"Tears ask flowers without words, and red flies over the swing." "It's like a cold spring closing a lonely pavilion, and the sunset setting the cuckoo." This is my place.
"Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely." "From the cold wave, Bai Niao is leisurely." There is no room for me.
There is my realm, I see things, so everything is my color.
Without me, we look at things in terms of things, and we don't know what is mine and what is physical.
The ancients wrote ci, and many people wrote my realm. However, you can't write my realm before you start, which is why heroes can stand up.
Human words and expressions
Wang Guowei divided ancient poems into "the realm with me" and "the realm without me" in "The Thorn on Earth", but what are "the realm with me" and "the realm without me"? The controversy about this scholar is still very big, and the key is that Wang Guowei himself has not explained it clearly. Here I only talk about my understanding of this.
First, there is a realm of me and a realm without me.
In my place, mainly because I can clearly feel the author's subjective feelings, the author has a strong subjective color in taking care of the world, such as "tears ask flowers silently, red flies over the swing", "lonely hall is cold, cuckoo sounds sunset", I have my place. Ouyang Xiu's ci is typical, because the author is in a melancholy mood, and the world he writes is full of melancholy colors.
Ouyang Xiu's Dead Hua Lian
What is the world without me? On the surface, the author is purely writing about scenery, but after careful tasting, he can appreciate the author's feelings of detachment from things. I think it's important to be detached here. Wang Guowei was deeply influenced by Buddhism. Buddhism emphasizes that we should participate in this world, but we should also be able to leave it.
For example, Tao Yuanming's "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" conveys a particularly leisurely feeling with natural language flow and fresh scenery. In such a scene, people can temporarily forget the worldly troubles. This has achieved detachment.
Tao Yuanming's drinking
Another example is Zhou Bangyan's description of the lotus: "The leaves are withered and the rain is Chu Yang, the water surface is clear and round, and the wind and the lotus blow at one stroke", which is a pure concern and description of nature. The author temporarily escaped from the secular world while taking care of nature, which is the purification of people's hearts by poetry. These two examples are what Wang Guowei called the realm of no self.
Yechang Chu Yang dried vegetarian fish
Zhou Dunyi wrote "Love Lotus", which is a metaphor for a gentleman and has a strong subjective color. The author observed the world without detachment, so he wrote My Realm.
Second, the aesthetic factors behind the realm of non-ego.
This should be discussed from three aspects, one is China's own cultural tradition, the other is Buddhist culture, and the third is Schopenhauer's theory.
First of all, China is a typical agricultural civilized country. Our ancestors have always lived a life of "working at sunrise and resting at sunset". China ancient people's ideal is to conform to the laws of heaven and earth and achieve the realm of integration with heaven and earth. This is what Zhuangzi said in the Theory of Everything: "Heaven and earth coexist with me, and everything is one with me".
When the sun comes out, go to work in the fields.
The typical embodiment of this theory in Zhuangzi is the story of Zhuang Zhou's dream butterfly. "I don't know if Zhou's dream is a butterfly, and whether the butterfly's dream is Zhou He." Zhuangzi and Butterfly seem to be one and can't tell each other apart. This is what the ancients called "the unity of heaven and man" and "the assimilation of things and me", which is reflected in literature, that is, the pursuit of scene blending and forgetting things, which is what Wang Guowei called "the realm without me", which can be achieved by "viewing things from things"
The Dream of Butterfly
What is the function of "seeing things by things"? Why pursue such a realm? This is about the influence of Buddhist thought on Wang Guowei. Buddhism pursues detachment and has infinite love for all beings. Influenced by these two points, Wang Guowei believes that poetry should also achieve this effect.
Let's start with detachment. A good poet can write a clear realm, so that readers can temporarily forget secular troubles after reading it. Although it is temporary, the reader can get a moment of peace (the same is true when the author creates).
Let's talk about love for all beings. Wang Guowei once compared the words of Zhou Bangyan and Li Houzhu. The content of Zhou Bangyan's ci mainly focuses on the love between men and women, and the lack of hatred and sorrow. , focusing on expressing personal feelings, the content is not deep enough. Although Li Houzhu also wrote the word of love between men and women, his realm was higher, because he could express a common feeling of human beings that transcended time and space and personal limitations, such as "people naturally grow up and hate water to grow eastward" and "like a river flowing eastward".
Just look at the rivers flowing eastward!
As Wang Guowei himself said, "A truly great poet is not satisfied with expressing his feelings, but with human feelings."
Wang Guowei was also influenced by Schopenhauer, but Schopenhauer was also influenced by Buddhism. Schopenhauer's aesthetic ideal is similar to that of the ancients in China. Therefore, Schopenhauer's theory actually deepened Wang Guowei's preference for "land without me". Schopenhauer divided beauty into "magnificence" and "elegance". Magnificence is what Wang Guowei called "the realm with me", and elegance is "the realm without me", which can only be obtained by watching.
Schopenhauer
To sum up, Wang Guowei divided poetry into "the realm with me" and "the realm without me". Among these two realms, Wang Guowei prefers "the realm without me", which is influenced by three factors: first, the ancient culture of China; Second, Buddhist culture; The third is Schopenhauer's thought.