Confucius (552 BC or 551-479 BC), whose name was Zhong Ni, was a native of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period. He was the founder of Confucianism and the most famous thinker and educator in ancient China. Confucius was originally a member of the Shang Dynasty. He was a minister of the Song Dynasty in his predecessor, and later moved to Shandong. Although Confucius was born in a poor family, he still received a good education in his early years and was proficient in six arts. In his thirties, he is well-known for his erudition, and he began to teach and preach. His disciples reached 3, people, among whom 72 people got the essence. After the age of 5, he was entrusted by the State of Lu with the important position of Scott, who was in charge of judicial work. Later, due to different political views, he abandoned his official position and left the State of Lu to give lectures. After about fourteen years' study tour, I returned to Lu and devoted the rest of my life to the cause of culture and education. While continuing to give lectures, he edited and edited Poems, Books, Rites, Music and Yi, which laid a solid foundation for the inheritance of Chinese culture. In his later years, Confucius was treated with a high standard of courtesy, but his life suffered repeated misfortunes. His only son, Kong raccoon, and his favorite pupil, Yan Yuan, and Zilu, died young. In 479 BC, Confucius died of illness at home. After the death of Confucius, his thoughts developed rapidly under the spread of his disciples, and the status of Confucius was rising day by day. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Confucius began to be regarded as the "plain king" with Wang Zhidao but no king. After being posthumously praised as Xuanni Gong by Emperor Ping of Han Dynasty in the first year of A.D., the titles of Confucius have been increasing, such as "Wen Sheng's father", "sage and teacher", "Dacheng to Saint Wenxuan Wang" and "a model for generations". For more than 2, years, Confucius' thoughts have had a far-reaching influence on Chinese philosophy, politics, social ethics, education, history, literature and art, etiquette and customs, and made great contributions to the construction of Chinese national cultural spirit. Confucius' theory is not an empty theoretical preaching and feudal dogma, but a superb art of life, which is the only way for a person to establish himself, establish himself, stand up, know himself and others in society and achieve the great cause of life. Confucius advocates that people should be obedient to nature, establish a healthy, optimistic and positive outlook on life and world, apply what they have learned, match words with deeds, pay equal attention to learning and doing, behave in a gentleman's way, and "cultivate one's morality, keep the family in order, govern the country and level the world", make contributions in society with excellent personality image, realize self-worth and embark on the road to success in life. Now let's walk into the sacred palace of Confucius, listen to the gospel of the saints, and let the saints tell us the secret of success and the true meaning of life. Chapter 1: Learning while learning (original) Confucius said: It's not bad to learn while learning! How happy we are, to meet friends from afar! It's not a gentleman to be a man without caring! Interpretation: The first sentence of The Analects of Confucius, "Learning while learning is not pleasant", is not only the general program of the whole Analects of Confucius, but also the program of sage learning and benevolence. This sentence is very important for reading and understanding the general idea of The Analects of Confucius and accurately grasping its ideological connotation. China's writing in ancient times was very rich in connotation, and often a word contained an idea and an idea, which was not as simple and pale as the current vocabulary. Now we generally understand "learning" as a word. In the past, learning and learning were two concepts, which were spoken separately. Learning means reading and learning, but in the Analects of Confucius, "learning" is not only the so-called reading and learning in the sense of climbing the table and eating books, but also refers to a person's knowledge of standing upright in society and being an upright person. "Learning" is not to let students review their lessons endlessly, but to practice, probation and practice. At the beginning of this sentence, the sage told the students that it is not so simple for a person to stand between heaven and earth and how to be an upright person. How to be a man is a big problem in life. This knowledge needs to be constantly experienced, thought and confirmed in life practice. When something is gained and understood, it is a very happy thing. "Isn't it a pleasure to have friends coming from afar?" A "friend" is not a friend who eats and drinks in the modern sense, but a like-minded friend. "Far" not only means far away, but also contains the immeasurable distance between people in their thoughts, concepts, interests and aspirations. The story of Zhong Ziqi and Yu Boya can be said to be the best annotation to this passage. It is certainly a very happy thing to get a bosom friend in life. "Isn't it a gentleman to be a man without caring?" . "Fen" refers to inner resentment and psychological imbalance. A person who has real knowledge and understands the true meaning of life may not be understood by the secular society, but he can take it in stride whether it is good or bad, and he will not have the slightest idea of complaining about others in his heart. This kind of personality cultivation is the cultivation of a real gentleman. (Original) There is a Confucius: He is also filial, and those who are good at making mistakes are fresh; It's not easy to make a mistake, but it's easy to make a mess. A gentleman's business is based on the foundation and the Tao is born. Filial piety is also the foundation of benevolence! Interpretation: The key of this chapter is filial piety and filial piety. "Filial piety" is the filial piety of "father's kindness and son's filial piety", that is to say, parents pay love to their children, and children return to honor their parents. Brothers, friends and brothers are respectful, brothers are kind to their younger brothers, and younger brothers are naturally respectful to their older brothers. Filial piety and filial piety are relative, which is a two-way exchange of feelings between father and son and brothers. There is a saying in later generations that "all parents are in the world". In fact, this is an idea that was formed as late as the Song Dynasty, which is far from the true Confucius and Mencius. The saints themselves say that "people make mistakes without saints" and "they can change what they have done, but they are not good." How can parents be neither saints nor immortals? In the Book of Changes, a pre-Qin classic, there is a divination of "the method of godfather and the method of godmother", which means that although parents have done something wrong in a moment of confusion, children should be considerate of them with great love and stand on their children's side, so Confucius said, "When parents are remonstrated several times, they will not follow their wishes, but they will respect and not disobey, and they will work without complaining." Parents should remonstrate when they have something wrong. If they insist on not listening, forget it, but they should still be respected as usual and not resentful. This is the duty of being a son. Confucius' so-called "father, son" tells people that parents should look like parents and children should have the criteria of being children. Parents should pay their parents' love to their children and fulfill their responsibilities as parents. In return, parents should have the sincerity to be children. It is an inevitable cause and effect that "a father is kind and filial, a brother is friendly and a brother is respectful". If parents are not parents, or parents are not always responsible for love, they just unilaterally ask their children to be filial, which is against reason. "Filial piety" and "filial piety" are the expression of true feelings among parents, children and brothers, and are the continuation and feedback of love. The meaning of this passage is that a person who has the true feelings of filial piety and kindness will not make a mistake. Since he will not make a mistake, he will not make a mess. Because such people do things in a measured and principled way, they will fundamentally establish their own outlook on life and inner character cultivation through filial piety and filial piety, so their way of dealing with people will naturally arise. In this regard, isn't filial piety and kindness the foundation of being a man? . (Original) Confucius said: Clever words make the color fresh. Interpretation: Clever words are pretentious and deceitful in language, eloquent, boastful and flattering. Some people speak beautifully, with lofty ideals, full of benevolence, righteousness and morality, and show sincerity in their attitudes. However, it should be noted that this exaggerated performance is not his original face, and there are not many elements of true benevolence and righteousness in this person's heart. "Lingse" refers to the appearance of sincere attitude. A person who talks glibly sometimes gets people's praise for a while, but he can never deceive the world for a long time. When people see his true colors clearly, he only gets the contempt and spit on by the world. Therefore, only sincerity is the way for a person to stay in the world for a long time. (Original) Zeng Zi said: I save myself three times a day, and I am unfaithful for others. Make friends without believing them? Can't you pass it on? Interpretation: Ceng Zi, a student of Confucius, is forty-six years younger than Confucius. He doesn't like to talk. He looks a little clumsy, but he is very wise. He inherited the cause of Confucius and was honored as a saint by later generations. Confucius' grandson Zisi was his student and was honored as a saint by later generations. Ceng Zi said, I only grasped a simple principle in learning how to be a man from my teacher, that is, I should reflect on my behavior from three aspects every day. First, "being unfaithful for others" means that you have promised something to others, and whether you have done it with all your heart. In ancient times, "loyalty" meant trying to do everything. Second, "don't believe in making friends", whether there is a place of breaking faith when getting along with friends. Third, "I can't get used to it." The teacher taught me the truth of being a man and doing things. Did I really practice it in my life? When the society is undergoing drastic changes and people's life beliefs are in crisis, how can we maintain our personal integrity? The method of introspection told by saints is undoubtedly an effective and good strategy. Confucius said: A country with thousands of times, respecting things and believing, saving money and loving others, makes people timely. Interpretation: "Tao" means governance leadership. The word "country" used to refer to the political unit of a place. Now the country we are talking about used to be called "the world". In ancient times, "multiplication" was calculated by combining chariots, able-bodied men and land tax, which refers to the comprehensive strength of a local political unit. There are four horses in a chariot, and there are three soldiers, seventy-two infantry and twenty-five logistics personnel in the chariot. The country of a thousand rides was a waiting country with medium strength at that time. This is for those who hold important positions and power. As a leader who manages a country of thousands of times, he should have professionalism, seek his own government in his position, be serious and responsible for the national economy and people's livelihood, and fulfill his promises to society and the people, so as to gain the trust and love of the people. In terms of work style, we should "save money and love others", not be extravagant or extravagant, and care for subordinates, be considerate of the people and reduce the burden on the people in line with the principle of thrift. When people need to be recruited to do public welfare work, they should pay attention to "making the people timely", grasp the time, try to avoid the busy farming season, and do not engage in things that make people angry and waste money. Only in this way can a leader win the love and support of the people, and the country he leads can be prosperous. (Original) Confucius said: Disciples are filial when they enter, and younger brothers when they leave. As far as I am concerned, if you love people and show kindness, you will learn literature if you have spare capacity. Interpretation: As a person, a child should be filial to his parents at home, and be as friendly as his brother to his friends, classmates and ordinary people outside. And "as far as I'm concerned", be cautious, don't brag and talk big, and keep your word when dealing with people in society. At the same time, it is "pan-loving" and has a broad mind and love for the whole society. I like to keep close contact with well-educated and virtuous people. "If you have spare capacity, you should learn literature". After all these things are done, if you still have energy, you should explore history and culture and learn how to do things. In the Analects of Confucius, "Wen" does not simply refer to what we now call literature or Chinese knowledge, but refers to the artistic accomplishment of dealing with people, and of course includes the cultivation of literature and art. (Original text) Zi Xia said: A virtuous man can change his color. Parents can do their best, and a gentleman can make friends with him. He keeps his word. Although he said that he has not learned, I will definitely call it learning. Interpretation: Zixia is a student of Confucius, 44 years younger than Confucius. His name is Bo Shang. After the death of Confucius, he inherited his teacher's ideas and engaged in social education. He gave lectures in Hexi in the early Warring States period, which had a great influence on society at that time. This paragraph is what Zixia said. The first word of "xian xian yi se" is a verb, and the second word of "xian xian yi se" is a noun, which refers to a sage-a learned and cultivated person. "Color" refers to attitude, look and expression. "Virtuous men change their colors" means that we should respect those who have knowledge and good moral cultivation not only from the heart, but also from the attitude, showing due respect for the sages. It is important to do your best to be filial to your parents. It is not necessary to compare everything with others. If everything is compared with others' homes, then the poor families will have no filial sons. In ancient times, "Jun", which is "a thing can lead to one's health", was a title of respect for a learned person with good moral cultivation. "A good bird chooses a tree to live in, and a good minister chooses a master to do things." When a gentleman chooses someone he respects, he should follow him and devote himself wholeheartedly to doing things for him. At the same time, you should keep your word when you get along with friends in society. Zixia thinks that "if you don't learn, I will call it learning". If a person can do these things in life, even though he hasn't read many books, diplomas or academic qualifications, he actually has real knowledge in life. Here, Zixia clearly tells us that "learning" is the knowledge of being a down-to-earth person, the cultivation of life, and the art of dealing with life. It is not as simple as going to a school and getting a diploma. There is a person in the society who has got a lot of diplomas and good professional knowledge, but he is not sincere, has no credit, and is at sixes and sevens and disorganized in his life. We say that such people have knowledge but no knowledge. Confucius said: if a gentleman is not heavy, he will not be arrogant, but his learning will not be solid. He will be loyal and faithful, and if he has no friends, he will be inferior to himself. Otherwise, he will not be afraid to change. Interpretation: In the past, the "emphasis" in this chapter was annotated as solemnity, that is, pulling down the face and making a dignified appearance, because otherwise learning would be unstable. Annotate "he who has no friends is not as good as himself" as he who has no friends is not as good as himself. This understanding now seems far-fetched. Here, "heavy" can be understood as self-respect. Confucius told his disciples to be self-respecting and self-respecting. If a person is impetuous, has no self-respect and self-respect, and does not treat himself as something, he will have no prestige at all. No matter how much knowledge and ability you have, you will not be able to play normally in society, and everything you have learned will be wasted. "He who has no friends is not as good as himself" means that you should not always think that others are not as good as yourself, and you should not look down on anyone. "The feet are short and the inches are long.". One should not only respect oneself, but also respect others. One should see the strengths of others. If one finds his own shortcomings, one should be brave enough to face them and not be afraid to correct them, so as to make continuous progress. (Original) Zeng Zi said: Be cautious and pursue the future, and the people's morality will return to thick. Interpretation: In the past, this sentence was explained as follows: Remember the deceased ancestors. If everyone is filial to their parents, the social atmosphere will tend to be kind. As far as filial piety is concerned, it can't be said wrong, but it can also be said that "caution" means prudence, "end" means result, and "far" means remote cause. In the present words, when a person does something, he must carefully consider its causes and consequences, and his motives and methods must be correct, and he must not engage in crooked ways. If you want to have a good result, you must have a good start. Everyone understands this truth. When people do things, they will consider the cause and effect, so they will not mess around. In this case, the social atmosphere will naturally be kind, rigorous, simple and kind. (Original) Zi Qin asked Yu Zigong: As for the state, the master will hear about its politics and ask for peace. Suppress it? Zi Gong said: Master is gentle, kind, respectful, frugal, and let him get it. What the master wants is what the other people want! Interpretation: This article is a private conversation between two students of Confucius. Zi birds are famous, and the word Zi Yuan is forty years younger than Confucius. Zi Gong is an outstanding talent among Confucius students in politics, military affairs, economy and diplomacy. One day Zi Qin asked Zi Gong, whenever our teacher goes to a place, he must know the social and political situation there. Does he want to ask for an official job there or give them something? Zi Gong didn't answer Zi Qin's question directly, but told him that our teacher was gentle, kind, respectful, frugal, accommodating and rewarding. Unlike ordinary people, our teachers rush to do things that are good for their appearance, but humbly give them to others, and they can't help it.