Character life series
be born
name
experience
Others' evaluation
Exile of related events
commit suicide
Famous sayings of achievement and honor
World cultural celebrities
history
Social assessment
Commemorative drama Qu Yuan
Yue Opera Qu Yuan
Commemorative poem
Related customs
The life and family of Qu Yuan's hometown people
be born
name
experience
Others' evaluation
Exile of related events
commit suicide
Famous sayings of achievement and honor
World cultural celebrities
history
Social assessment
Commemorative drama Qu Yuan
Yue Opera Qu Yuan
Commemorative poem
Related customs
Quyuan's hometown
[Edit this paragraph] The life of the character
Qu Yuan [1] is a descendant of Qu Xian, the son of Chu Wuwang Xiong Tong. Born in Chu Danyang about 340 BC (now Qu Yuan in Hubei is like Zigui County in Yichang City), he claimed to be a descendant of Zhuan Xu. Qu Yuan was trusted by Chu Huaiwang in his early years and worked as Zuo Tu and a doctor in San Lv. He often discussed state affairs with Chu Huaiwang, participated in the formulation of laws, advocated clear laws and regulations, appointed talents, reformed politics, and united with Qin. While presiding over foreign affairs. He advocated that Chu should unite with Qi and * * * should contend with Qin. Advocating "American politics." With the efforts of Qu Yuan, the national strength of Chu State has been enhanced. However, due to Qu Yuan's honest and frank personality and the slander and rejection of others, Qu Yuan was gradually alienated by Chu Huaiwang. In the first 305 years, Qu Yuan opposed the conclusion of the Yellow Thorn Alliance between Chu Huaiwang and Qin, but Chu completely embraced Qin. Qu Yuan was expelled from the capital by Chu Huaiwang and began his exile. "Banknotes waste Zhu, Yang ..."; "I wander in Xupu, but I don't know what I do ..." During my exile, Qu Yuan left many immortal masterpieces for later generations. His works, gorgeous words, strange imagination, novel metaphors and profound connotations have become one of the origins of China literature. Qu Yuan's "Chao Fa" Location: Deshan, Changde, Hunan Province. Photo source: Wuling Treasures-Historical and Cultural Illustration of Yuanli River Basin/Zhou Zhoubo's "Canglang Water is clear, you can admire me; The water in the rough waves is turbid. You can lick my feet. After Qu Yuan was exiled, in a conversation with the fisherman, the fisherman advised him to "keep pace with the times" and not to "look ahead and look back" and ask for trouble. Qu Yuan said that he would rather die by throwing himself into the river than exposing his innocent body to worldly dust. In the eyes of fishermen, life need not be too lofty. The world is clean and honest, and you can come out as an official; The world is turbid and can rise and fall with the world. As for "thinking deeply and doing high", there is no need to end up in exile. The dialogue between Qu Yuan and the fisherman shows two philosophies of life. In the first 278 years, the state of Qin conquered the capital Ying. In May of that year, on the fifth day of "Chaofa Fei Zhu" (now Changde Deshan), Qu Yuan, in despair and grief, threw a big stone into the Miluo River and died.
domestic
Qu Yuan was born in a noble family in Chu State. Qu Yuan, like the King of Chu, was surnamed Mi and later renamed Xiong. The surname comes from Zhu Rongshi, Zhuan Xu of the Yellow Emperor; Yi people migrated from Shang Dynasty to southern Chu area. When it reached Xiong Yi, he was sealed in Chu for his merits and lived in Danyang (now Zigui County, Hubei Province). This is Qu Yuan's hometown. At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, about the 7th century BC, Xiong Tong's son was sealed in this place called Qu County, and his descendants took Qu as their surname. The king of Chu's own family is similar to Qu's, but if it is arrogant and harmonious? Family; During the Warring States Period, Zhao and Jing, Zhao, Qu and Jing were the three surnames of the royal family of Chu. Qu can last from the early Spring and Autumn Period to the end of the Warring States Period, and has always maintained the hegemonic position of Chu. This family can be described as enduring. Qu Yuan used to be a doctor in San Lv. It is said that he was in charge of royal affairs. Because Qu Yuan was a family of the King of Chu, he was called "the public house" or "the public house" at that time, so his relationship with Chu was of course different. The descendants of Qu, such as Qu Zhong, Qu Wan, Qu Dao and Qu Jian, all held important positions in Chu State. Qu Yuan's father's name is Bo Yong. In Qu Yuan's generation, not many people became great officials, only Qu Yuan and Qu Gai, a general who was later captured by Qin State. In Qu Yuan's Nine Chapters of Chu Ci, Xi Yong once said, "I suddenly forgot my poverty." It is very likely that the aristocratic family had already declined at that time. be born
According to the research results of many people in modern times, Qu Yuan's date of birth is probably not between 27 years (342 BC) and 30 years (339 BC) in Chu Xuanwang. According to Jiazi's calculation, it should be Wuyin year. Coincidentally, Qu Yuan was born not only in the year of the Silver Moon, but also on that day. According to the ancient saying of China calendar, "people are born in the shade", so Xia Zheng takes the month of establishing the shade (the first month) as the beginning of the year. Because Qu Yuan was born in the year of Silvermoon, which really accords with the date of birth of "human", he said in Qu Yuan's masterpiece Lisao: "She was taken to raise her virginity in Meng Xi, but she was taken to surrender." This sentence is the first month of the year when the stars meet the yin, which is Geng Yin Day. I was born by my mother. Explain that this year is a cloudy year; Meng is the beginning, the new moon is the first month, and the summer calendar begins with the month, which means that the first month of this year is; Geng Yin explained that it was cloudy. Qu Yuan was born in Yinri, which is a good day (according to Zou and Liu, this day was 2 1 day in the first month of 343 years ago). In the Qing Dynasty, Chen You took the week calendar as the 22nd day of the first month of 343 years, and now it is generally defined as the first 340 years.
name
Qu Yuan felt that his birth and death years were somewhat different, so he said in Li Sao: "Emperor Guan is full of joy, Zhao Qian's name is common, and the word is even." My father gave me a good name when he saw my extraordinary birthday. The name is Ping and the word is Yuan. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Yi explained Qu Yuan's name in Zhang Sentence, saying, "Benevolence and justice; Then the law is also ","Spirit is also, and God is also; Uniform and adjustable. There is nothing fairer than the sky. The people who raise things have been adjusted and are not in the ground. " Therefore, it is called "Pingtian" and the word is "Tian". According to his date of birth, literally speaking, "ping" means justice, and fairness is the image of heaven; "Original" is a broad and flat terrain [7], which is the image of the earth. Qu Yuan's birth and death year and name are in line with the three systems of heaven, earth, ugliness and fate in Yin [8]. Today, it's just a coincidence. It doesn't matter, but it was considered a good sign at the time.
experience
Qu Yuan's deeds are mainly recorded in Sima Qian's Historical Records. According to Lisao, Qu Yuan was born on the 14th day of the first month of Chu Weiwang (339 BC). Qu Yuan was born in Danyang on January 14th, which is now Zigui County, Hubei Province. He experienced three periods in his life, namely, China, Britain and China, and mainly lived in the period. Qu Yuan lived on the eve of China's imminent reunification, and there is a saying that "the emperor of Qin is horizontal and the king of Chu is vertical". Qu was born in a famous family and was good at dealing with chaos and rhetoric. He was favored in his early years and was a leftist. All the policies and announcements of the imperial court came from him. In order to realize the great cause of Chu's reunification, Qu Yuan actively assisted in the reform to strengthen the country, and insisted on uniting Qi with foreign countries to resist Qin, which once made Chu rich and strong. However, due to the sharp contradiction between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the jealousy of Shangguan doctor and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a clique and alienated by Chu Huaiwang. According to Records of Historian Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng, Shangguan Doctor Jin Shang framed Qu Yuan in front of Wang Huai out of jealousy, and Qu Yuan was drafting a constitutional order for Chu Huaiwang at that time, so Wang Huai was "angry and unwilling to Qu Ping". After being dismissed as a left disciple, Qu Yuan was transferred to be a doctor, in charge of the affairs of the three surnames of Zhao, Qu and Jing in the royal family, and was responsible for offering sacrifices to ancestral temples and educating aristocratic children. In the 15th year of Wang Huai (the first 304 years), from Qin to Chu, Zhang Yi bought Jin merchants, Zi Nan, Zheng Xiu and others as spies with huge sums of money, and at the same time lured Wang Huai with "offering merchants in 600 miles", which led to the breaking of diplomatic relations between Qi and Chu. After being deceived, he became angry from embarrassment and sent troops to Qin twice, both of which were defeated. Therefore, Qu Yuan was ordered to send an envoy to Qi State to rebuild the friendship between Qi and Chu. Thirdly, Zhang Yi disintegrated the Qi-Chu alliance from Qin to Chu, which made the Qi-Chu alliance unsuccessful. In twenty-four years, Qin Chu was the "alliance of yellow thorns", and Chu was completely embraced by Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital and moved to the Northern Han Dynasty. Thirty years after Wang Huai, Qu Yuan returned to Du Ying. In the same year, Qin made an appointment with the military attache Wang, and Qu Yuan urged him. However, his youngest son advised him to join the Qin Dynasty, ignoring the advice of Qu Yuan and others. As a result, he was detained by Qin on the day he joined the alliance and died in a foreign country three years later. After King Huai was detained, Xiang Wang succeeded to the throne and Zilan was appointed as Lingyin (equivalent to the Prime Minister), and the diplomatic relations between Chu and Qin were once cut off. However, in the seventh year of his succession, Xiang Wang married Qin in order to live in peace for a while. Qu Yuan opposed their shameful position and accused Zilan of being responsible for Wang Huai's humiliating death. Zilan also instructed Shangguan doctor to vilify Qu Yuan in front of Xiang Wang, which led to Qu Yuan being exiled to Yuan and Xiang again about thirteen years before and after Xiang Wang. When Qu Yuan was exiled for many years, the situation in Chu became more and more critical. In the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, the Qin generals broke through Chu (now Jiangling, Hubei Province) without results, which indicated the future crisis of Chu. The next year, Qin Jun went further. Qu Yuan saw that his once powerful country was hopeless, and had seriously considered leaving other countries, but in the end he could not leave his hometown, immersed himself in the Miluo River and sacrificed his ideals. The date of Qu Yuan's suicide may be May 5, or it may be a day close to this day. May 5th was originally a traditional festival of Chu. Later, people took this day as a day to commemorate Qu Yuan, but its original intention was little known.
[Edit this paragraph] Others' comments
He Qifang: There are also many excellent and moving works in The Book of Songs. However, no one, like Qu Yuan, branded his works with his ideals, experiences, pains, enthusiasm and even his life. The historical drama Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan wrote it in 1942+ October. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Japanese invaders stepped up their aggression against China and concentrated their main forces on large-scale "mopping up" the anti-Japanese base areas. Chiang Kai-shek, on the other hand, stepped up his anti-* * and separatist activities, resulting in the "Southern Anhui Incident" of 194 1 and 1. At the same time, in the Kuomintang-controlled areas, producers and anti-Japanese progressives were massacred. The whole Kuomintang area has become a suffocating tin can. Facing the dark reality, all progressives in China are angry. Guo Moruo used historical drama as a spear, borrowed the past from the present, and created the historical drama Qu Yuan, consciously "reviving the anger of Qu Yuan's era". And said: "I intend to use the era of Qu Yuan to symbolize our era." Qu Yuan was a great poet and politician in the Warring States Period. His lofty patriotism and selfless fighting spirit are his personality characteristics. He loves the motherland and people, and sincerely hopes that Chu will become strong and realize the great cause of reunifying China. The image of Qu Yuan is a great patriotic image. He is the ideal of the people, the embodiment of light and justice, and the soul of the Chinese nation. His noble political sentiments and ideals, tenacious will to struggle, strong integrity and character have saturated the great and long-standing historical spirit of our nation, showing the infinite strength of the nation, and also showing the author's strong revolutionary style of love, hate and fighting.
Sima Qian (former145—87 years later) was born in xia yang (now Hancheng, Shaanxi Province, referring to Hejin, Shanxi Province), a great historian, thinker and writer in China during the Western Han Dynasty, and he wrote Historical Records, also known as Gong Ji, the Taishi Gong, which recorded the period from the legend of the Yellow Emperor in ancient China to the fourth year of Emperor Wu (Historical Records).
Sima Qian (65438 BC+045-87 BC) made Historical Records the first biographical general history in the history of China, which had a great influence on later generations and was praised by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme". Sima Qian only wrote historical records all his life, and his father, Sima Tan, was Taishiling (equivalent to the post of director of the National Library now). Sima Qian lived a poor life in his hometown in his early years. In the sixth year of Jianyuan, after Dou Taihou's death, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty stopped at Huang Lao's words, and was punished by hundreds of people, thus re-launching the respect for Confucianism. This is the famous "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". In the second year of Yuan Shuo in Han Dynasty, Sima Qian moved from xia yang to Chang 'an, and then moved to Beijing with his family, learning Shangshu from Kong Anguo and Chunqiu from Dong Zhongshu. Then he inherited his father's career and became a Taishiling. In BC 104, Sima Qian presided over the revision of the calendar, and at the same time officially began to write Taishi Gongshu. In the second year of Tian Han (99 BC), he pleaded for Li Ling who surrendered to the Huns because of the "Li Ling incident", so he bluntly angered Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and thought that he was defending Li Ling, so he went to prison. In prison, Sima Qian worked hard for self-improvement, endured unbearable pain and continued to write historical records. After Sima Qian was released from prison, he served as a secretariat official, continued to write books with indignation, and finally completed the Historical Records in 9 1 BC. In 87 BC, Sima Qian died at the age of 56. The cause of Sima Qian's death is still an unsolved mystery because it is not clearly recorded in historical materials. Xia yang, county name, near Longmen. Therefore, Sima Qian claimed to be "moving to Longmen" (Preface to Taishi Gong). Longmen, Longmen Mountain, is very famous. Legend has it that Dayu once opened a mountain in Longmen to control water. To the south of Longmen Mountain is the Yellow River. Sima Qian's home is between the Yellow River and Longmen. There are many local places of interest. Sima Qian liked scenic spots since childhood, but he also had the opportunity to hear many historical legends and stories.
[Edit this paragraph] The life of the character
There is no clear history of Sima Qian's birth and death. According to Wang Guowei's research on Taishi Gongxing Year, Sima Qian was born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (145 BC) and died in the first year of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty (86 BC) at the age of 60. It is said that Sima Qian's family is a historian and writer who passed down from Tang Yu to Zhou. Sima Cuo was a famous soldier when King Hui of Qin attacked Shu, and Sima Chang was an iron-fisted official of Qin Shihuang. Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father, was also an official of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he resumed his ancestral career as a historian. Sima Qian was born in Hancheng. Sima Qian was a "grandson of farming and grazing rivers and mountains" when he was a teenager. Sima Qian grew up in this natural environment (Preface to Hancheng County Records) and had some experience in folk life. At the age of ten, Sima Qian followed his father to Chang 'an, the capital, where he studied under the old doctor Fu Sheng and the great scholar Kong Anguo. Family learning is deeply rooted, and it has benefited a lot from the education of famous teachers and inspiration. At this time, the Han Dynasty was strong, the economy was prosperous, and the culture was prosperous. Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing wiped out the Xiongnu, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Yuefu ...; That's when Sima Qian was rich in knowledge and keen to be born in Beijing. Around the age of twenty, Sima Qian began to travel abroad-"traveling south to Jianghuai, attending meetings, exploring Yu caves, spying on nine doubts, floating in Yuan, Xiang, covering Wen and Si in the north, talking about the capital of Qi and Lu, observing the legacy of Confucius, and shooting Zou, Yi, Er, Kun, Xue, Yu Xiang, Du Liang and Chu back to China." After returning to Chang 'an, he became a close minister of the emperor and went to Pingliang and Kongdong with Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to serve Bashu. He went to Kunming at the southernmost tip. According to Sima Qian himself, when he was a teenager, he used to "plow mountains and rivers and graze the sun of rivers and mountains", which means that he did some farm work in his hometown when he was a child. Later, his father Sima Tan made an imperial edict in Chang 'an, and Sima Qian also went to Chang 'an with his father. Under the guidance of his father, he studied hard and laid a deep cultural foundation. He worshipped many famous teachers as his teachers. Sima Qian's family, that is, his family, has been historians for generations. As a historian, he has the responsibility to record the words and deeds of emperors and sages, collect and sort out the heritage of the world, and provide reference for the rulers at that time through narrators. Then his father, Sima Tan, was interested in sorting out the history of the Chinese nation for thousands of years and tried to write an unprecedented historical work. Is to write history books, since his father began to have such an ideal, after his father made an official order, he began to collect and read historical materials to prepare for the revision of history. However, Sima Tan felt that he was too old to write a historical work independently in time, energy and knowledge. Therefore, Sima Tan has high hopes for his son Sima Qian, hoping that he can participate in it as soon as possible and finally realize such a great ambition. So, he asked his son to go to Wan Li Road on the basis of studying in thousands of books, and he asked his son to roam the country for more than two years. So I want to introduce Sima Qian's roaming here, so Sima Qian began to roam at the age of 20. Sima Qian was preparing for a field trip to write historical records. He personally interviewed and obtained many first-hand materials, which ensured the authenticity and scientificity of historical records. Then his roaming is also the concrete embodiment of the spirit of Historical Records. For example, he roamed to the bank of the Miluo River, and Qu Yuan threw himself into the river. He read Qu Yuan's poems aloud. He wept bitterly, so he was so emotional when he wrote Biographies of Qu Yuan that he went to see it himself. He wrote Qu Yuan on the basis of studying Qu Yuan. For example, in Huaiyin, Han Xin's hometown, he also collected many stories about Han Xin. For example, he asked others himself that Han Xin was cheated and humiliated. As we all know, this allusion, why can Han Xin be cheated and humiliated without getting angry? I didn't do anything illegal, but endured it. Han Xin is so tall that he climbs between the legs of a rogue. If he follows his character, he will be killed with one knife. But if you kill him, can you make achievements in the future? Han Xin later helped Liu Bang overthrow the Qin Dynasty, set up the Western Han Dynasty, made the king a Hou, and returned to his hometown. Han Xin himself said that if I had killed you, I wouldn't have made great achievements later, so if I didn't take responsibility, I wouldn't have made great achievements. For example, in Qufu, he paid a visit to the tomb of Confucius, stayed with some Confucian scholars in Confucius' hometown, bowed step by step arm in arm, learned to ride horses, learn archery and learn ancient rituals to express his memory of Confucius. For another example, in Xuecheng, Meng Changjun's hometown, he went to the countryside to inspect the folk customs, and what was the relationship between the folk customs of this place and the hospitality cultivation of Meng Changjun literati in those days, so he went all the way and inspected it all the way. It can be said that during his roaming journey, Sima Qian never let go of anyone who knows history, nor did he let go of any story left in people's mouth-to-mouth, and gained many historical materials that he could not get from ancient books. At the same time, he went deep into the people. In addition, he traveled all over the famous mountains and rivers, appreciated the magnificence of the motherland's mountains and rivers, cultivated his own temperament, and thus improved the expressive force of his literature. So I want to talk about Sima Qian's roaming here, which is a very solid step for Sima Qian to succeed. Is a very typical so-called read thousands of books, Wan Li Road. In the first year of Yuanfeng (1 10 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made a grand tour to worship Zen, with 180,000 cavalry and thousands of flags. Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, is a historian. He should have gone to work, but he died in Luoyang. Sima Qian accepted his father's wishes, rushed to Mount Tai, attended meditation, and then returned to Chang 'an along the East China Sea, bypassing the Great Wall beyond the Great Wall. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), when Sima Qian was 38 years old, he officially wrote a letter to revise the history and had the opportunity to read all the books, files and various historical materials hidden in the Han Dynasty court. While sorting out historical materials, he participated in the revision of the calendar. In the first year of Tai Chu (BC 104), China's first almanac, taichu calendar, was written, and he began to write historical records. Historical Records tells many stories of capable people. In the second year of Tianhan (the first 99 years), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Li Guangli, the general of the Second Division, to take 30,000 soldiers to attack the Xiongnu, which was defeated and almost completely annihilated, and Li Guangli fled back. Li Guang's grandson, Li Ling, then served as a captain on horseback, fighting the Huns with 5,000 infantry. Khan personally led thirty thousand cavalry to surround the infantry of Liling. Although Li Ling's archery was good and the soldiers were brave, five thousand infantry killed five or six thousand tarquin. Khan assigned more troops, but he still couldn't compete with Li Ling. Just as Khan was preparing to withdraw, a soldier of Liling defected and reported the military situation inside Liling. Tell Khan that there are no reinforcements behind Li Ling, and teach Khan's men to make bows and arrows that can be shot repeatedly. Khan then continued to fight with Li Ling. In the end, Li Ling was outnumbered, leaving only more than 400 Han soldiers to break through. Li Ling was captured by the Huns and surrendered. Ministers condemned Li Ling for not being afraid of death and surrendering to the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Taishi to ask Sima Qian to listen to his opinion. Sima Qian said, "Li Ling has less than 5,000 infantry. He went deep into the enemy's hinterland and struck tens of thousands of enemies. Although he lost the battle, he killed so many enemies that he can tell the world. Li Ling refused to die at once, so he must have an idea. He must want to atone and repay the emperor. " Hearing this, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that Sima Qian's defense of Li Ling was intended to belittle Li Guangli (Li Guangli was the younger brother of Emperor Wu's favorite concubine), and he flew into a rage and said, "Defending those who surrendered to the enemy is not intended to oppose the court?" He put Sima Qian in prison and handed him over to Ting Wei for interrogation. After Sima Qian went to prison, the case fell into the hands of Du Zhou, a notorious cruel official at that time. Du Zhou tortured Sima Qian, and Sima Qian endured all kinds of cruel physical and mental torture. In the face of cruel officials, he never gave in or confessed. Sima Qian kept asking himself in prison: "Is this my sin? Is this my sin? I am a courtier, can't I express my opinion? " Soon, it was rumored that Li Ling led Xiongnu soldiers to attack the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed it and hastily killed Li Ling's mother, wife and son. Sima Qian was also sentenced to death for this incident. The following year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed Li Ling's family, and Sima Qian was castrated. Corruption is a great shame, polluting ancestral businesses and making friends. Sima Qian was humiliated in prison. "Hand in hand, tied by a wooden rope, exposed skin, tied by a list, living in seclusion in the wall. At this time, when I saw the jailer, I grabbed the land. When I saw the apprentice, I was anxious. " (Sima Qian's Bao Ren An Shu) almost ruined his life. He wanted to die, but he thought of the information he had collected for many years and said, "People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather." . Writing history books is my long-cherished wish, so in order to complete the writing of historical records, I have to bear the burden of humiliation and hope to have the opportunity. In the first year of Taishi (96 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed to the Yuan Dynasty and granted amnesty to the world. Sima Qian was 50 years old at this time. After he got out of prison, he became a secretary. In the eyes of others, he may be "pampered", but he still devotes himself to writing his book. Until the book was completed in Zheng He's second year (9 1 year ago), * * * got 130 articles, with more than 520,000 words. Later generations spoke highly of Sima Qian, saying that "the articles in the Western Han Dynasty were two Sima, and the economy in Nanyang was one Wolong", which was as famous as Sima Xiangru, a great writer in the Western Han Dynasty, and Zhuge Liang, the most brilliant figure in the Three Kingdoms period. Sima Qian as an astrologer: Among the astrologers in the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian should be put forward first. Everyone knows that Sima Qian is a great historian, but they don't know that he is also an expert in astronomy and astrology. In fact, as long as you carefully read his Historical Records, Official Books, Law Books and Almanac, you will understand that calling him an expert in astronomical astrology is by no means a hollow name. A profound literary master like Sima Qian will never define his own scope and limit his own knowledge system and exploration field. Ancient palaces in history have always regarded ephemeris as one of their duties, so it is not surprising that they are proficient in astrology. Sima Qian, on the other hand, can combine astrology with historical issues and study the changes of ancient and modern times with the foresight of historians, which is beyond the reach of other astrologers and historians. Sima Qian did not use astrology to measure specific personnel changes, but summed up historical laws, which can not be said to be his creative application of Galaxy Studies. Sima Qian inherited his father's legacy and completed the task of "deducing the changes in ancient times" in Historical Records, which was clearly stated as "connecting the changes in ancient times and modern times and studying the time between man and nature". His conclusion is expressed in the Book of Heaven, that is, according to the astrological phenomena such as the thirty-six eclipses and the three sightings of comets in the Spring and Autumn Period of 242, the contact points are the decline of the emperor, various political events, the rise of the Five Dynasties and the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. This is the most important example of Sima Qian's application of astrology, which occupies the highest position in the whole history of astrology education. In addition, Sima Qian also summed up the basic principles of astrology since the Warring States Period, which are expressed as follows (also recorded in official books): "I carefully consulted the records of historical books and investigated historical events, and found that all the five stars were retrograde during 100. When the five stars are retrograde, they often become particularly bright. The eclipse of the sun and the moon and its movement from south to north have a certain speed and period, which is the most basic data on which astrology is based. The Purple Palace Star Wall, the four palaces in the sky, the stars in the east, west, north and south, and their countless stars are all in the same position, and their sizes and mutual distances are constant. Their distribution and arrangement symbolize the position of the five senses in the sky. This is the basis of astrology as a' classic', that is, unchanged. Water, fire, gold, wood and Saturn are the five auxiliary elements of heaven. Their appearance and concealment have a certain time and period, but their running speed is uneven. This is the' latitude' in astrology, which is the part that changes through purple. By combining these fixed and changing astrology, we can predict the changes of personnel. Why is the year of Sima Qian's death different in the same entry? Chronology of Sima Qian ● Five years in the Central Plains: Born ● Three years in Yuan Shuo: 20 years old, and started the long journey of "traveling south to Jianghuai". ● Four years of Yuanshou: At the age of 27, he ended his seven or eight years of traveling around the world and entered the DPRK as a doctor. Ding Yuan six years: 35 years old, doctor Sima Qian was ordered to appease Bashu. ● Yuan Feng two years: 37 years old. In spring, I visited the dog and Donglai with Emperor Wu. In summer, Huangzikou of the Yellow River burst its banks. He and Emperor Wu went to harness the river and stopped it with a negative salary. ● Yuanfeng three years: 38 years old, stepfather is Taishiling. Sima Qian, who worked hard to study historical records, angrily wrote Historical Records. Sima Qian started reading, sorting out historical materials and preparing for writing after he was named Taishiling in the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), and basically completed all the writing plans in the fourth year of Taishiling (BC 9 1 year). * * Sixteen years later. This is a great work written by him with his whole life's energy, painstaking efforts and great physical and mental pain, which will shine forever. Lu Xun praised "Historical Records", saying that "historians never sing, leaving Sao without rhyme". Historical Records is China's first biographical general history, written by Sima Qian. The whole book includes 12 biographies, 30 noble families, 70 biographies, 10 tables, 8 books and * * * five parts, and 130 articles are about 526,000 words. It describes the history of three thousand years from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the first four years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is also a literary masterpiece, and it is the pioneering work of China's biographical literature. Its main parts are biographies, biographies and biographies, among which biographies are the essence of the book. Sima Qian wrote historical records with a rigorous and serious attitude, and the spirit of record-keeping is his greatest feature. Every historical figure or event he wrote has undergone a lot of investigation and study, and the historical facts have been checked repeatedly. At the age of twenty, Sima Qian left Chang 'an, the capital, to visit famous mountains and rivers on the spot, and learned many anecdotes about historical figures, customs and economic life in many places, which broadened his horizons and broadened his mind. Ban Gu, a historian of the Han Dynasty, said that Sima Qian is "a true record, because his writing is straightforward, and his core is not empty beauty, nor does it hide evil". In other words, his article is fair, the historical facts are reliable, and he doesn't say good things or hide bad things, which is a high evaluation of Sima Qian's scientific attitude and detailed historical records. If Sima Qian insists on the spirit of "recording", he must face the reality and record it, which will inevitably lead to the problem of "taboo". However, when he wrote biographies for characters, he did not stick to the conventions of traditional historical books, but recorded his own thoughts and feelings about historical facts. From the supreme emperor to the nobility, to the ministers, to the local governors, etc., Sima Qian will certainly not obliterate their magical brilliance, but what is outstanding is to expose their decadent ugliness and exploitation and oppression of the people. In particular, it exposed the evils of the ruling class in the Han Dynasty. Although he was a courtier of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian did not hide his fault at all. He profoundly exposed and criticized the falsehood of the activities of worshipping ancestors and visiting immortals that prevailed at that time. In the book Enchanting Zen, he vividly described the absurd and boring behavior of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty who was superstitious about immortals and tried his best to pray for elixir. Sima Qian wanted to provide historical reference for feudal rulers, which reflected the real history and was very valuable. In the spirit of record, Sima Qian chose characters not according to his official position or social status, but according to his actual behavior. For example, he wrote many biographies of low-level people such as forest rangers, businessmen, doctors and advocates for Excellence. In Sima Qian's mind, these people all have merits. Sima Qian initiated a writing method that always tells a person's life story. Paying attention to "being a man" and its complexity is Sima Qian's brushwork. In his biography, he put his point of view in an objective factual narrative and expressed his love-hate attitude towards the characters. Take Xiang Yu as an example. Sima Qian sympathized with him and wrote this failed hero with great enthusiasm. He not only praised Xiang Yu's bravery, but also criticized his lack of ambition and cruelty. However, in Biography of Xiang Yu, Sima Qian did not comment on it, but his love and hate for Xiang Yu were fully revealed in the narrative. This is the greatest feature of Sima Qian's biography, that is, the unity of authenticity and tendency.