From 1685 to 1687, with the encouragement and sponsorship of astronomer Harley, Newton published the famous mathematical principles of natural philosophy, completed the historical discovery-the laws of motion and gravity, and made great contributions to the development of modern natural science. In 2003, he was elected president of the Royal Society. 36860 . 68686868686
Newton not only made great contributions in mechanics, but also made great contributions in other aspects. In mathematics, he discovered binomial theorem and founded calculus. In optics, the dispersion experiment of solar light was carried out, which proved that white light is composed of monochromatic light, studied the theory of color, and invented the reflecting telescope.
2. Einstein was the greatest natural scientist in the 20th century and the standard-bearer of the physics revolution. 1March, 879 14 was born in Ulm, Germany, a small business owner's family. A year later, my family and I moved to Munich. My father and uncle jointly set up an electrician company there to produce motors, arc lamps and electrical instruments for power stations and lighting systems. Under the influence of engineer He's uncle and others, Einstein was enlightened by science and philosophy earlier. 1894, his family moved to Milan, Italy, and Einstein, who continued to attend middle school in Munich, gave up his student status and German nationality and went to Milan alone because he hated the militaristic education that German schools stifled free thinking. 1895 transferred to the state middle school in Arau, Switzerland; 1896 studied physics at Zurich Normal University of Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1900 graduated. Because of his unruly personality and habit of independent thinking, he is dissatisfied with his professors. He lost his job as soon as he graduated from college and found a regular job two years later. 190 1 acquired Swiss nationality. 1902 was hired as a technician by the Berne patent office in Switzerland, engaged in the technical appraisal of invention patent applications. He used his spare time to do scientific research, and made historic achievements in three different fields of physics in 1905, especially the establishment of special relativity and the proposal of light quantum theory, which promoted the revolution of physics theory. In the same year, he received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Zurich with his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size". From 65438 to 0908, he was a part-time lecturer at Berne University, and since then he was destined to work in academic institutions. 1909 left the patent office and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. 191/kloc-0 was a professor of theoretical physics at the Deutschland University in Prague, and 19 12 was a professor at his alma mater, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. 19 14 years, at the invitation of M. Planck and W. Nernst, he returned to Germany and served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William and a professor at Berlin University until 1933. 1920, at the invitation of H.A. Lorenz and P. Ellenffest (that is, P. Erzenfest), distinguished professor of Leiden University in the Netherlands. Less than four months after returning to Germany, World War I broke out and he devoted himself to public and underground anti-war activities. After eight years of hard exploration, he finally established the general theory of relativity in 19 15. His prediction that light will bend after passing through the gravitational field of the sun was confirmed by the observation results of the total solar eclipse in 19 19 by the British astronomer A.S. Eddington and others, which caused a sensation all over the world. Einstein and the theory of relativity are well-known in the west, and they have also attracted vicious attacks from chauvinists, militarists and anti-Semitists in Germany and other countries. 1933+ 10 After the Nazis seized the German regime in October, Einstein was the primary object of persecution in the scientific community. Fortunately, he was lecturing in America and was not killed. Returning to Europe in March, he took refuge in Belgium. On September 9, he found himself being followed by the Gestapo who planned to assassinate him. He crossed the ocean in the starry night, moved to Princeton in the United States in June 5438+10, and served as a professor at the newly-built Institute for Advanced Studies until his retirement in June 5438 +0945. 1940 Obtaining American citizenship. 1939, he was told that uranium nuclear fission and its chain reaction were discovered. Under the impetus of Hungarian physicist L. szilard, he wrote to President Roosevelt and suggested developing an atomic bomb to prevent the Germans from taking the lead. On the eve of the end of World War II, the United States dropped atomic bombs over two Japanese cities, and Einstein was strongly dissatisfied with this. After the war, the United States waged unremitting struggles and launched a peaceful movement against the dangers of nuclear war and fascism. 1955 April 18 died in Princeton due to ruptured aortic aneurysm. According to his will, there will be no funeral, no grave, no monument, and the ashes will be scattered in a place that will always be kept secret, and no place will be sacred.
Einstein was the greatest natural scientist in the 20th century and the standard-bearer of the physics revolution. 1March, 879 14 was born in Ulm, Germany, a small business owner's family. A year later, my family and I moved to Munich. My father and uncle jointly set up an electrician company there to produce motors, arc lamps and electrical instruments for power stations and lighting systems. Under the influence of engineer He's uncle and others, Einstein was enlightened by science and philosophy earlier. 1894, his family moved to Milan, Italy, and Einstein, who continued to attend middle school in Munich, gave up his student status and German nationality and went to Milan alone because he hated the militaristic education that German schools stifled free thinking. 1895 transferred to the state middle school in Arau, Switzerland; 1896 studied physics at Zurich Normal University of Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1900 graduated. Because of his unruly personality and habit of independent thinking, he is dissatisfied with his professors. He lost his job as soon as he graduated from college and found a regular job two years later. 190 1 acquired Swiss nationality. 1902 was hired as a technician by the Berne patent office in Switzerland, engaged in the technical appraisal of invention patent applications. He used his spare time to do scientific research, and made historic achievements in three different fields of physics in 1905, especially the establishment of special relativity and the proposal of light quantum theory, which promoted the revolution of physics theory. In the same year, he received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Zurich with his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size". From 65438 to 0908, he was a part-time lecturer at Berne University, and since then he was destined to work in academic institutions. 1909 left the patent office and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. 191/kloc-0 was a professor of theoretical physics at the Deutschland University in Prague, and 19 12 was a professor at his alma mater, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. 19 14 years, at the invitation of M. Planck and W. Nernst, he returned to Germany and served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William and a professor at Berlin University until 1933. 1920, at the invitation of H.A. Lorenz and P. Ellenffest (that is, P. Erzenfest), distinguished professor of Leiden University in the Netherlands. Less than four months after returning to Germany, World War I broke out and he devoted himself to public and underground anti-war activities. After eight years of hard exploration, he finally established the general theory of relativity in 19 15. His prediction that light will bend after passing through the gravitational field of the sun was confirmed by the observation results of the total solar eclipse in 19 19 by the British astronomer A.S. Eddington and others, which caused a sensation all over the world. Einstein and the theory of relativity are well-known in the west, and they have also attracted vicious attacks from chauvinists, militarists and anti-Semitists in Germany and other countries. 1933+ 10 After the Nazis seized the German regime in October, Einstein was the primary object of persecution in the scientific community. Fortunately, he was lecturing in America and was not killed. Returning to Europe in March, he took refuge in Belgium. On September 9, he found himself being followed by the Gestapo who planned to assassinate him. He crossed the ocean in the starry night, moved to Princeton in the United States in June 5438+10, and served as a professor at the newly-built Institute for Advanced Studies until his retirement in June 5438 +0945. 1940 Obtaining American citizenship. 1939, he was told that uranium nuclear fission and its chain reaction were discovered. Under the impetus of Hungarian physicist L. szilard, he wrote to President Roosevelt and suggested developing an atomic bomb to prevent the Germans from taking the lead. On the eve of the end of World War II, the United States dropped atomic bombs over two Japanese cities, and Einstein was strongly dissatisfied with this. After the war, the United States waged unremitting struggles and launched a peaceful movement against the dangers of nuclear war and fascism. 1955 April 18 died in Princeton due to ruptured aortic aneurysm. According to his will, there will be no funeral, no grave, no monument, and the ashes will be scattered in a place that will always be kept secret, and no place will be sacred.
3. Yang Zhenning was born in Hefei, Anhui Province on June +0922 +654381October +0.
When Yang Zhenning was in primary school, he did well in math and Chinese. He was admitted to the National The National SouthWest Associated University before graduating from high school. He was only 16 years old at 1938. 1942, 20-year-old Yang Zhenning graduated from university and immediately entered the research institute in The National SouthWest Associated University. Two years later, he got a master's degree with honors and was allowed to study in the United States at public expense. He went to the United States to study at the University of Chicago on 1945, and received his doctorate on 1948.
From 65438 to 0949, Yang Zhenning entered the Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies as a postdoctoral fellow and began to cooperate with Li Zhengdao to study particle physics. During this period, he encountered many puzzling phenomena and unsolvable problems. They boldly doubted and carefully verified, and finally overturned the law of parity conservation, so that the confusion disappeared and the problem was solved. Yang Zhenning said in his Nobel Prize speech in 1957: "At that time, physicists found that their situation was like a person groping for a way out in a dark room. He knew that in a certain direction, there must be a door to get him out of trouble. But in which direction? " It turns out that the direction is parity conservation law, which does not apply to weak interaction. "
Yang Zhenning has made extensive contributions to physics, including particle physics, statistical mechanics and condensed matter physics. In addition to discovering the non-conservation of parity with Li Zhengdao, Yang Zhenning first proposed the "Young-Mills Gauge Field" with R.L. Mills, and established the "Young-Backus Equation" with American physicist and Nobel Prize winner R.Baxter. E.Segre, praising Yang Zhenning as "one of the three theoretical physicists who can be called all-rounders in the world for decades".