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1856, the old czar Nicholas I committed suicide by taking poison, and the new czar Alexander II ascended the throne. The New Deal made people have new enthusiasm for the The Decemberists Uprising when Nicholas I ascended the throne, but Tolstoy, who had always opposed the authority, was very dissatisfied with "digging up these antiques", so he was severely taught by Turgenev, who was ten years older than him, and finally made him interested in their thoughts and history. Later, he began to conceive a novel to describe the life of December Party members who were able to return to China at that time, but he found that in order to reveal the thoughts of these December Party members, he had to go back to the 1825 uprising and write about the germination of their thoughts during the uprising, that is, to their youth, that is, 1805 and 1807. As a result, the concept of this novel has undergone a qualitative change, and this novel has not been written in the end. However, it is precisely because of this spirit of intention and concentration that this great War and Peace appeared in the history of Russian literature.

War and Peace was written only around the December Revolution, and it was based on Pierre The Decemberists. Bezukhov is eager to establish a secret society. The story of this novel is interspersed with the changes in the thoughts and lives of these four main characters. Are they Andre? Bor Konski, Pierre? Nicola Bezukhov? Rostov and Boris? Drew Betskoi, except Prince Andrey is Tolstoy's ideal prototype-he devoted himself to the experiment of reforming serfdom (so he died in the book), the other three people all have their prototypes in The Decemberists (so they all survived). Especially Pierre? Bezukhov's interest in mysticism is because he joined the * * * Economic Association (Tolstoy wrote to herzen, excited by confirming that these The Decemberists members have a tendency to believe in mysticism), and Boris? Drubetzkoy's temporary defection tendency, and Nicholas? Rostov has a bad temper, but he is brave and decisive, which is recorded in the history of the December Party Uprising.

Tolstoy is war master. From those three novels about the defense of Sevastopol, he left many writers who wrote about the war. This novel is certainly better in writing. Most of this novel is about war. Tolstoy not only wrote different stories for every war (especially the battles of Huang San and Borodino in Austerlitz), but also refuted the absurd records in the history of war. If a historian symbolizes war and a biographer dramatizes it, then he externalizes and naturalizes it.

Tolstoy strongly refuted the historian's military genius, so he mocked Napoleon in this book (always describing his chubby little hands and cunning gloves, and describing the funny scene that he enjoyed being brushed all over by his personal bodyguard like his Arabian pony), but there is a contradiction here, that is, while mocking Napoleon's genius, he also praised the geniuses of balague Ji Weng and Kutuzov in the book. In fact, this contradiction is not difficult to explain. Tolstoy praised the latter not for their intelligence, but for their mentality of letting nature take its course in the face of war but relying on the people (Kutuzov retreated step by step in the war, but he still insisted that the French would be forced to eat horse meat; While balague Ji Weng always nods to the person who asks for instructions in the report when commanding the battle, but he says nothing and only sets an example when necessary. In this novel, Tolstoy interprets the thought of "letting nature take its course" and praises Rousseau's thought of "returning to nature".

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Tolstoy began to read Rousseau when he was very young, and his thoughts were always branded with Rousseau. Rousseau was the father of the French Revolution, and his core thought was to oppose civilization and return to nature. He believes that the more people pursue civilization and worship genius, the more vain, pretentious, suffocating and fragile their lives will become. Only by returning to the natural state can they conclude an original contract and establish an ideal society (this is Voltaire's irony that people should learn to walk on all fours after reading Rousseau's books, and then bury their heads in eating grass). The inevitable inference of Rousseau's thought is that the underclass without civilized education (or poison) is not only worthy of praise, but also the master of the future, and its lifestyle is also the natural prototype of an ideal society. Of course, Rousseau didn't push it that far, but it was the bud of democratic thought (his contract theory had the bud of * * * and ism). Rousseau's thought is projected on Tolstoy's spirit, that is, Tolstoy has been pursuing "spiritual purification" and "self-improvement" from reflective civilization all his life.

In War and Peace, which passage happened to Pierre? Bezukhov's life change is the essence of this book, and it is also the most easily overlooked thread. Is it about Pierre? Bezukhov accidentally injured his wife's lover-my old friend-Dolohov in a duel. He was pale, at a loss and disheartened, and tried his best to escape from his family. He doesn't love his wife, but he can't understand what happened and how he will live in the future. He is heartbroken. Then there is Buzz Deyev, a member of the Old Lu Yu Economic Association. This Bazdeyev saw through his life almost immediately and untied the knot of his life.

Buzz Deyev immediately pointed out to him that this is because he has no faith. Without faith, it is impossible to know what life is. Because faith can make people get the highest wisdom. If you don't know the highest wisdom, you can only live in ignorance, ignorance and muddleheaded life. You are at the mercy of fate, fooled by fate, and forced to tell yourself happiness. These casual lives are just some kind of empty life form. If people don't realize this, they don't live for themselves, but sacrifice for life, work hard for life, run around for life and work hard for life. Worried about unattainable goals and clamoring for unnecessary rights; Try your best to say a stunning word to look down on everyone, and prove your stupidity with endless ghost ideas. All this is just rolling in the mire of life and making yourself dirty and smelly in the crowd. Once the "ideal" (if it can be called an ideal) is shattered, it will be miserable, but in order to get rid of it, it is necessary to talk, and finally leave piles of loneliness that people can see through at a glance. What a poor life, it's worth dying again after death.

In Tolstoy's other novel Ivan? In the death of ilych, Ivan? Before he died, ilych finally realized that he and his whole family were living in this vain life form, which was probably the reason for his rude attitude towards his wife and children. So, when his son came to see him, he wanted to say "forgive me", but in the end he didn't say it, just turned his head and said "let me go". What an amazing, sad and terrible scene! A person can forgive everyone before he dies, but he can never forgive this empty shell life.

However, there is one most important problem that bothers Pierre. Even if people struggle for civilization with a strong yearning and aim at acquiring all the artistic and scientific knowledge in the world-there must be many smartest people in it-why can't they get the highest wisdom? The following is Buzz Deyev's surprising answer:

"I don't understand. Pierre said,' why can't people's intelligence reach the understanding you said?'

"* * * members loyal elders smile.

"The highest wisdom and truth are like the cleanest nectar we want to draw," he said. "Can I put this nectar in an unclean vessel and comment on whether it is clean or not? Only by washing your heart can you keep your nectar clean to a certain extent. " "

The above is definitely the wisdom that Tolstoy followed all his life. Pursuing conscience, keeping the soul clean and returning to nature will surely gain the highest wisdom to see through life, which is also the spiritual nectar of Tolstoy's thought.