Edit the first chapter of this paragraph: ancient literature
Section 1 Overview
Ancient Greek literature
Ancient Greek literature is the beginning of European literature. Its literature can be divided into four stages. 1, the first stage: BC 12 years-the 8th century is the transition period from clan society to slave society, which is called "Homer era" or "Hero era" in history, and the main literary achievements are myths and epics. Greek mythology is the earliest literary form in Greece and the source of European literature. It originated from folk oral literature and scattered in various ancient Greek documents. Greek mythology is the most primitive manifestation of the ancient Greeks' understanding of the world. Due to the low productivity and backward technology in primitive society, the ancient Greeks used imagination to explain the incomprehensible natural and social phenomena, and thought that there was a supernatural power that dominated everything. They personified and personalized natural phenomena, thus creating myths. Greek mythology consists of two parts: the story of god and the legend of hero, which is characterized by the similarity between god and man. Compared with China's mythology, Greek mythology is developed, which is a normal reflection of human childhood. Today, Greek mythology still shows permanent charm and gives us beautiful enjoyment. Homer's epics "Iliad" and "Odyssey" are the earliest important works in the history of European literature, and also the earliest people's oral creation. (See the special section for details) hesiod is a narrative poet who appeared at the end of the 8th century BC and the beginning of the 7th century after Homer's epic. His collection of teaching poems Time is the earliest long poem handed down from generation to generation. Another achievement is to write a long poem "Shenpu" and collect ancient myths and legends. Most of the ancient Greek myths, the origin of the universe and the genealogy of the gods handed down today come from this long poem. 2. The second stage: during the formation of slavery society in the 8th-6th century BC, literary achievements included lyric poems, essays and fables. Lyric poetry is a form of poetry after the disintegration of clan society. People without clan protection get rid of the shackles of clan consciousness and the tradition of attaching importance to collective feelings, and personal experiences have triggered various complex emotions. Lyrics expressing personal freedom and independence are developing day by day. Lyrics originated from folk songs, mostly accompanied by double pipes, flutes and harps. The main genres are elegy, satire and harp songs, which reflect the taste of the upper class aristocrats. The famous solo poet is Sappho (6 BC10-? ) and Aracri Weng (550-465 BC), while Pinda (522-442 BC) was a lyric poet in chorus. The poetess Sha Fu mainly writes love lyrics. Her poems are sincere and passionate, and her language is simple and natural. Her poetic style was imitated by later poets and called "Sappho style". Aracri Weng's poems praise love and wine, and later poets imitate his poetic style, which is called "Aracri Weng's poetic style". Pindar's poems are full of patriotic enthusiasm and moral lessons, with solemn style and gorgeous words. /kloc-poets in the classical period in the 0 th and 7 th centuries regarded his poems as a model of "lofty ode", and Milton, Goethe and others all imitated his style. Sappho had a great influence on later western writers. Byron traveled to Greece to pay tribute to Sappho. The painter also created with her as the theme. The French painter Alma's work Sappho and Alcais Uus (188 1) shows musicians playing the harp for Sappho, arousing the poet's creative imagination. Aesop's Fables is said to have been written by Aesop, a slave in the 6th century BC, which mainly reflects the thoughts, feelings and philosophical views of the lower class civilians and slaves. While retaining the animal characteristics in fables, the author endowed them with human language and thoughts. Almost every fable should clarify a truth or viewpoint, which is thought-provoking. Its short and pithy form and vivid metaphor greatly influenced later fable writers La Fontaine and krylov. As early as the Ming Dynasty, Aesop's Fables was introduced to China. China readers often cite Aesop's fables to illustrate the problem. For example, the wolf and the lamb, the farmer and the snake, the tortoise and the rabbit race, the wolf comes and so on. 3. The third stage: the heyday of the slave city-state in the 6th-4th century BC, which is called the "classical period" in history. The literature of this period mainly refers to Athenian literature, and its literary achievements include tragedy, comedy and literary theory, among which drama is the greatest achievement. Greek literature reached its peak in the heyday of Athens, with three famous tragic poets Aeschylus, Sophocles, euripides and the famous comic poet aristophanes. Literary theory: In ancient Greece, literary theory and aesthetics were part of philosophy, so outstanding literary theorists and aestheticians at that time were also famous philosophers. The representatives of literary theorists are Plato (427-347 BC) and Aristotle (384-322 BC). 4. The fourth stage: the decline of slavery from the end of the 4th century BC to the middle of the 2nd century, also known as "Hellenistic period". The main achievement of literature is the new comedy. The representative playwright was Minand (342-292 BC) who wrote family comedies. In BC 146, Greece was destroyed by Rome, which declared the end of the Hellenistic era.
ancient rome literature
Ancient Roman literature is usually divided into three stages: 1, * * and China period (3rd century BC to 1 century BC), which is the development period of ancient Roman literature. The main literary achievements of this period are drama, prose and poetry. Drama is directly transplanted into Greek drama form. From the middle of the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century BC, the famous comedians Plautus (about 254 BC-BC 187) and Terence (about BC 186 BC 16 1 year) appeared in Rome. Their comedies were adapted from New Greek comedies and integrated into Roman life. Plautus also absorbed the elements of Roman folk drama and contributed to the formation of Romanized Comedy. There are 2l works of Plautus that have been handed down to later generations. Famous works include Twin Brothers, Jintan, and Bragging Soldier. His comedies influenced playwrights such as Shakespeare and Moliere. Lucretius (about 93- 50)' s philosophical poem On Nature; Catullus (84 BC-54 BC) is famous for his beautiful lyric poems. Cicero (106-43) reached the peak of eloquence since ancient Greece and became a model of Latin prose. 2. The literature in Augustus period (from late BC 1 century to early AD 1 century) was the "golden age" of ancient Roman literature. The literature of this period is mainly poetry. Virgil, Horace and Ovid are three famous poets. Virgil's main works (70 BC-BC 19) are pastoral poems, agricultural poems and the epic Aeneas (or translated Enid). Aeneas described the story of the Trojan hero Aeneas who led people to Italy to establish a country after the fall of Troy, and praised the history of Roman countries and the achievements of Augustus. Aeneas studied and imitated Homer's epic, which was the first literati epic in Europe and had an important influence on later European epics. Horace (65-8) is an outstanding poet and literary theorist. His collection of songs is mainly lyric poetry. His literary treatise "The Art of Poetry" inherits the traditional view that literature learns from nature, emphasizes the perfection of form, advocates following the classics, and puts forward the original idea of entertaining and entertaining. Ovid (43- 18)' s masterpiece is Metamorphosis, which is based on ancient myths, vivid and imaginative. Many European writers draw themes from it. 3. Literature in the imperial period (A.D. 1 century-A.D. 476), the period when ancient Roman literature went into decline. Seneca (4-65 BC) was a major tragic writer in this period. His tragedies are based on Greek mythology, often alluding to real life, and often enhancing the tragic atmosphere with scenes of terror, bloodshed, ghosts and witchcraft. His tragedy had a great influence on Renaissance drama.
Homer epic
1. Homer's epics, including Heriat and Odyssey (also translated as Odessa), are said to have been written by Homer. Troy war stories, which has been passed down orally through the ages, provides the material for Homer's epic and is the basic source of its content. The procedures of repeating poems, fixed phrases and basic themes formed by the troubadour in story singing provide a preliminary poetic form for the formation of epic. There are both memory factors and improvisation factors in bard's singing programs, and these initially formed poems are constantly changing in the process of singing, which provides a broad creative space for the formation of epics. Both Heriat and Odyssey are about the Trojan War. "Heriat" is about the last 50 days of the Greek siege of Troy, and "Odyssey" is about the triumphant return of the Greek hero Odysseus from Troy. Homer's epic reflects society and life. It can be seen that it describes hundreds of years of history from Mycenae to Homer. Hiriart shows the military and political picture of Greece in the late Timoshenko era. It also describes the religious belief, production and life of the ancient Greeks. The Odyssey is about people's struggle with natural forces, praising people's wisdom and describing family life and moral concepts at that time. 3. Homer's epic is concentrated in plot and ingenious in structure. "Hiriart" focuses on what happened in the last 50 days of the Trojan War and revolves around Achilles' anger. Other events were related to Achilles' anger. In these 50 days, the epic narrative was refined, focusing only on 10 days. The plot of Odessa focuses on the last 40 days of the protagonist's wandering in 10, and his past experience is expressed by the protagonist's narrative in Arcino Palace. The plot of the epic runs through two clues: man and god. Mythological factors have the function of creating or resolving conflicts and promoting the development of the plot in the epic plot. Homer's epic has many narrative styles. "Heriat" describes war life, and its style is heroic and tragic. The Odyssey describes navigation and family life with a beautiful and gentle style. Heriat narrates in the third person, and Odessa flashbacks narrate in the third and first person. Hiriart has few lyric elements, while Odyssey has many lyric elements. Homer's epic is oral literature, which is improvised under established procedures. These procedures have the original form of poetry, with fixed syntax and rhythm. Metaphors and attributive adjectives in Homer's epic are unique. In Homer's metaphor, the description of the figurative object is often beyond the scope of * * * between it and the figurative object. When describing people or things, epics often use adjectives or modifiers that express the special attributes of people or things, such as "Scud Achilles" and "The sea is as black as grapes". These artistic techniques were imitated by later epics. Homer's epic has a great influence on European culture. In ancient Greece, Homer's epic was a textbook for civic education. Most carving arts in ancient Greece look for themes from epics. Later writers, such as Aeschylus, Virgil, Dante, Milton and Goethe. Or look for material from the epic, or get inspiration from it, or imitate the form of the epic. Homer's epic became an excellent model of European literature.
Ancient Greek drama
1, Tragedy originated from the folk songs and dances of Dionysus. Epic and lyric poetry promote the formation and development of tragedy. Homer's epic not only provides a source of material for tragedy, but also provides reference for tragedy in its forms of expression. In the epic, a six-step dialogue written with long and short lines provides a model for tragic dialogue. The short, long and six-step poetic style of tragic dialogue is the poet's introduction of tragedy from lyric poetry. The chorus of tragedy appears in the form of chorus piano music in lyric poetry. Most of the tragedy is based on Greek mythology. Because the author cast his own ideas when dealing with these materials, the tragedy has a strong reality and reflects a series of major problems in social life at that time. The main conflict of Greek tragedy is the conflict between man and fate. The protagonist suffered because of a wrong judgment. The basic artistic elements of tragedy are drama elements (including imitation performance and dialogue between characters) and chorus. Chorus is an important part of tragedy at first, used to express the author's attitude, point out the plot and divide the scene, and then gradually separated from the plot. The script lines are written in six-step short sentences, which has high literary value. It is said that there are as many as 70 tragedies written by Aeschylus (525-456 BC) in his life, and only seven of them have been completely preserved: Beggar, Persian, Seven Attacks on Thebes, Prometheus Bound, Agamemnon, Nemesis and Dionysus. Aeschylus' plays are full of democratic spirit and patriotic enthusiasm. Prometheus Bound is the most famous work in Aeschylus' tragedy, which is based on the myth that Prometheus was punished by Zeus for stealing human skyfire. Prometheus in the play was nailed to a cliff in the Caucasus for stealing fire. He would rather endure pain than give in to Zeus. Prometheus is full of confidence in the future. He predicted that Zeus's rule would eventually be overthrown, but refused to tell the secret. Finally, Prometheus disappeared into Zeus' lightning. Prometheus was a soldier who devoted himself to the survival and happiness of mankind. The conflict between Prometheus and Zeus is the conflict between the two forces of human existence and destruction. Although Zeus did not appear in the play, as a party to the conflict, he was everywhere. His ingratitude and cruelty show the ravages of unjust destructive forces. On the one hand, the play attaches importance to individual will, on the other hand, it shows the view of fate. Prometheus thought that he and Zeus could not get rid of their fate, and he had hoped to make peace with Zeus. The tragic style is lofty and has a strong lyrical atmosphere. Aeschylus made an important contribution to the development of Greek tragedy. For the first time, he increased the number of actors from 1 to two, which reduced the role of chorus, and took dialogue as the main component of tragedy, so that tragedy could express conflict and better portray characters' personalities. In the tragic performance, Aeschylus first made the tragic art more complete with scenery and bright clothes; Aeschylus is called "the father of tragedy". Sophocles Sophocles (496 BC-406 BC) has only seven complete works handed down from generation to generation. Generally speaking, his seven works are divided into three categories: A. Three works based on Thebes myth: King Oedipus, Oedipus of Kronos and antigone, which describe the tragic fate of Oedipus and the story of his daughter antigone. B. The three films with the theme of the Trojan War: Ajax, Sitis, Philok and Elktra, are all stories of characters in the Greek Coalition forces during the Trojan War. C, based on Heracles's legendary "Trakys girl", describes the story of Heracles's wife, De Onnela, who listened to myths and murdered her husband. Sophocles' tragedy affirmed people's free will and independent spirit, and at the same time believed that God and fate had the power to dominate everything. He tried to reconcile the relationship between man and God, so as to establish a reasonable life. Therefore, he affirmed man's struggle against fate, and in the end, man's behavior was powerless before God's will. The theme of King Oedipus is the conflict between man and fate. Oedipus was called the savior and "the greatest man" by the people of the polis, but fate doomed him to kill his father and marry his mother. Unwilling to obey his fate, he tried to change it with his own efforts, but the result was in vain. Fate is an unreasonable and irresistible force, and every action of Oedipus produces the opposite result to his will. The hero shows the sublimity of personality and the value of fighting against his own destruction. King Oedipus has simple plot clues and concentrated action of characters. A series of past events before tracing the murderer are all retrospective narration around what the protagonist did. At the same time, backtracking also promotes the progress of the protagonist's actions and intensifies the conflict. Oedipus learned the truth step by step in the pursuit of the murderer, and finally, his conflict with fate was solved with his own tragic ending. The exquisite structural art of King Oedipus. This is a model of ancient Greek tragedy. Sophocles further perfected the ancient Greek tragedy. He gave up the trilogy form of tragedy and used a drama to describe complex dramatic conflicts. His tragedy pays attention to integrity and internal connection, and the plot and structure are unified and complete. He first increased the number of actors in the drama performance from two to three. The actor's performance became the center of the tragedy, further reducing the role of the chorus in the play. Sophocles created an idealized hero according to the principle of "what should be". Aristotle spoke highly of Sophocles' tragedy in Poetics, calling it the "most perfect tragedy" and the tragedy in euripides. euripides (480-406 BC) has 17 works, such as Arctius, Medea, trojan women, and Iphigenia of Ores. Medea is one of euripides's representative works. The tragedy is about Jason taking back golden fleece and marrying Medea. Soon, he betrayed his oath and married the king's daughter. Medea failed in her appeal, and was determined to take revenge. She poisoned the king and bride with her new clothes and killed her two children with Jason. Medea's revenge is a resistance to unreasonable reality. Hatred for the abandoned wife and love for her mother constituted a fierce conflict in her heart. Finally, the impulse of hate overcame the feelings of love, and she trembled and killed her child. The image of Medea expresses euripides's sympathy and concern for the situation of women. Her family tragedy was a reflection of social contradictions in Athens at that time. Some tragedies of euripides are based on myths and legends, but they describe secular life. In his tragedies, gods, heroes and ordinary people are all the same. Farmers and slaves also appeared in his plays. Euripides's tragedy has made outstanding achievements in shaping psychological characters, and the psychological state of the characters in the play has been vividly portrayed in his works. Euripides is unpopular with the society and the government. He had a great influence on later generations, and many writers in modern Europe showed great interest in his works and learned useful experience from them. 2. Comedy According to Aristotle, comedy originated from poor performance. This is a form of performance with the theme of singing and dancing in worship of Dionysus, using popular language and joking with humor, banter, banter and wit. The comedy in Athens period is called old comedy, and its theme is taken from real life, which has a strong social tendency and irony. The earliest comedy poet in ancient Greece was aristophanes. Aristophanes aristophanes (about 446-385 BC) wrote 44 works in his life, of which only 1 1 exists, mainly including Akanai people, frogs, knights, peace, birds, clouds and bees. Aristophanes's comedies reflected the social life during the democratic crisis in Athens and touched on the social problems at that time. His thought represents the ideology of free peasants in Athens. Aristophanes is a conservative. He hates war, politicians who incite war with democracy, and sophists. Akanai Man is aristophanes's early masterpiece. It depicts the Athenian farmer DeKaiopolis who hates war and longs for peace. After his proposal for peace talks was rejected by the Athens Civic Assembly, he made peace with the Spartans alone. Akanai was performed during the Peloponnesian War. The play points out that war is only beneficial to political demagogues and industrial and commercial slave owners. The poet called on the Greek city-states to get along well with each other and deal with Persian aggression. The comedy shows a serious theme in the gag. Aristophanes's comedies are very realistic. Comedy adopts fictional, exaggerated and grotesque artistic expressions, but its content is serious and realistic. Aristophanes's comedies are generally simple in plot and typified in characters. The language of comedy is folk spoken language, which is simple, vivid and humorous, with both vulgar elements and beautiful poems. Aristophanes's comedies were welcomed and praised by the audience. He is called "the father of comedy".
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social condition
The Middle Ages was the first historical concept put forward by humanists in the15th century. It refers to the historical stage between the period of European classical culture (Greek and Roman culture) and the period of "revival" of classical culture, which is from the 5th century to15th century, that is, from the demise of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD to the overthrow of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. The history and culture of the Middle Ages are closely related to Christianity. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, Christianity had established itself. In the first few hundred years of the Middle Ages, church organizations developed greatly. After the demise of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic monarchs were unable to manage the countries they seized, and the Christian church assumed many social responsibilities to establish and maintain order in the deepening chaos brought by barbarians. The church spread Christian culture among uncivilized Germanic peoples and guided barbaric peoples to civilization.
Ideological characteristics
First, Christian thought restricted medieval culture. Second, in the blending of various cultures, medieval literature highlighted patriotism and heroism. Thirdly, as a hierarchical social structure, the Middle Ages witnessed the emergence of literary works and literary phenomena of a specific class. 3. Artistic features: First, due to the blending of different cultures, the description and reflection scope of European medieval literature has been greatly expanded. Secondly, under this specific historical background and cultural atmosphere, the artistic form of European medieval literature has been greatly developed. Thirdly, due to the influence of various cultures, artistic expression techniques have been further developed. Fourth, the ability to grasp the emotional characteristics of literature has been further improved.
General situation of literature
Medieval literature is the bridge and link between Greek and Roman classical literature and Renaissance literature. Medieval literature is very rich, and its achievements provided sufficient and necessary conditions for the emergence of Renaissance literature. Medieval European literature includes Christian literature, heroic epic, knight literature and civic literature. A. Christian literature Christian literature refers to literature with the literati of the Christian church as the creative subject and the purpose of promoting Christian teachings. In medieval Europe, Christianity influenced all levels of social life, and almost all European countries produced Christian literature very early. The content of Christian literature in the Middle Ages was to publicize and explain Christian teachings. Its basic tendency is to promote the concept of afterlife, advocate asceticism and praise Christian virtues. Later works absorbed some pagan or secular factors. Implication, dream and symbol are commonly used techniques, which are suitable for expressing the sublimity of Christ and the mystery of heaven. The influence of Christian literature in the Middle Ages is enormous and far-reaching. Christian literature is an important medium for spreading doctrines. The Christian ideas it spread penetrated into western culture, and influenced the values, ways of thinking and behavioral norms of westerners at that time and later. Christian spirit is also rooted in western literature. From Dante, Shakespeare, Milton to Hugo, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Eliot, the Christian concept permeates their works. The expression of Christian literature not only influenced the secular literature at that time, but also was used for reference and application by later western literature. B. Heroic Epic In the Middle Ages, all European countries had their own oral literature, which was the basis for the formation and development of national literature. In the centuries when the European nation-state was gradually formed, several oral literature forms of all ethnic groups were enriched and perfected day by day, and a long narrative poem, heroic epic, was formed to describe the magical deeds of their own heroes. Beowulf is the best preserved heroic narrative poem in the Middle Ages. Song of Roland is the most accomplished and influential work in French heroic epic. Sid has no elements of myth and fantasy, nor extremely exaggerated plot, and has a realistic tendency. Song of Nibelungen is based on the history of the struggle between Xiongnu and Burgundy in the late period of the great national migration, which contains many myths and legends. Epic reflects the life and thoughts of feudal society in13rd century. Knight literature knight narrative poem (or knight legend) is the main type of knight literature. The content of knight's narrative poems mainly describes the story of knight's struggle with demons, monsters, wizards and pagans in order to win the favor of ladies, honor knights or defend Christianity. The combination of knight's love and knight's adventure experience forms the basic characteristics of knight's narrative poetry. Most knight narrative poems are bizarre in plot, mysterious in style and lack of real life foundation. This kind of works deliberately shows the knight's pursuit of heroism, personal honor, elegant demeanor and chivalrous character, and reflects the life ideal of feudal nobles. Knight literature had an influence on later European literature. Romantic sentiment, bizarre stories and rich imagination in knight literature are absorbed and used for reference by later writers, especially romantic writers. The story structure and characterization of Knight's narrative works have important implications for the development of European novels. D. Civic literature Civic literature rose in the 12 century, which is a reflection of the ideology and daily life of the civic class. Civic literature is mostly created by the people, exposing the stupidity and tyranny of church monks, praising the wit and cunning of the citizens, with the color of opposing feudalism and criticizing the church. Some works also satirize the greed and selfishness of the upper class citizens. The Legend of Lena Fox was produced and formed from the end of 12 century to the middle of 13 century, with 27 articles and more than 30,000 lines. The lion king nobles represent the highest feudal rulers, Ethan Green Wolf and Bolun Bear represent the feudal nobles, chickens, rabbits and birds represent the lower class, and Lena Fox represents the citizen class. The struggle between Lenore Fox and Ethan Green Wolf is the main plot clue of the story. This story is full of satire on ignorant feudal monarchs, violent aristocrats and church monks. Lena Fox, the hero, is extremely alert and scheming, playing tricks on kings and nobles with her cleverness and lies, and bullying weak animals such as goats and cocks. It embodies the characteristics of the citizen class. Another important achievement of civic literature is drama. The most famous farce is Bertrand, a French lawyer. Medieval literature is not a gap between ancient Greece, Rome and Renaissance. On the basis of folk literature, some valuable and influential literary works have appeared in Europe. The achievements of medieval literature laid the foundation for the Renaissance and modern European literature. Without the achievements of medieval literature, it is hard to imagine the prosperity of European literature since the Renaissance.
Dante
1. Life and early literary creation (before exile) belong to the "gentle new style poetry" school. Freshness is Dante's main creative achievement as a gentle new style poet, and it is also his work to express the love of Beatrice. "New Life" embodies the highest achievement of gentle new style, and is the first in the lyric poetry of Renaissance. In the later period of creation (exile), his works expressed profound and extensive anxiety and indignation, and his masterpiece Divine Comedy was written during this period. 2. Theme of Divine Comedy (1): reflect reality, enlighten people, let the world stand the test, get rid of mistakes, achieve goodness and truth, let Italy get out of suffering, set things right, and find the road to political and moral revival. (2) The progressiveness and limitation of thought: The progressiveness of The Divine Comedy: First, The Divine Comedy is a work full of metaphors and symbols, and at the same time it is permeated with distinct reality and tendency. Secondly, after profoundly describing the political and social reality at that time, Dante exposed and criticized the church that tried to dominate the Christian world and the religious theology that monopolized all cultures in the Middle Ages. Thirdly, Dante enthusiastically praised the meaning of this life and thought that this life has its own value. Fourthly, it is one of the characteristics of Dante as the first poet in the new period to praise reason and free will, summon interest and struggle in the world and pursue the concept of honor. Fifthly, The Divine Comedy reveals a new idea of opposing medieval obscurantism, advocating culture and respecting knowledge. Sixth, Italy's social and political changes and spiritual and moral conditions in the historical period of the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern society have also been truly and widely described in the Divine Comedy. The limitations of the Divine Comedy: First, the Divine Comedy is full of enthusiastic praise for this life, but Dante regards this life as a preparation for eternal life in the afterlife. Secondly, Odysseus' appeal to the world to pursue virtue and knowledge in The Divine Comedy became a wise saying, but on the other hand, Dante showed the weakness of reason through Virgil's mouth. Thirdly, in The Divine Comedy, Dante's views on the love between Paul and Francesca are contradictory. On the one hand, he sympathized with them. On the other hand, according to medieval moral standards, he punished the lovers by throwing them into hell. Fourth, Dante's attitude towards feudal monarchs is often contradictory. On the one hand, he lashed out at the king, on the other hand, he regarded the king as the savior of Italy in danger. (3) Artistic achievements: ① Dante used different colors when describing different realms. (2) When Dante writes figure paintings, he often likes to use the extremely popular metaphors of nature in daily life, resulting in extremely unusual artistic effects. (3) The metrical form of Divine Comedy is a kind of metrical three-rhyme sentence popular in folk poetry, that is, the third act is a syllable, which rhymes alternately and runs through the whole poem. (4) The Divine Comedy is written in common sayings.
Edit this Renaissance literature.
The Renaissance
From the14th century, with Dante as the forerunner, western European society began to enter the Renaissance. This is a great turning point in European history, which lasted until the beginning of17th century, and a brilliant page marking its end was written with Shakespeare's giant pen. The Renaissance did not happen by accident, but its arrival had profound historical and social roots. The outstanding achievements of medieval civilization are the premise and foundation of the Renaissance. The emergence of capitalist relations of production is the root cause of the Renaissance. The culture of ancient Greece and Rome is a powerful ideological weapon of the emerging bourgeoisie in the Renaissance.
humanitarianism
Humanism is an ideological form that embodies the bourgeois world outlook and values during the Renaissance. Humanism advocates people-centered thinking and opposes the old idea of taking God as the center. Humanists attach importance to earthly life and emphasize individual liberation and free development. Humanism advocates rationality, and puts rationality in a parallel position with religious belief.