When Jia Dao, Du Mu and Li Shangyin died, Huang Tao was three, twelve and eighteen. There are still decades in the Tang Dynasty, but the real Tang Dynasty is over in the minds of literati. Six years after the death of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Tao died. Huang Tao lived in that era. In an unbearable era, he used literature as his own eyes to record that era.
In 840 AD, Huang Tao was born in the east of Putian, Fujian. His family is poor. He once said in a poem that if there were ten acres of paddy fields, he would have retired to the countryside long ago. Huang Tao studied hard at Dongfeng Bookstore in Lingyan Jingshe, Guanghua Temple, Putian for ten years. This decade, under the cold window, does Huang Tao think of Lin Zao Lin Yun and Ouyang Zhan nearly a hundred years ago? In the past ten years, the Lingyan Jingshe in Guanghua Temple must have deeply influenced the spiritual world of Huang Tao. Why else would Ouyang Zhan be haunted here? Before he died, he must entrust a friend to transport his coffin back from Chang 'an.
Huang Tao's brother Pu Huang also deeply influenced him. Pu Huang was a scholar during the Dashun period in Tang Zhaozong, and he was an official of Chongwen Pavilion. Pu Huang is a learned and moral person. Troubled times can't help the world, and soon he will return to Putian to be an official in seclusion. When Huang Chao's army entered Fujian, Huang Chao admired Pu Huang and ordered his subordinates not to invade his hut.
In the late Tang Dynasty, the vassal regime was divided, eunuchs were good at power, nepotism disputes, political corruption, and people were in poverty. Imperial examinations are dominated by fatuous people, and it is difficult for a gifted scholar like Pu Huang who was born in poverty to become famous. Pu Huang took part in the rural examination many times, but he tried again and again. "It is easy to be born with white hair, but it is difficult to make a name." At the age of thirty-three, Huang Pu only obtained the provincial examination in the senior high school entrance examination. He can't wait to go to Chang 'an to take the Jinshi exam.
In Chang 'an, he waited 23 years. "Two-year-old fell, three dynasties were humiliated", in the second year of Tang Zhaozong Ganning (895), Pu Huang was admitted to the Jinshi Examination, and it was 103 years since Ouyang Zhan was admitted to the Jinshi Examination. At this time, Pu Huang was 56 years old. After another four years, Huangpu got an idle and idle official position-"four doctors".
Guanghua three years (900), was imprisoned by eunuch Liu, Chang 'an chaos. A year later, he angrily left Chang 'an and returned to Fujian. In Fujian, he was highly valued by Wang, the ambassador of our army, as the imperial college supervisor and viceroy, and was able to display his lifelong ambition. Huang Tao is rich in political knowledge and outspoken. He advised Wang Qinqin to love the people, open up a seaport, attract overseas trade, be kind to celebrities exiled in the Central Plains, set up schools, spread culture and stabilize social order. He also advised Wang to "open the door rather than close it." Wang adopted his advice and maintained the stability and prosperity of Fujian.
In 907 AD, the Tang Dynasty perished. A year later, Huang Tao left Fuzhou and returned to Putian to settle down. 9 1 1 year, Huang Tao died of illness at the age of 72, with Huang Yushi 15 volumes handed down from generation to generation.
Huang Tao was frustrated all his life until he was sixty years old. His family is poor and life is very difficult. "he spends his autumn with intestinal cream all day" and "he is also worried about drinking and tears." His situation makes his thoughts and feelings close to the middle and lower classes, contacts with rich social life and sees the sufferings of more people. In literary creation, he naturally inherited the spirit of caring for reality since China's ancient Book of Songs.
His poems recorded the bleak situation of the late Tang Dynasty to some extent. During his stay in Chang 'an, he left Beijing for many times to travel abroad and witnessed the war-torn Central Plains, where the countryside was barren and the people were poor. Ge Pingri, a Great Country, is a year of famine in my hometown in Taiyuan. Li Keyong soldiers were stationed in Chang 'an in our time, but people fled again, and the newly married couple were forced to separate. Huang Tao wrote in He Liang: "Wuyuan people took a horse and went to Beijing last night. Embroidered couple, He Liang parting. Long flowers are not gorgeous, and Qiang flute is still sad. I am good at assisting and setting up a phoenix pool. "
Huang Tao left many famous sentences with mellow artistic conception and sincere feelings. For example, "the rain is coming, and the old trees are crying at night." A few simple words write a desolate and empty realm. "When you first touch a dream, half of the white color has invaded your brain." Time grows old in your hair, but your dream is still out of reach. "Birds bring the sunset to distant trees, and people run to the edge of the sand in the snow." Birds can go home, but people have to walk to the edge in the snow. Later generations rated his poems as "mellow and rich". Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, said: "Poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty and was written in the late Tang Dynasty. ..... and Yu Shigong's poems are particularly strange. "
Huang Tao's prose is complex in content and diverse in form, and there are three main categories. The first category is letters, prefaces and postscripts, and eulogies. His epistolary works include Letters with Luo Yin Langzhong, Letters with Yang Zhuangtou, Letters with Wang Xiongshu, and Letters with Chen Shi. He expressed his political views and literary opinions in his letter. Some of Huang Tao's eulogies were written on behalf of the king of Fujian, such as "Qiantang Sacrifice to Mrs. Qin Guotai" and "Nanhai Sacrifice to the King of Nanping", in which exquisite dictionaries were used to praise the dead. There are also eulogies written by friends, such as "There is no shortage of sacrifices for Cui" for Cui Daorong, a famous soldier from the Central Plains who entered Fujian at that time. There are many beautiful sentences in the article, such as "March in Fujian, the smoke is beautiful." Fat rule que, phoenix praise, soul broken south, north beam weeping. "
The second category is about the records of the prosperity of Buddhism at that time. His representative works include Quanzhou Kaiyuan Temple Buddhist Temple Monument, Datang Fuzhou Duobaota Monument, and Liu Zhang Golden Body Monument. The Buddhist Temple Monument of Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou comprehensively describes the grand occasion of Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou at that time, and the records on the origin of Kaiyuan Temple provide valuable information for future generations to study Kaiyuan Temple. "Datang Fuzhou Duobaota Monument" introduces the construction process and reasons of this tower in detail, involving many Buddhist historical facts in Fuzhou at that time, and is an important historical material for studying Buddhism in Fujian. "Liu Zhang Jin Shen Bei" records the worship of the Buddha by Wang and the scale of the Buddha statue in Wang Zhu.
The third category is prose. This kind of article is short and pithy, close to social reality and has the greatest influence. For example, "Wu Bi" pointed out through questions and answers that the world loves to listen to witchcraft rather than speak frankly, and there will be no disaster in national credit loyalty. The Second Doctor of Wu Chu compares treating diseases to governing the country, and reminds rulers to comprehensively examine virtue when selecting talents for governing the country with the lessons of the subjugation of Yin and Qin.
In the late Tang dynasty, there appeared a large number of law fu which was not written for examination. These poems describe all kinds of social situations in the late Tang Dynasty, express all kinds of feelings of life, and record the mentality and social life of scholars in the late Tang Dynasty. Huang Tao's 22 poems have been included in Volume 822 of All Tang Wen. Huang Tao's fu is delicate and full of emotion. "Don't Nanpu" begins with the words: "Nanpu is windy and foggy, full of sadness and fog, with vivid spring mountains and continuous spring grass, which is worth seeing off." The farewell scene paved the way for the sad parting atmosphere. "Empress Chen Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu Fu" said: "Qionglou is silent, and the sky is higher than the bright moon; Yao grass is sad, don't crush gold and jade, give people a sad feeling.
It is a major feature of Huang Tao Fu to express his views on life through Fu. For example, "Ode to Autumn Colors" begins: "Bai Di is shouldering a heavy responsibility, and Pan Yue is surprised. At that time, brush, fold flowers, drive away group words, and write depression. " Huang Tao's book of songs is often satirized by history. Now, the most famous one is Guan Wa Gong Fu.
The beginning of this poem gives people a sense of historical vicissitudes: "the king of Wu died in the ground and the city of Wu was destroyed;" The story of Mo Wen in the Forbidden City is hard to name. Jade crossbows fly outside the door, and to be no.1 is only present. Dance pavilion singing platform, facing the palace, turned into a swamp; The British wind is arrogant, and the ancients are shocked today. "The king of Wu killed loyal ministers, fascinated by beauty and squandered money:" The king of Wu is a wave of Wu, and he is a mirror of stone. Zhu Cuicong, living in Yutang and smashing holes; ChengChun carried out and climbed onto the mat. I'm confused when I touch something. "In the end, it led to the destruction of the country. After the defeat of the country, the Wu Palace was ruined and desolate: "The past was ancient, the incense trail was lonely, and the mountains were high. Dust was left in the air, and a few deer swam in groups; Cangzhou month is here, why not sell turbid waves? The west is urgent and the east is wide. This is a loose tunnel, and it is a long road. By comparing the rise and fall of the Wu Palace, Guan Wa Gong Fu expresses the sigh of the rise and fall of the Wu Palace and warns the rulers to learn from the failure of Fu Cha, the king of Wu.
Huang Tao occupies an important position in the history of Fujian literature, and is known as the "originator of Fujian Chinese literature" at that time, and is a literary leader in Fujian. Literary achievements are outstanding, and his poetry and prose fu represents the literary level of Fujian in the late Tang Dynasty and plays a very important role in promoting the prosperity of Fujian culture.