." "However, when Zhao died, the king of Qin became the king of Qin. Lord Wu'an defeated Qin and captured more than seventy cities. He defeated Yan, Ying, and Hanzhong in the south, and captured Zhao Kuo's army in the north. Although Zhou, Zhao, and Lu Wang were not able to do so. This is beneficial.

Now that Zhao is dead and the king of Qin is king, Wu'an will be the third prince. What can you do? Although you have no desire to do anything, Qin has no choice but to attack Han. Xingqiu is trapped in Shangdang, and all the people in Shangdang rebel against Zhao. The people of Qin will be unhappy for a long time.

Now Zhao is destroyed, the north is conquered by Yan, the east is conquered by Qi, and the south is conquered. If you enter Han and Wei, how many people you gain will be killed, so it is better to cut them off, and it will not be a contribution to the rule of Wu'an."

So Yinghou said to the King of Qin: "Qin's soldiers are tired, please grant me. Han and Zhao ceded the territory to make peace, and stopped the soldiers. "The king listened and cut off the six cities of Han, Yuan, and Zhao to make peace. In the first month, everyone stopped their troops. When Lord Wu'an heard about it, he had a rift with Marquis Ying.

In the ninth month of the month, the Qin Dynasty renewed its troops and sent the five great officials to attack Zhao Handan. At that time, Mr. Wu An was ill and could not do anything. In the first month of the forty-ninth year, Ling attacked Handan, which was less profitable. Qin Yi sent troops to assist Ling. Five schools were killed by Ling soldiers. Lord Wu'an recovered from his illness, and the King of Qin wanted to appoint Lord Wu'an as the general of the mausoleum.

Wu'an Jun said: "Handan is really not easy to attack. And when the princes save the sun, they have complained about Qin for a long time. Although Qin has defeated Changping's army, more than half of Qin's soldiers died, and the country's

To fight for the capital of the country far away from the rivers and mountains, Zhao should be inside, and the princes would attack the outside, and it would be impossible to defeat the Qin army. He refused to do it, so he claimed to be sick.

The King of Qin sent Wang Lu to replace the mausoleum general, and surrounded Handan in August and September, unable to evacuate.

Chu sent Chun Shenjun and Wei Gongzi to attack the Qin army with hundreds of thousands of troops. Most of the Qin army was killed. Lord Wu'an said: "Qin didn't listen to his ministers' plans, so what happens now?" When the king of Qin heard this, he was angry and strong-armed Lord Wu'an. Lord Wu'an then declared that he was seriously ill.

I can't afford it at the request of the marquis. Therefore, Lord Wu'an was removed from his service as a scholar and moved to Yinmi. Mr. Wu'an is ill and can't do it. In the third month of the month, the princes attacked the Qin army urgently, but the Qin army retreated, and the envoys arrived on the same day. The King of Qin sent people to send Bai Qi, but he was not allowed to stay in Xianyang. After Wu'anjun left, he went ten miles from the west gate of Xianyang to Duyou.

King Zhao of Qin discussed with the officials of Yinghou and said: "Bai Qi's intention to move is still dissatisfied and dissatisfied, and he has more words to say." King Qin ordered the envoy to give him a sword and committed suicide. Lord Wu An drew his sword and committed suicide, saying: "Why have I sinned against Heaven to end up like this?"

After a long time, he said: "I deserve to die. In the battle of Changping, hundreds of thousands of Zhao soldiers surrendered. Man, if I cheat and kill him, I will die." Then he committed suicide. The death of Lord Wu An also occurred in the eleventh month of the fiftieth year of King Zhao of Qin. His death was not his crime. The people of Qin pity him, and all the towns and cities offer sacrifices to him.

Extended information:

1. Main achievements

Bai Qi commanded many important battles. He fought more than 70 battles in his life without any defeat. The Battle of Yique annihilated the 240,000 allied troops of Han and Wei, completely clearing the way for the Qin army to advance eastward. They defeated the Chu army and invaded the capital of Ying, forcing the Chu State to move its capital. The Chu State never recovered from the fall.

In the Battle of Changping, 450,000 Zhao troops were annihilated in one fell swoop, setting a precedent for the earliest and largest encirclement and annihilation battle in Chinese history, and laying the foundation for him to be revered as a famous general by later generations. According to Liang Qichao's research, during the entire Warring States period, the Japanese killed two million people in battle, and Bai Qi occupied one-half.

Bai Qi's combat command art represents the level of war development during the Warring States Period. Bai Qi is good at analyzing the situation between the enemy and ourselves, and then adopts correct strategies and tactics to launch a devastating attack on the enemy.

For example, in the Battle of Yique, the troops were concentrated and defeated one by one; in the Battle of Yanying, the heart-breaking tactics were supplemented by water attacks; in the Battle of Huayang, a long-distance attack was carried out. In the Battle of Changping, the enemy was lured out of their established positions by feigning defeat, and then divided into encirclement tactics to completely annihilate the enemy.

2. Combat Characteristics

1. The idea of ??annihilation warfare that does not take siege of cities and land as the only goal, but takes the annihilation of the enemy's effective forces as the main purpose, and is good at field attacks and must fight in battle. Seeking annihilation is Bai Qi's most prominent feature. He is an unparalleled commander in the history of war who used encirclement and annihilation tactics. He is also one of the military commanders in the history of Chinese wars who is very good at fighting annihilation wars.

2. In order to achieve the goal of annihilation, it emphasizes pursuit warfare and pursues the enemy fiercely. Compared with Sun Wu's "Don't chase the poor enemy" and Shang Yang's "The great victory is not more than ten miles from the north" ("The Book of Shang Jun· Tactic No. 10"), obviously one step forward.

3. Pay attention to field battles and fortifications, first lure the enemy out of the fortification position, and then build fortifications to block the enemy in the area where the enemy is expected to be wiped out, and prevent them from breaking through. This kind of combat guiding ideology of using fortifications as an auxiliary means of attack was unprecedented at the time.

4. Accurately conduct pre-war calculations. Regardless of the military, political, national situation of the enemy and ourselves, or even the response measures that the third party may adopt, etc., all accurate calculations are made. We can know the victory or defeat ("Warring States Policy, Volume 33, Zhongshan"), so Ma Qian of the Taishi Company praised Bai Qi for "anticipating the enemy's combined changes, making endless surprises, and shocking the world."

Baidu Encyclopedia - Biography of Bai Qi and Wang Jian

Baidu Encyclopedia - Bai Qi