Wang Anshi (102 1- 1086), a famous writer and politician in Song Dynasty, was born in Linchuan, Fuchuan (now Fuzhou, Jiangxi). When he was young, he wrote excellent articles and was praised by Ouyang Xiu. Wang Anshi became a scholar at the age of twenty and worked as a local official several times. When he was a county official in Yinxian (now Yinxian, Zhejiang), it happened that the disaster there was serious and the people's lives were very difficult. Wang Anshi built water conservancy, improved traffic and managed it in an orderly manner. In Xining, Song Shenzong for two years, he actively carried out political reforms to alleviate people's difficulties. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng, the new law was abolished, and Wang Anshi suffered from anxiety and died the following year.
Wang Anshi struggled to realize his political ideal all his life, and closely linked literary creation with political activities. Because he holds the concept of "application" in his literary creation, his poems have a strong political color, which directly serves his political struggle. Wang Anshi's prose is mostly political. These works, on the basis of profound analysis, put forward clear opinions and have strong persuasiveness. For example, Answering Sima Shi's admonition analyzes Sima Guang's criticism of the new law, which is concise, tactful and firm, and shows his political attitude of adhering to principles. Wang Anshi's prose pays more attention to the persuasiveness of theory than to brewing atmosphere, describing objects and impressing readers emotionally. Therefore, his prose is generally excellent in conception, strong in logic and generality, and simple in language. This is also the result of his literary proposition.
Like prose, Wang Anshi's poems are full of political content and obvious tendency, showing sympathy for the people and melancholy for the future of society. As well as his resistance to traditional ideas, fully expressed his lofty political aspirations and positive attitude towards life. Many of his poems about nostalgia for the past also endowed him with great political ambitions and critical spirit.
After retiring in his later years, changes in his life and mood changed his poetic style, and he created many small poems describing lakes and mountains, paying more attention to the tempering of poetic art. There are many representative works, such as "Boating in Guazhou" and "Guazhou in Jingkou is separated by a water, and Zhongshan is only separated by several mountains". The spring breeze in Jiang Nanan is green. When will the bright moon shine on me? "These poems are novel and unique, and their words and sentences are appropriate and natural. They are indeed more mature in art than in their early years, but the political enthusiasm in previous years' poems has greatly declined at this time.
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Wang Anshi (1)
Wang Anshi (1021-1086) was born in Linchuan, Fuzhou (now Fuzhou, Jiangxi), so he was also called Wang Linchuan. A 22-year-old scholar, "Blog memorizing is like flying for writing". From 65438 to 0048, he served as the magistrate of Yinxian County, attaching importance to the reform of official administration, "building dams and breaking ponds", attaching importance to the construction of water conservancy projects, and "borrowing grain from the people" when the green and yellow crops were not available, reducing the exploitation of farmers by usury and making it easy for government warehouses to "grow old and new". Soon after, he was appointed as a judge in Zhou Shu. He once wrote a poem to express his political proposition of "restraining mergers": "There is not enough food in good years, and there are floods and droughts?" ("Feeling") "Vulgar officials don't know the party, and they take the slap as their material" ("And"), exposing the corruption in official management. 1058 was the judge of the third division. He went to Beijing the following year and wrote more than a thousand books, advocating political reform to "adapt to the changes of the times". He believed that the premise of political reform was to select talents, so he advocated abolishing the imperial examination system of taking officials by writing and promoting officials from the "township party" He also believes that the country's financial difficulties are not mainly due to the increased salaries of officials, but should start with increasing social wealth and take the development of production as the premise of financial management. His opinion was not adopted by Injong. 1067, Zongshen ascended the throne, and Wang Anshi was reused, and was called Hanlin bachelor by Jiangning magistrate. He proposed to Zongshen that "it is most urgent to change customs and legislation" and was appreciated by the gods. 1068 (the first year of Xining), Song Shenzong appointed Wang Anshi to preside over the political reform. 1069 "the law department of the third manufacturing company" was established as the leading organ of the reform. The reform centers on financial management, aiming at making Qiang Bing a rich country. It covers three aspects: financial management, Qiang Bing and education. In terms of financial management, there are mainly young crops law, farmland water conservancy law, tax exemption law, average transportation law, market easy law, square field average tax law and so on. In Qiang Bing, there are mainly Baojia Law, Horse Protection Law, Art of War and the establishment of military equipment supervision; In the aspect of personnel training, the Three Classics and New Meanings were compiled and promulgated as the theoretical basis for the reform. Wang Anshi's political reform limited the plundering of the people by big bureaucrats and big landlords to a certain extent, so he was opposed by them. Wang Anshi was forced to resign as prime minister twice in 1074 and 1076. 1085 After Zongshen died, all new laws were abolished. The following year, Wang Anshi also passed away. Later, he was named Jing Guogong, also known as Gong Jing. Although Wang Anshi's political reform could not fundamentally solve the social contradictions at that time, it reversed the situation of "poor and weak" in the Northern Song Dynasty to some extent and eased the class contradictions. The national treasury income increased and there was a surplus. Therefore, Lenin called him "1 1 century China reformer". Wang Anshi is not only a politician, but also a thinker. His famous saying: "Heaven is not afraid, the earth is not afraid, and people's words are not smooth" embodies his simple materialism, which is the ideological basis of Wang Anshi's political reform. Wang Anshi is also a writer, and his main works include New Meanings of Three Classics, Confucius and Linchuan Collection.
(Selected from the Handbook of Middle School History edited by Beijing Normal University Press, Beijing Normal University Press, 1986). )
Wang Anshi (2)
Wang Anshi (102 1 ~ 1086) was a minister of the Northern Song Dynasty. Originally from Linchuan, Fuzhou (now Fuzhou, Jiangxi), he was born in Linjiang Army (now Qingjiang, Jiangxi). The word Fu Jie, no, is Mid-Levels. Father Wang Yi, a scholar, worked in Jiangxi and Guangdong counties for a long time and died in jiangning house (Nanjing, Jiangsu). After the whole family moved, they couldn't stay long, so Jiangning became their second hometown. Yang traveled around with his father and learned a lot, as well as the people's feelings. In the second year of Li Qing (1042), he was promoted to Jinshi and served as the judge of Weinan East Road (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu). In the seventh year of Li Qing (1047), he was transferred to Yinxian County (now southeast of Ningbo, Zhejiang Province), visited Dongxi Township 14, deployed water conservancy projects, and created Gumin loan (at the beginning of the Young Crop Law). He has a good political record and a unique view that financial management must be a "world of capital" (that is, relying on the development of production). Huang You was transferred to Zhou Shu (now Anhui Huaining) for three years (105 1). Fan Zhongyan and Fu Bi, celebrities in the capital, heard his words and his politics, so they wrote letters of recommendation. They all refused to take the post of Hanlin Pavilion on the grounds that "the family is poor and there are many people". During this period, they only served as pastoral judges of Taichang Temple for one year, insisting on leaving Beijing as southeast local officials and "doing their best". The second year of Jiayou (1057) was well known in Changzhou. The following year, he was transferred to the prison of Tiaodian East Road (Raozhou, now Boyang, Jiangxi) and soon became the judge of the third division. Xiang Renzong's Quotations advocated that the reform of official administration should start from all aspects of cultivating and using talents, but also from financial management and military affairs, which was actually the early program or theoretical prototype of later reform. Renzong praised his literary talent, but he did not adopt the reform. Then on "Current Affairs" (also known as "Nothing in this century"; When it was put forward in the first year of Ning, JaeHee, Zongshen strongly urged timely reform. "There is a promising day, so don't rush to today; I'm afraid I have nothing to worry about today. " In the eighth year of Jiayou (1063), Injong died, and soon his mother returned to Jiangning to keep her post. Yingzong was in power for four years, so he couldn't stay at home.
In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zongshen ascended the throne and was renamed Yuan Xining the following year. From Jiangning magistrate to Hanlin bachelor, he strongly advocated political reform under the call of Zongshen. In the second year of Xining (1069), in February, he became a government affairs consultant and made the third division of laws and regulations, preparing for political reform. At the same time, Lv Huiqing was appointed secretary of laws and regulations, examined detailed texts, and became administrative deputy Wang Anshi's political reform. In that year, the equal loss law, the young crop law and the farmland water conservancy law were promulgated. The following year, he was appointed as Prime Minister. Shintoism strikes and establishes three rules, and the rights belong to Zhongshu. Promulgate the Garbo Law and the Conscription Law (first tried out in Kaifeng). In the following three years, the tribute law, market exchange law, horse protection law, land equalization tax law and general placement law were gradually promulgated; The Exemption Law was implemented in Kaifeng the following year. In the seventh year of Xining (1074), there were Wen Yanbo and Sima Guang outside, and there were three Empresses (Injong Empress, Yingzong Empress and Zongshen Empress) who strongly opposed the new law. Xia Zheng put forward an alarmist map of refugees. Lv Huiqing and Ceng Bu, important figures in the new law, lost peace with each other. Zongshen stopped the new law and resigned six times in anger. Jiangning house is out of phase. In February of the following year, the second stage was resumed. In the end, due to the differences with Zongshen, the reform progressed difficultly. Less than a year later, he resigned again and sentenced jiangning house to retire to Jiangning Mid-Levels Park. Be named Jing Guogong. In his later years, he became a good Buddha and wrote Zi Shuo to amuse himself, but he still did not forget the reform. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), Zongshen died. The following year, Zhezong changed to "Yuan You", the Empress Dowager listened to politics, Sima Guang was appointed as prime minister, and was dismissed successively. He died of illness in April 1920. History is "Wen", so history is called "Wang Wengong". There are Wang Wen's Official Documents Collection, Mr. Linchuan's Collection, Zhou Guan Xin Yi, Eleven Goushen and other masterpieces handed down from ancient times.
(Selected from Encyclopedia of Middle School History, edited by Xia Dongyuan, East China Normal University Press, 1994). )