Ma Zhiyuan's "Tian Jing Sha·Autumn Thoughts" There are dead crows in the old trees, small bridges and flowing water, and thin horses in the west wind on the ancient roads. As the sun sets in the west, heartbroken people are at the end of the world
The green mountains cannot hide the sadness of autumn. Autumn is easy to make people lament, sad and tearful; the autumn soil is sad, the autumn women are resentful, and the heart-breaking songs of the nine winding ileum make people feel heartbroken.
Ma Zhiyuan's Xiaoling's masterpiece "Tianjingsha·Autumn Thoughts" is known as the "ancestor of Qiu Thoughts". The content of the work itself is simple and ordinary. It tells the story of a wanderer who feels a surprise attack at dusk. Feel the emotion, think about it, think about it, feel sad, cry when sad, and feel pain when crying.
Look at the desolate atmosphere of the autumn field, the "drowsing crows on the old trees with withered vines", the desolate and withered wormwood, the lonely and fallen vine branches, the vines entangled in the old trees that have experienced vicissitudes of life, the "drowning crows on the old trees withered vines", "Crow", the croaking sound is heart-stirring, and the atmosphere of autumn dusk is suddenly swept into the hearts of the down-and-out wanderers.
Desolate and deserted, the small bridge seems to pave the way for travelers, but also seems to make travelers sink. The road is long and long, and the official career is complex. The people in Lingting, wearing turbans and green shirts, covered with dust, walk alone. "Flowing water" and "people" are both joyful and resentful; in the vast wilderness, "flowing water" is the artistic conception, and "people" is the long-cherished wish, but it is difficult to express deep feelings. A pair of sad autumn eyes, the flick of the sleeves is about to cut off the water, and the sadness is flowing freely. The inn has been lost, but the remaining "ancient road" still leads to the sky. Fame, fortune, failure in official career, unbearable desolation, right and wrong, merge into the desolate "west wind". A thin and thin horse, carrying a scroll, urging travelers, all right, all right. Life is often frustrated, the literati are down and out, and wandering, who knows that the world is not only difficult?
In the three sentences and eighteen characters in the above paragraph, there are nine nouns connected into calligraphy and painting that are not painted with thick ink. The words are made up and imposed, and the different scenery are created together seamlessly and harmoniously, which can't help but make people marvel. This kind of song has harmonious syllables, blended scenes, and boundless wonderful content. Therefore, it has the reputation of "writing autumn thoughts with dead vines and old trees, and no one else is allowed to add a word." It is indeed true.
If there were only these nine nouns, wouldn’t future generations “laugh at them”?
A group of ingenious combinations, with thousands of thoughts and melancholy hidden behind them, with a twist of the pen. , the ups and downs of the wanderer, and the deep artistic conception, jumped out, and an exquisite ancient painting floated in front of my eyes! As the sun set, "withered vines and old trees, dim crows, small bridges and flowing water, people, the west wind and thin horses on the ancient road", Xiao Xiao Sad and silent, it seems like there is a sound: "The heartbroken man is at the end of the world", which immediately makes people clasp their chests and cover their faces, choke, and burst into tears. The tears are sad and painful. The scene turns into emotion, and the emotion emerges from the scene, outlining a sad traveler who is far away from home and alone. A wandering figure.
"Sad for falling leaves in the golden autumn", autumn has always triggered deep thinking. Time is like a dream, and the past is regrettable. Ma Zhiyuan was once keen on fame, but failed to achieve his goal. He wandered for more than twenty years and became an official in his fifties. He couldn't stand the dark officialdom and retired to live in seclusion. "Autumn Thoughts" is one of his works during his wandering journey. His realistic experience and cynicism naturally reveal his dissatisfaction with reality. Learning with a full stomach is of no use. Frustration, pain, sadness, loneliness, all the deep feelings can only be vomited out and poured out with a bare pen.
It is deeply meaningful, infinitely implicit, and endlessly interesting; when it is turned up high, the mind is far away from things, and the meaning overflows into the environment. This is the environment, this is the scenery, the water and the milk blend together, and the scene is set off; it is the intention and the emotion; they complement each other and help each other. No wonder Wang Guowei said in "Human Words": "The beauty of an article can be summed up in one word, it only has a realm. Excellent articles must be read; beautiful articles must be appreciated." A piece of "Autumn Thoughts" makes my heart feel a little painful, and I want to cry. Out
Reference: /3601/2004/08/31/882@285744.htm
Ma Zhiyuan
(about 1250-1324) Dongli , a native of Dadu (now Beijing). He was keen on fame when he was young, but his career was not successful. He later worked in Zaju. His representative works include "Lu Dongbin Three Drunks in Yueyang Tower", together with Guan Hanqing, Bai Renfu and Zheng Guangzu. , "Gu Yan Han Gong Autumn" and so on. Its sanqu is heroic and elegant, and is praised as "the first among the Yuan Dynasties"
This song "Autumn Thoughts on the Pure Land" is the most famous "Central Plains Music" by Deqing of the Yuan Dynasty. "Xiao Ling Ding Ge" said this song is the "ancestor of Qiu Si". Wang Guowei's "Human Ci Hua" commented: "Liao Liao's poems are deeply inspired by the wonderful quatrains of the Tang Dynasty. None of the poets of the Yuan Dynasty could do this. "Gu Ququ Tan" also praised it for being "straightforward to the present and past", "People in the Ming Dynasty liked to imitate this piece of music the most, but in the end it was not so natural, so I thought it was unattainable." ”
The first sentence is "withered". "The old vines and the dusk crows" vividly describe the scenery and environment of late autumn and late autumn dusk.
In late autumn, everything is in a state of silence, the ivy is old and old, and the yellow leaves have fallen. On the old tree entangled with the withered vines, a crow sits huddled, and in the silence of the evening, it makes a few hoarse calls from time to time. The word "老" here not only refers to the "old" age of the trees, the "old" branches and the "old" shape, but also describes the desolate and desolate state of the trees that have lost their leaves in autumn and have experienced many vicissitudes of life. , thus revealing the state of mind and experience of the "heartbroken man" at the end of the sentence. The word "hun" in "hunk crow" also has two meanings. One refers to the dusk time; the other refers to the crow's drowsy appearance after foraging for food for a day. In the eyes of the wanderer, it is pitiful and sweet. Because they still have a "nest" after all!
In the second sentence, when the dizziness is so heavy that it is almost difficult to breathe, "small bridges and flowing water, people's houses" suddenly appear. I saw only a small bridge, with beautiful water flowing under the bridge. At the end of the bridge by the water, there were several huts scattered in a well-proportioned manner, with wisps of smoke rising from the huts, making it look so peaceful and warm. All this made the wanderer's eyes brighten, but then dimmed again. His loneliness seemed so incompatible with this warmth. What he expected and saw was exactly what he could not get! The "small" here is not the actual size of the bridge, but "small" in terms of visual image. "Liu Shui" only describes the movement of water but does not hear the sound of water, also because the water is far away. From a composition point of view, the "flowing water" is exactly opposite to the "small bridge" in movement and stillness. Movement and stillness complement each other, and the silent movement makes it more still. The word "people" is used extremely well. Due to the extreme distance and the dusk, the houses and people could not be distinguished clearly. Only the smoke from the cooking pots told tourists from the end of the world that it was an inhabited house. This sentence is all seen from a distance. It not only expands the description of the scenery, but also psychologically conveys in a subtle way the feelings of those who are far away from home about the elusiveness and elusiveness of life in their hometown. Then the scene of "ancient road with westerly wind and thin horse" appeared. On an ancient post road filled with yellow dust and rustling autumn wind, a skinny and exhausted horse walked slowly. An "ancient road". People immediately think of the twists and turns of the road and how many such "skinny horses" have walked on this ancient road throughout the ages. It plucks the strings in the readers' hearts that lead to the distant past and resonate with the ancients, " The word "Shou Ma" plays an important role in the whole song. The days when the autumn grass is tall and long have just passed. Logically speaking, horses should not be "skinny", but the author is comparing himself with the horse here. The purpose of writing about horses is to support people. If the horse is thin, the person will be thinner. It's hard for a horse to endure the pain of wandering away from home, and it's even harder for a thoughtful and emotional person to ride on its back.
The first part was all about the scenery on the ground. Then the author raised his pen and drew the sky of "sunset in the west", and painted a blood-red setting sun for the scenery on the ground. screen. The setting sun is still shining, which can easily make people melancholy and sentimental, but it happens to "set in the west", which adds a layer of melancholy and confusion. "The setting sun" together with the "faint crow" and "west wind" point out that time is running out, it is already dusk, and the season has reached the season when wanderers return home, but in this season and hour, there are still "heartbroken people at the end of the world!" "How can this place, this situation, this situation not make the homeless people feel heartbroken and sad?" A "broken heart". It vividly conveys the unspeakable and only imaginable feelings and pain of "being reduced to a human being at the end of the world".
Ma Zhiyuan used such a very short ditty to express the indescribable connotations, vividly depict the miserable and sad inner world of the wanderer in the world, and give people a shocking artistic feeling.