Mencius said: "The weather is not as good as the favorable geographical conditions, and the favorable conditions are not as good as the people. A city of three miles and a country of seven miles can't be defeated if you surround it. If you attack it if you surround it, you will definitely get the right time; but you can't win. The reason is that the weather is not as good as the land. The city is not high, the pond is not deep, the army is not strong, and the rice is not plentiful. It is because the land is not as good as the people.
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How do modern people view Mencius’s idea of ??“harmony”? Evaluation 1:
Evaluation 2:
Author’s information and experience
< p>Eleven years old:Twenty-one years old:
Thirty years old:
Thirty-four years old:
Forty Years old:
Forty-four years old:
Fifty-three years old:
Posthumous honor and disgrace
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How do modern people view Mencius' "humanity" What about the claim? Evaluation 1:
Evaluation 2:
Author’s information and experience
Eleven years old:
Twenty-one years old:< /p>
Thirty years old:
Thirty-four years old:
Forty years old:
Forty-four years old:
< p>Fifty-three years old:Posthumous honor and disgrace
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Selected from "Mencius Gongsun Chouxia", which is the story of Mencius and others A disciple of Confucian classics who recorded Mencius's thoughts on governing the country and political strategies.
Edit the original text of this paragraph
Mencius said: "The weather is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as the people." A city of three miles and a country of seven miles can be surrounded and attacked without victory. If you attack the enemy's ring, you will definitely get the right time; however, if you don't win, the right time is not as good as the right place. The city is not too high, the pond is not not deep, the military revolution is not not strong and powerful, and the rice and millet are not not abundant. But if we leave it, the favorable terrain is not as good as the people. Therefore, it is said: The people of the region do not rely on the boundaries of the territory, the country is consolidated without the dangers of mountains and rivers, and the people of the world do not rely on the benefits of military revolution. Those who have attained the truth will receive much help, while those who have lost the truth will receive little help. When there is little help, relatives will be there; when there is much help, the world will follow. If the world is in obedience, attack where the relatives are. Therefore, if a gentleman does not fight, he will win in battle. ” ——The original text of "Mencius Volume 4 Gongsun Chouxia"
Edit this paragraph's notes
1. The right time, favorable location, and people: "Xunzi Wang Ba Pian" says: "If a farmer is simple but incompetent, he will not lose the right time when he is above, and he will not lose the advantage of the land below. He will win people and everything will be done without failure. "The "Tianshi" that Xunzi refers to refers to the season and climate that are suitable for combat, "geographical convenience" refers to the terrain that is conducive to combat, and "harmony" refers to winning the hearts of the people and uniting the top and bottom. The "Tianshi" mentioned by Mencius here refers to the suitable The season and climate of the battle; "geographical advantage" refers to the terrain that is conducive to the battle; "harmony" refers to winning the hearts of the people and uniting the top and bottom. 2. A city of three miles and a wall of seven miles: the inner city wall is called "city" and the outer wall is called "guo". ". A city of three miles, surrounded by a city of three miles. 3. Husband: a word used at the beginning of a sentence to indicate that a discussion will be made. 4. However: then. 5. Yes: this is. 6. Chi: a moat that was previously generally referred to . 7. Weapons, refers to offensive weapons such as spears and arrows. 9. Mi Su: abandon. 12. So. . Consolidate the country: Consolidate national defense. 14. Wei: Establish prestige. 12. The right person: the person who implements benevolent government and wins the people's support. 16. The unjust person: the person who does not implement benevolent government and does not win the people's support. 17. Widow: Few. 18. Side: To the extreme. 20. Submission: Obedience. In ancient times, it refers to people who are related by blood or marriage. . Qin: refers to relatives outside the clan. 22. Millet: millet after peeling. 24. To leave: to leave. To leave. The two sentences of "Gu Junzi": A gentleman who has gained the right to fight will definitely win if he fights. 26. Pool: moat. 29. Not as good as: not. To 30. Say: Say. 31. Bi: Definitely, sure. 32. Therefore, if a gentleman does not fight, he will win if he fights: If a gentleman does not fight, he will definitely win. 33. The people of the region will not win. To the boundary of the territory: domain, limit. To: the boundary of the territory: the demarcated boundary line.
(These are all from the Chinese textbook for the second semester of the sixth grade in Shanghai, "The weather is not as good as the right place"
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Mencius said: "The season is conducive to war , The climate is not as good as the terrain that is conducive to combat (important), and the terrain that is conducive to combat is not as important as the people's aspiration and the unity of the top and bottom (important). Can't win. (Since the enemy) surrounds it and attacks it, the season and climate conditions must be suitable for fighting; but it can't be won because the season and climate that are conducive to fighting are not as good as the terrain that is conducive to fighting. ) The city wall is not not high, the moat is not not deep, the weapons are not not sharp, the equipment and armor are not not strong, and the food is not insufficient; but the defenders abandoned the city and left it. This is because the terrain that is conducive to combat is not as good as the people's desire. , unity from top to bottom. Therefore, we cannot rely on demarcating borders to restrict the movement of people, we cannot rely on dangerous mountains and rivers to consolidate national defense, and we cannot rely on strong and sharp weapons and equipment to establish prestige in the world. If a monarch cannot implement benevolent government, there will be few people to help him. If the number of people who help him reaches the extreme, (even) people within and outside the clan will betray him; if the number of people who help him reaches the extreme, everyone in the world will betray him. Obey him. Use the power that everyone in the world obeys to attack those who are betrayed by people within and outside the clan. Therefore, it is enough for a virtuous gentleman not to fight. If he fights, he will definitely win.
Edit. The purpose of this paragraph
Good opportunities can be created, and bad environments can be changed, but once the cooperative relationship of unity between the top and bottom is lost, it will only lead to failure.
Original text
Mencius said: "The weather is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as the people ①. A city of three miles and a country of seven miles ② If you surround it and attack it, you will not be victorious. If you attack it by surrounding it, you will be able to get the right time. However, the reason for failure is that the weather is not as good as the favorable terrain. The city is not too high, the pond is not too deep, the military revolution is not weak, and the rice and millet are not lacking. The reason is that the favorable conditions are not as good as the people. Ye. Therefore, it is said: The people of the territory do not rely on the boundaries of the territory, the country does not rely on the dangers of the mountains and rivers, and the power of the world does not rely on the benefits of military revolution. If you are on the side of ⑧, if you have more help, the world will obey you. If you have ⑨, attack where your relatives are. Therefore, if a gentleman does not fight, he will win. "
Notes
① Weather, favorable geographical conditions, and harmonious relationships: "Gouzi·Wang Ba Pian" says: "If a farmer is simple but incompetent, then he will not lose the favorable weather and favorable conditions when he is above, and he will not lose the favorable conditions below. He will gain harmony and everything will not go to waste." The "natural time" that Gouzi refers to refers to the farming season, "the favorable geographical location" refers to the fertile soil, and "human harmony" refers to the division of labor between people. The "natural time" mentioned by Mencius here refers to the timing of military operations, climate, etc.; " refers to dangerous mountains and rivers, strong cities, etc.; "harmony" refers to the people's aspiration, internal unity, etc. ② A city of three miles, a country of seven miles: the inner city is called "city", and the outer city is called "guo". The proportion of inner and outer cities Generally, it is a city of three miles and a country of seven miles. ③Pond: That is the moat. ④Bing: Weapons, referring to offensive weapons such as spears, swords, and arrows. Leather: leather, nails. Ancient armor was made of leather, but also of copper and iron. ⑤Commission: abandon. ⑥Domain residents: Restrict people. ⑦Domain, boundary. ⑧Ban: Same as "rebellion". ⑨Yes: or, either.
The siege cannot be broken. Since the siege is from all sides, there will always be good times or good weather, but it still cannot be broken. This shows that the favorable timing and weather are not as good as the favorable terrain. Another situation is that the city wall is not not high. The moat was not deep, the weapons and armor were not extremely powerful and strong, and the food and grass were not insufficient, but they still abandoned the city and fled. This shows that the favorable terrain is not as good as the concerted efforts of the people. Therefore, the common people cannot rely on blocking the border. A country cannot be protected by dangerous mountains and rivers, nor can it be achieved by sharp weapons. Those who have moral principles will receive more help, while those who lose moral principles will receive less help. When the number of people is extremely small, even relatives will rebel; when the number of people helping is extremely large, everyone in the world will obey. To attack someone who even relatives will rebel against, it must be without fighting. Already, the battle is invincible. ”
Interpretation
The relationship between heaven, earth and man has been of concern to people throughout the ages. Which of the three is the most important has become a topic of discussion. As we quoted in the notes, Xunzi once discussed the issues of time, location, and people from the perspective of agricultural production. But he did not distinguish who is important and who is not important, but the three are not equally important. The most important thing is harmony. Here, Mencius mainly analyzes and discusses the relationship between the right time, the right place, and the right people from the military perspective, and he has a clear point of view: "The right time is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as the right person." Among the three, "he" is the most important. The most important factor that plays a decisive role is "geographical convenience", followed by "timing". This is separate from his consistent thought of attaching importance to people's subjective initiative. At the same time, it is also inseparable from his purpose of discussing the time, location, people, and relationships. inseparable from the purpose.
It was precisely from emphasizing the importance of "harmony" that he came to the conclusion that "the right person will get more help, and the unjust person will get less help". This led the issue from military to political, and in fact returned to his "cliché" topic of "benevolent government". According to Mencius, the common people cannot be restrained by sealing off borders, nor can a country be preserved by relying on mountains and rivers to overcome obstacles. Therefore, there is no way out by closing the country to the outside world. We need to reform, we need to open up, we need to improve our national strength, and let the people live and work in peace and contentment. As long as this is achieved, "those who have gained the Tao will be helped more". If the help is reached to the extreme, people all over the world will obey and submit. Then there will inevitably be a situation like what Confucius said - "The people from all over the world will come carrying their sons." ("The Analects of Confucius·Zilu") People from all over the world come to apply to study abroad, apply to do business, and even bring their wives and children. Why is there no need to "enclose borders" when applying for immigration and settlement? Even if we try to drive people away, it has become a famous saying that "the right people will get more help, but the unjust people will get less help", so that we are still worried about it now. It is often used to evaluate international relations and condemn hegemonists. Of course, "the right time is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as the people" is also a famous saying, and it is also more widely used in business competitions, sports competitions, especially football matches. Among them. This fully shows that the philosophy contained in it is rich, profound and broad. As the saying goes, "when people are united, mountains can move." Who said that "people and people" are not the most important wealth?
< p>Edit this section for appreciationFull text appreciation
This chapter analyzes the many factors that determine the outcome of the war from the aspects of weather and season, geographical situation, and popular support, etc., and draws the conclusion of "win or lose" The conclusion that "the Taoist will get many help, and the unjust one will have few". The so-called conclusion that "the weather is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as the harmony of people" reflects Mencius's view of "harmony and harmony" as the key among factors that determine the outcome of a war. It shows that he paid special attention to human factors. In the era where Mencius lived, it should be said that it was remarkable. However, it should also be noted that the three factors of "timing", "geographical convenience" and "humanity". The relationship is inseparable, and under certain conditions, the priority of their important positions will change. Therefore, it is not appropriate to separate or even oppose the three, and make an absolute and unchanging understanding of which one is more important. Focusing on the central argument and repeatedly demonstrating it, the main idea is prominent, the reasoning is sufficient, the level is clear, and the expression is smooth. The relationship between heaven, earth, and humans has been a matter of concern to people throughout the ages, and people have discussed who is the most important among them. As we quoted in the annotation, Xunzi once discussed the issues of time, location, and people from the perspective of agricultural production, but he did not distinguish between which one is important and who is not important. Instead, all three are equally important and indispensable. Here, Mencius mainly analyzes and discusses the relationship between the right time, the right place, and the right people from the military perspective, and he has a clear point of view: "The right time is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as the right person." Among the three, "he" is the most important. The most important and decisive factor is "geographical convenience", followed by "timing and timing". This is inseparable from his consistent thought of attaching importance to people's subjective initiative. It is inseparable from the purpose of relationship. It is precisely from emphasizing the importance of "humanity" that he came to the conclusion that "the right person will get more help, and the unjust person will get less help." This leads the problem to the military. When it comes to politics, it actually returns to his "cliché" topic of "benevolent government". According to Mencius, the people cannot be restricted by sealing the borders, nor can the country be protected by the dangers of mountains and rivers. Therefore, it is necessary to close the country. There is no way out. We must reform, open up, and improve our national strength so that the people can live and work in peace and contentment. As long as this is achieved, "those who have gained the Tao will be helped more". If the help is reached to the extreme, people all over the world will obey and submit. Then there will inevitably be a situation like what Confucius said - "The people from all over the world will come here carrying their sons." ("The Analects of Confucius Zilu") People from all over the world come to apply to study abroad, apply to do business, and even bring their wives and children with them. When applying for immigration and settlement, why is there any need for "frontier boundaries"? I'm afraid I can't even drive him away. "The right person will get more help, but the unjust person will get less help" has become a famous saying, so much so that we still often use it to evaluate international relations and condemn hegemonists. Of course, "the right time is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as the right people" is also a famous saying, and it is also more widely used in business competition, sports competitions, especially football competitions. This fully shows that the philosophy contained in it is rich, profound and broadly extensible. As the saying goes, “When people are united, mountains can move.” Who said that “harmony” is not the most important asset?”
Appreciation by paragraphs
The first paragraph: Get straight to the point and put forward the argument. Chapter Paragraphs 2 and 3: Comparing the right time and place (objective conditions) and people (subjective conditions). Paragraph 4: Conclusion, expanding the scope of the argument from war to governance.
< p>Argument CharacteristicsOne: Argument step by step, step by step. Two: Demonstration with examples: (Second and Third Paragraphs) The point of view is clear, powerful and organized.
Edit this paragraph: How do modern people view Mencius's idea of ??"harmony"?
Evaluation 1:
"Tianshi" refers to "the weather and seasons that are conducive to combat." "Geographical convenience" refers to "the geographical situation conducive to combat", and "harmony" refers to "the people's will and internal unity".
Among them, "humanity" is more important. Because "timing" and "geographical convenience" are objective conditions, external. And "humanity" is subjective and internal. Good opportunities can be created, bad environments can be changed, but once we lose good cooperative relationships with people, we can only fail. In the era when Mencius lived, it was quite remarkable to have such foresight.
Evaluation 2:
We should see that "time, location, and people" are inseparable, and under certain conditions, the priority of their important positions will also change. changes occur. Therefore, it is not appropriate to separate or even oppose the three, nor can we make an absolute and unchanging understanding of which one is more important. Digression: Examples of ancient people relying on "timing" to win. Borrow arrows from a straw boat. Taking advantage of the foggy weather to confuse Cao Jun, Cao Jun shot many arrows onto his straw boat. Battle of Red Cliff. Zhuge Liang used the east wind to cause many burning boats to rush towards Cao Jun's warships, burning Cao Jun to a rout and causing more than half of the casualties.
Edit the author information of this paragraph
Mencius (about 372 BC-289 BC), whose name was Ke, whose courtesy name was Ziyu or Ziju (to be confirmed) or Ziche, Zou (now Shandong) A native of Zoucheng City, he was a second disciple of Kong Ji, the grandson of Confucius. He was a thinker, educator, essayist, and politician during the Warring States Period in ancient China. He was one of the famous representatives of Confucianism and the founder of Confucianism. The distant ancestor of Mencius was the Mengsun family, a nobleman of the Lu State. Later, when his family declined, he moved from the Lu State to the State of Zou (southeast of today's Zoucheng, Shandong). His father died when he was three years old, and Meng's mother raised him. When Mencius was young, his mother moved three times in order to provide him with a good learning environment. Later generations called it Meng's mother's three moves. Mencius' mother was very strict in educating her children. Her "relocating to teach her children" and "three-stepping of opportunities" have become famous stories throughout the ages. There is a saying in the "Three Character Classic" that "in the past, Mencius' mother chose a neighbor." In the era when Mencius lived, hundreds of schools of thought contended, and "the words of Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai filled the world." Mencius fiercely criticized it from the standpoint of Confucianism. Mencius learned from Zisi (some say he was a student of Zisi), inherited and developed Confucius' thoughts, and put forward a complete ideological system. Mencius traveled around the Qi, Jin, Song, Xue, Lu, Teng, and Liang countries to lobby for his ideas of "benevolent government" and "kingly way". However, because the princes and countries were busy with wars at that time, his theory of benevolent government was considered "far-fetched and broad-minded", and almost no one adopted his ideas on governing the country. He returned to lecture and write books with his disciples, and wrote 7 chapters of "Mencius". Mencius maintained and developed Confucianism, put forward the theory of "benevolent government" and the theory of "good nature", and insisted on putting "people" first. His thoughts had a great influence on later generations. But his status was not very high before the Song Dynasty. Since Han Yu's "Yuan Dao" listed Mencius as the only person among pre-Qin Confucians who inherited Confucius' "Taoism", there was a Mencius "upgrade movement", and Mencius' status gradually improved. His theory had a great influence on the Song Dynasty. In the fourth year of Xining (1071), the reign of Emperor Shen of the Northern Song Dynasty, "Mencius" was listed as one of the subjects of the imperial examination for the first time. Later, "Mencius" was upgraded to a Confucian classic. Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty combined it with "The Analects of Confucius", "Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean" into the "Four Books". In the first year of Zhishun of the Yuan Dynasty (1330), Mencius was conferred the title of "Ya Sheng Gong", and he will be called "Ya Sheng Gong" from now on, with a status second only to Confucius. His thoughts and the thoughts of Confucius are collectively called "The Way of Confucius and Mencius". One year old: In 390 BC, the twelfth year of King Zhou An, Mencius was born in Fu Village at the western foot of Zou Ma'an Mountain. According to Zhao Qi's "Mencius' Inscription", Meng Ke was "the descendant of Meng Sun from the Duke of Lu" and moved to Zou after Gai was destroyed. By the autumn of 389 BC, Mencius was one year old. Mencius once imitated Confucius and led his disciples to lobby various countries. However, he was not accepted by other countries at that time and retired to write with his disciples. There are seven chapters of "Mencius" handed down to the world. The starting point of his theory is the theory of human nature, which proposes "benevolent government" and "kingly way" and advocates the rule of virtue.
Experience
In 388 BC, the fourteenth year of King An of Zhou, Mencius was in Zou. Three years old: In 387 BC, the fifteenth year of King An of Zhou, Mencius was in Zou. Four years old: In 386 BC, the sixteenth year of King An of Zhou, Mencius was in Zou. His father died that year, and he was taught by his mother who moved away three times and lost her life (according to "The Story of the Martyred Girl"). In fact, the three moves and shutdown probably did not happen in one year. Five years old: In 385 BC, the seventeenth year of King An of Zhou, Mencius was in Zou. Six years old: 384 BC, the eighteenth year of King Zhou An. Chu and Wu Qi became prime ministers. Mencius was in Zou. Seven years old: 383 BC, the nineteenth year of King Zhou An. Duke Mu of Lu died, and his son Fen was established, and he became Duke of Lu. Mencius was in Zou. Eight years old: In 382 BC, the 20th year of King An of Zhou, Mencius was in Zou. Nine years old: 381 BC, the 21st year of King Zhou An. The Chu clan killed Wu Qi. Mencius was in Zou. Ten years old: In 380 BC, the 22nd year of King An of Zhou, Mencius was in Zou.
Eleven years old:
In 379 BC, in the 23rd year of King Zhou An, Duke Kang of Qi was sacrificed. Zhao Wangyi moved to Wu. Mencius was in Zou. Twelve years old: In 378 BC, the 24th year of King Zhou An, Mencius was in Zou. Thirteen years old: In 377 BC, the 25th year of King Zhou An, Mencius was in Zou. Fourteen years old: 376 BC, the twenty-sixth year of King Zhou An. Han destroyed Zheng. All evildoers kill their kings. Mencius was in Zou. Fifteen years old: 375 BC, the first year of King Lie of Zhou. Han Shanjian is a traitor to his king. Qi Tianwu killed his king and established himself as Duke Huan. The chaos in Yuesi District was settled, and nothing was left. Mencius was in Zou. Sixteen years old: In 374 BC, the second year of King Lie of Zhou, Mencius was in Zou.
Seventeen years old: In 373 BC, the third year of King Lie of Zhou, Mencius was in Zou. Eighteen years old: In 372 BC, the fourth year of King Lie of Zhou, Mencius was in Zou. Nineteen years old: In 371 BC, the fifth year of King Lie of Zhou, Marquis Wu of Wei died. Duke Jian of Yan died. Han Yan killed Han Aihou. Wei attacked Chu and captured Luyang. Mencius was in Zou. Twenty years old: 370 BC, the sixth year of King Lie of Zhou. Duke Huan of Jin was moved to Tunliu by Han and Zhao. Zhao and Han defeated Wei, Wei defeated Zhao, and defeated Pingyang. Mencius was in Zou.
Twenty-one years old:
369 BC, the seventh year of King Lie of Zhou. Qi attacked Wei and surrendered to Guan, but the king mistakenly went to Han. Wei defeated Han at Maling. Mencius was in Zou. Twenty-two years old: 368 BC, the first year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Mencius went to Lu to study and learned from Zisi's disciples. Twenty-three years old: 367 BC, the second year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Han and Zhao divided the week into two. Mencius was in Lu. Twenty-four years old: 366 BC, the third year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Wei defeated Han and defeated Bu. Mencius was in Lu. Twenty-five years old: 365 BC, the fourth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. In April Jiayin, Wei moved its capital to Daliang. Duke Huan of Tian Qi killed his queen and his mother. Mencius was in Lu. Twenty-six years old: 364 BC, the fifth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Wei Gongzi is as slow as Zhao who is in trouble. Mencius returned to Zou and founded Zisi Academy to educate talents all over the world. Twenty-seven years old: 363 BC, the sixth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. When Wei attacked Zhao, they profited from people and enriched themselves. In Yuesi District, my younger brother wanted to kill his king. Mencius was in Zou. Twenty-eight years old: 362 BC, the seventh year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Wei defeated the combined forces of Zhao and Han in Huibei, captured Le Zuo, and captured Pi Lao. Zhao Chenghou and Han Zhaohou met at Shangdang. Mencius was in Zou. Twenty-nine years old: 361 BC, the eighth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Shang Yang entered Qin. Song Yue was born in this year. Wei entered the river at Futian. People from Xiayang come and go. Mencius was in Zou.
Thirty years old:
360 BC, the ninth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Hui Gong died in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Mencius was in Zou. Thirty-one years old: 359 BC, the tenth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Han and Wei were divided into Jin, and the king of Jin moved to the Duan family. Shang Yang's reform. Mencius was in Zou. Thirty-two years old: 358 BC, the eleventh year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. The marquises of Wei and Han allied themselves with Wusha and returned to Han. Shang Yang punished Gongzi Qian and Gongsun Jia. Mencius was in Zou. Thirty-three years old: 357 BC, the twelfth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. The kings of Lu, Song, Wei, and Han came to Wei, and King Hui of Liang became king. Shang Yang was the chief of Zuo Shu. Mencius was in Zou.
Thirty-four years old:
356 BC, the thirteenth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. The Marquis of Lu went to Wei, and Wei built Yangchi to prepare for Qin. Han built the Great Wall from the south of Hai Valley. Zhao Hui and Yan Chenghou were in Anyi. Mencius was in Zou. Thirty-five years old: 355 BC, the fourteenth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Shen does not harm Prime Minister Han. The more Zhuan died, the more he died. Duke Xiao of Qin and King Hui of Wei met in Duping and invaded the Song Dynasty. Mencius was in Zou. Thirty-six years old: 354 BC, the fifteenth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Qi defeated Wei in Guiyang. The Marquis of Han went to Wei. Qin defeated Wei, beheaded seven thousand people, and captured Shaoliang. Mencius was in Zou. Thirty-seven years old: 353 BC, the sixteenth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Zhao defeated Wei in Guiling (Qi used Sun Bin to surround Wei and rescue Zhao). Wei defeated the princes with Han troops in Xiangling and united the Qi Dynasty with the Song Dynasty. Qi envoys Chu Jingshe and Wei Qiucheng. Mencius was in Zou. Thirty-eight years old: 352 BC, the seventeenth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Shang Yang was built by Qin Daliang (equivalent to the prime minister and general), attacked Wei, and Anyi surrendered to Qin. Mencius was in Zou. Thirty-nine years old: 351 BC, the eighteenth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Qin moved its capital to Xianyang. Shang Yang attacked Wei, and Guyang surrendered to Qin. Wei returned to Zhao Handan and formed an alliance on the Zhang River. Mencius was in Zou.
Forty years old:
350 BC, the nineteenth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Shang Yang abandoned the mine fields and established counties. Mencius was in Zou. Forty-one years old: In 349 BC, the 20th year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty, Mencius was in Zou. Forty-two years old: 348 BC, the 21st year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Han Zhaohou is like Qin. Qin "began to be a Fu". Mencius was in Zou. Forty-three years old: In 347 B.C., the 22nd year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty, Mencius came to Qi Lin Zijixia Academy from Zou for the first time because King Wei of Qi was recruiting literary lobbyists.
Forty-four years old:
In 346 BC, the 23rd year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty, Mencius made friends with Kuang Zhang in Qi. Forty-five years old: In 345 BC, the 24th year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty, Mencius was in Qi. Forty-six years old: 344 BC, the twenty-fifth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. King Hui of Wei summoned the princes to pay homage to the emperor in Fengze, and Young Master Qin led his troops to attend the meeting in Fengze. Qin Xiaogong summoned the princes to the capital. Mencius was ridiculed by Chun Kun under Qi Ji, and the two had a debate about "rituals". Forty-seven years old: 343 BC, the twenty-sixth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Qi Tianji used Sun Bin's plan to defeat the Wei army in Maling. Pang Juan committed suicide and Prince Shen was captured. Mencius was not taken seriously in Qi and was ridiculed by the people of Qi. Mencius explained himself by saying "I have no official to guard" and "I have no words to blame". Forty-eight years old: 342 BC, the twenty-seventh year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Shang Yang attacked Wei and used a trick to capture Prince Mao, defeating the Wei army. Mencius is here. Forty-nine years old: In 341 BC, the 28th year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty, Mencius was in Qi. Fifty years old: 340 BC, the 29th year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. (Qi) Pi moved to Xue. Wei is a large ditch that carries water from the fields. Mencius is here. Fifty-one years old: 339 BC, the 30th year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. According to "Historical Records", Zhuangzi and King Wei of Chu came together at the same time. King Wei appointed him as prime minister, but Zhuangzi resigned. Zhao Liang met Shang Yang and threatened Shang Yang to step down. Mencius is here. Fifty-two years old: 338 BC, the thirty-first year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, Ticheng died, and his younger brother Yan stood up.
When Qin Xiaogong died, Shang Yang's chariot broke apart in Xianyang, and his master's corpse fled to Shu. Mencius is here.
Fifty-three years old:
337 BC, the thirty-second year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Han Shen does not harm his soldiers. Qin still used Shang Yang's new method, and Chu, Zhao, Han, and Shu dynasty ruled against Qin. Mencius is here. Fifty-four years old: In 336 BC, the thirty-third year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty, Mencius was in Qi. Fifty-five years old: 335 BC, the thirty-fourth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Qin Ganmao took Han Yiyang. Because Kuang Zhang traveled with Mencius, he was appointed as a general by Qi and defeated Qin. King Hui of Wei used Hui's policy to meet with King Wei of Qi in Xuzhou, and King Hui changed the Yuan Dynasty. Mencius is here. Fifty-six years old: In 334 BC, the thirty-fifth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty, Chu destroyed Yue. Mencius is here. Fifty-seven years old: 333 BC, the thirty-sixth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Su and Qin united the six kingdoms and formed a bloody alliance at the Huan River. Mencius is here. Fifty-eight years old: In 332 BC, the thirty-seventh year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty, Mencius was in Qi. Fifty-nine years: 331 BC, the thirty-eighth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Qin defeated Wei, captured its general Long Jia, and beheaded 80,000 people. Mencius was not reused in Qi, and he sighed with support. Sixty years old: 330 BC, the thirty-ninth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Wei offered the land of Xihe to Qin. Mencius is here. Sixty-one years old: In 329 BC, the fortieth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty, Mencius was in Qi. Sixty-two years old: In 328 BC, the forty-first year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty, Mencius was in Qi. Sixty-three years old: 327 BC, the 42nd year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Han Ju died in Sangqiu during the Qi War. Mencius's mother passed away, and Mencius was buried in Lu. Mencius had already obtained the status of a guest minister in the later period of his first visit to Qi, so he buried his mother with the courtesy of a minister. Sixty-four years old: 326 BC, the forty-third year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. In the fifth month, Wei met Han Weihou in Wusha. In October, Han Xuan came to the Wei Dynasty. Mencius was in mourning in Lu. Sixty-five years old: 325 BC, the forty-fourth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. In April, King Qin Hui became king. In the fifth month, King Yan was crowned king, and King Xuan of Han was crowned king. Mencius was in mourning in Lu. Sixty-six years old: 324 BC, the forty-fifth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Chu defeated Wei in Xiangling. Mencius returned to Qi after three years of mourning in Lu. Sixty-seven years old: 323 BC, the forty-sixth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty. Zhaoyang conquered Wei for Chu. Teng Dinggong died. At this time, Jixia Academy declined. Mencius could not realize his idea of ??"benevolent government" when he met the powerful king in Qi. He heard that the king of Song Dynasty would implement royal government, so he left Qi.
Posthumous honor and disgrace
Mencius is the most important representative of Confucianism One, but Mencius's status was not very high before the Song Dynasty. Since Han Yu in the mid-Tang Dynasty wrote "Yuan Dao", which listed Mencius as the only person among the Confucian scholars in the pre-Qin Dynasty who inherited Confucius' "Taoism", there was an "upgrade movement" of Mencius, and the status of Mencius and his books gradually increased. In the fourth year of Xining reign of Song Shenzong (1071), the book "Mencius" was included in the imperial examination subjects for the first time. In the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083), Mencius was officially posthumously named "Zou Guogong" for the first time, and the following year he was approved to enjoy the Confucius Temple. Later, "Mencius" was upgraded to a Confucian classic. Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty combined "Mencius" with "The Analects of Confucius", "Great Learning", and "The Doctrine of the Mean" into the "Four Books", and its actual status is even higher than the "Five Classics". In the first year of Zhishun in the Yuan Dynasty (1330), Mencius was conferred the title of "Ya Sheng Gong", and he was later called "Ya Sheng", which meant Confucius, who was second only to the "Holy Saint". Together with Confucius, they are collectively known as "Confucius and Mencius". For Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty, he compiled "Mencius's Jiewen" and deleted chapters and sentences in "Mencius", such as "The people are the most important, the country is second, the king is the least", "A man who kills thieves is called a husband, and he will punish a husband after hearing it." , I have never heard of regicide" and so on.