The patriarchal system originated from the primitive clan era, gradually formed in the Shang Dynasty, and gradually became complete in the Zhou Dynasty. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the division of concubines and concubines and the system of large and small clans have been established. The social organization of the Western Zhou Dynasty, It is a blood entity with strict kinship and distance and obvious system.

First of all, the rules of kinship and respect are established. The patriarchal system is based on the clan. The so-called "clan" originally refers to the blood relationship formed by a group of brothers. Entity. "Shangshu·Yao Dian" proposes "kissing the nine clans", indicating that "kissing" (meaning to kiss one's relatives) starts from oneself, tracing back to father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-grandfather, and extending downward to one's own children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. , great-great-grandson, these nine generations of relatives form one lineage with the eldest son as the center. The so-called "zong" also means "respect". Ban Gu's "White Tiger Tongyi·Zong" said: "What is the ancestry? Zun Ye, for The ancestral master is also respected by the clan. The "ancestral master" mentioned here refers to the person who presides over the ancestral temple rituals. He is the eldest son, that is, the eldest son. "Book of Rites·Quli" says: "Zhizi" If you don't sacrifice, the sacrifice will be reported to the eldest son." It can be seen that the eldest son is highly respected by his younger brothers in the same clan. Therefore, kissing and respecting means taking the eldest son as the center, kissing his relatives and respecting him. Zun.

Secondly, the clan is divided into major clan and minor clan. The eldest son is the major clan of the whole clan, and the collateral concubine is the minor clan. Therefore, the clan is divided into major and minor clans. The king of Zhou calls himself the emperor, and the throne is given by The eldest son inherits hereditary, and he is the eldest son of the clan surnamed Ji. Except for the eldest son, the common sons are enfeoffed as princes and are the minor clans of the clan surnamed Ji. In the princes' countries, according to the principle of hereditary inheritance of the eldest son, the eldest son inherits the father's throne. The next generation of princes is regarded as the great clan in the feudal country, and is regarded as the minor clan to the emperor of Zhou Dynasty. His younger brothers are granted the title of qingdafu. They are the lord clan in their own family and the minor clan to the princes. The principle of small sects is to enfeoff scholars. It can be seen from this that the emperor, princes, ministers, officials, and scholars are the main sect in terms of blood, and the relationship between the small sects is the subordinate relationship in politics.

Third, the big sect , the relationship between Xiaozong is hierarchical subordination. Ban Gu said: "The big clan can lead the small clan, and the small clan can lead the group of brothers, and they can communicate with each other, so they can discipline the clan members." ②① The roles of the big clan and the small clan are different, and they have different levels. Names and powers are also different. The emperor is the ruler of the world. From the princes to the scholars, on the one hand they have due obligations to the emperor, and on the other hand they are enfeoffed layer by layer according to their rank and "subject to the people and territory". Within their own feudal state or fief, they enjoy the rights to control their own clan's property, be responsible for their own clan's sacrifices, and manage their own clan members. This forms a pyramid-like hierarchy. Under the coat of warm blood, there is a relationship between the ruler and the ruled. Political relations and blood relations are integrated. Later the landlord class will use this system to consolidate political power, clan power, divine power and husband's power.

The ancient patriarchal legal system to stabilize the master-slave relationship. Neo-Confucianists It is advocated to "control the hearts of the world, collect clans, strengthen customs, and ensure that people do not forget their roots. It is necessary to clearly understand the genealogy of the family and the method of establishing clans."③② As a result, the trend of compiling new genealogies has arisen again, and there are numerous volumes of private genealogies, such as family trees, clans, etc. Genealogy, genealogy, branch tree, family tree, genealogy, etc. emerge in endlessly. In the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the dynasties have been changed many times, but the patriarchal system has always been followed unchanged.

Secondly, the feudal patriarchal system and The combination of feudal etiquette and ethics, on the one hand, affects the redistribution of power and property, and on the other hand, it restricts the life forms of guests, guests, weddings, funerals, sacrifices, and even daily life. For example, it is considered important for marriages to be of the same family, and the family Marriages of different surnames among noble families formed intricate social relationships, and they protected each other with the help of political power. Funeral rituals were hierarchical, with coffins, burial objects, and mourning periods all determined according to seniority and relative proximity. In addition, the practice of attaching burials was also popular. Children and grandchildren are buried after their fathers and ancestors, which is called "returning to the old tomb". It is actually a gathering of the clan. The eldest son presides over the clan sacrifices, and the clan members gather together to show the family members' dedication and prayers to their ancestors. Daily life The clothes, boats and carriages, houses, ancestral halls and temples, weddings and funerals, even women's jewelry, and the seating arrangements in daily life are all restricted by status and level. For example, the Qing Dynasty stipulated that officials, soldiers and civilians could not use yellow and purple clothes and utensils. Dragons, flying fish, and bullfights are not allowed to be carved, and dragon and phoenix patterns are prohibited. Ordinary women can only wear one piece of gold jewelry and a pair of gold earrings. The green wings are allowed to be made of silver, but they cannot be decorated with fancy gold threads. Household curtains, official

Different grades have different embroidery colors, and the common people can only use gauze and silk. Obviously, the patriarchal system is the soil for the generation of ethical thoughts, and the ethical guidelines often play a role in maintaining the feudal patriarchal system, turning it into etiquette and customs, and penetrating into people's daily life. Various fields.

The second is to respect ancestors. The patriarchal system attaches great importance to the blood relationship of the family-clan. The traditional Confucian culture does not advocate gods and ghosts, but the rules of kinship and respect; Traditional agricultural production attaches great importance to the inheritance of experience and knowledge. The elders of the family obviously represent experience and truth, and have absolute authority, enough to make the younger generations worship them. "Book of Rites Guanyi" says: "Inferiority" "Respecting ancestors" requires people to exercise self-restraint, learn tolerance, and respect their ancestors. Therefore, the custom of worshiping ancestors in ancient China has never declined. From the emperor to the common people, everyone respects and worships their ancestors. Until modern times, villages and towns in China Ancestral halls and temples are still commonly built to worship ancestors. It is the life ideal of ancient Chinese intellectuals to take the imperial examination to honor their ancestors. They attach great importance to the feng shui of ancestral tombs and associate the misfortunes and blessings of their descendants with the virtues of their ancestors; guilds of different professions, Most of them have founders of their own profession for their colleagues to worship. For example, Lu Ban or Gongshu Ban are the founders of the carpentry and furniture business, while Hua Tuo or Sun Simiao are worshiped as the founders of the medical profession. All these reflect the Chinese tradition of "being cautious in pursuing the future." Concept.

The third is respect for tradition. The concepts of fatherhood and filial piety are the core content of patriarchal society, which strengthens people's sense of identity from generation to generation. Generally speaking, the elders always ask the younger generation to follow the tradition. Sticking to the existing production methods, life patterns and behavioral patterns, the younger generations identify with the older generations, that is, the identity of the tradition, which can easily form a social psychology of the people being conservative and peaceful, emphasizing the past over the present, and respecting tradition. The motto they believe in is "state without writing, believe in the past", "the laws of the ancestors cannot be changed arbitrarily". Politically superstitious "orthodox", such as Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Zhou Gong, are all ancient Politicians believe in wise kings and wise ministers. Even if the reformists are engaged in reform, they must also use the banner of "previous kings". The so-called "exercise the policies of the previous kings to promote benefits and eliminate disadvantages." ① ③ As Kang Youwei pointed out: "Confucius's reform of the system was based on ancient times." The great righteousness is all seen here. One is the punishment and reward of the king Su; the other is the restoration of the ancestors to entrust power. Those who keep the scriptures can be established... The cloth clothes are changed, so it is not as shocking as the ancestors. "Avoiding disaster".②④In academics, "Taoism" is respected, books are respected by classics, and speech is regarded as high by saints. The establishment of truth seems to be the creation of ancient saints, and people's thinking is easily limited to "poetry clouds"," Confucius said, "Among the previous theories of this kind." In this regard, Yan Fu once profoundly pointed out: "The common law of debate in China is that whenever you want to find an explanation, you must first quote ancient books, 'Shiyun', 'Confucius said', Then use the current language of events to collate and combine it, and the right and wrong of this language will be determined. "In literature, the trend of imitating the ancients is prevalent in the literary world. The Song Dynasty people advocated that poetry must have "no origins for a word" and attached great importance to learning from the ancients. People in the Ming Dynasty advocated that "literature must be based on the Qin and Han Dynasties" and "poetry must be based on the prosperous Tang Dynasty", and they believed in retrospection; in the Qing Dynasty, "the Tang Dynasty" and "the Song Dynasty" each had their own insistence, which reflected the convergence of ancient writers' ancient consciousness. .As far as the themes of ancient literary works, the vast number of historical odes, nostalgia, and historical treatises can also be seen in the cultural psychology of ancient Chinese people who love and respect the past.

For details, please see this link /z/ q171896862.htm