1. Verses describing the ancient supervisory system
Warring States Period During the Warring States Period, the censors in charge of documents and historical records had obvious supervisory functions.
Qin The system began to form in the Qin Dynasty, and it later became an important political system in all dynasties. After long-term development, this system has gradually become sound and complete.
In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang, the first emperor in Chinese history, unified China, established a centralized system of feudal absolutism, and created a relatively independent supervisory system. A censor doctor was established in the central government, ranking among the three princes. With the second prime minister and the censor's office as his official office, he controlled the world's documents and supervision.
At the local level, the emperor sent censors to stay in counties and counties, called "supervisory censors", who were responsible for supervising various tasks in the counties. [1] Folding the Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, but it was stricter than the Qin system.
In the Western Han Dynasty, the central government still had the imperial censor as the chief executive, and the censor Zhongcheng as the deputy, who was also responsible for the emperor's confidential secretary and central supervisory duties. At the local level, in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial censors were abolished, and the prime minister appointed "prime ministers" at any time to attack various states.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the central government's control over local areas, the country was divided into 13 supervisory areas, called prefectures. Each prefecture had a governor, who was a full-time supervisor who asked questions according to the "Six Articles" ", supervise the counties within the state department. The prime minister's office has a director-general, who is in charge of assisting the prime minister in committing crimes.
All court officials, such as those who admonished officials and assigned officials to officials, had the power to supervise and impeach officials. At the county level, there is a postal inspector, who represents the prefect and oversees counties and townships.
During the reign of Emperor Xuan, the two censors were in charge of legal documents and had the power to judge the rights and wrongs of prison sentences. The Censor of Fuxi, the Censor of Governance, the Censor of the Army, and the Censor of Xiuyi (also known as the Censor of Xiuyi (also known as the Censor of Xiuyi)) were established for special missions and exercised the powers of the Censor respectively.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial censor's official name was changed to Da Sikong, and the censor's office was renamed the censor's station, with the censor Zhongcheng in charge of supervision affairs. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yushitai was called Xiantai, and Yushi Zhongcheng was still the chief, but his powers were expanded.
The Yushitai was nominally transferred to the Shaofu, but in fact it was the highest specialized supervisory agency. It is called the "Three Platforms" together with the prestigious Shangshu Terrace and the Visitor Terrace in charge of court communication.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, he served on the censor and was in charge of pickets; he served on the censor in charge of writing and inspected suspicious prisons. The country is divided into 13 supervisory regions, including 1 Sili (region directly under the central government) and 12 states.
There is one Sili Xiaowei in the Si Li, whose status is extremely prominent. During the court meeting, he sits on an equal footing with Shangshutai and Yushi Zhongcheng, and is called "Three Independent Sitting". The Sili Xiaowei is responsible for supervising all officials of the imperial court except the Three Dukes and those who break the law in nearby counties of the capital.
Each state has a governor to monitor local political conditions, accept cases, and evaluate officials. Due to the mixed powers, the governor gradually became the chief executive at the local level above the county. He lost his role in supervising the local area, so he was renamed the prefecture. The prefecture also changed from a supervisory district to an administrative district, and the local supervisory system was simplified. Basically disintegrated.
During the Folding Dynasty, this period was basically in a state of feudal separatism. The names of the supervisory agencies in each dynasty were different, but the system was the same as that of the Han Dynasty, with some changes.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Yushitai was no longer affiliated with the Shaofu, but became a national supervisory agency directly controlled by the emperor. The Yushitai (also known as Nantai) in the Southern Liang, Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties and the Xiantai in the Later Zhou Dynasty still had Yushi Zhongcheng as the chief official, and the Northern Wei Dynasty was called Yushi Lieutenant.
As the power of the inspector general grows, regulations have emerged to prevent inspection officials from committing crimes and dereliction of duty. If a group of ministers commits a crime, and if the censor among them fails to correct himself, he will also be dismissed from office.
After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, in order to prevent the supervisory agencies from practicing favoritism and malpractice and to exert their supervision effectiveness, it was clearly stipulated that nobility members were not allowed to serve as censors and Zhongcheng. After the Jin Dynasty, the censor Zhongcheng established the censor in the palace, the censor of the school, the censor of the transportation, etc., and divided the power of internal and external supervision.
At this time, there was no longer a fixed local supervisory agency, and the imperial court would dispatch censors from time to time to supervise local officials. In addition, the system of censors "reporting affairs upon hearing the news" was also formed during this period.
[2] Folding the Sui and Tang Dynasties During the Sui Dynasty, the central supervisory agency was still the Yushitai, and the chief censor Zhongcheng was changed to the censor doctor, with two deputy censors under him; it was changed to the censorship censor. Shi is the supervisory censor, with 12 people in charge, who is responsible for outbound inspections. The Tang Dynasty developed the supervisory system of the Sui Dynasty, making the supervisory institutions more complete.
In the early Tang Dynasty, the Censorship Station was set up in the central government, headed by a third-rank censorship official, and assisted by two Zhongcheng, a fourth-rank censorship official. The Yushitai is called Xiantai, and the doctor is called Dasi Xian.
During the reign of Wu Zetian, the Yushitai was changed into the Left and Right Suzhengtai. After Zhongzong, it was changed to the Left and Right Yushitai.
The function of the Yushitai is to "preside over the state's criminal constitution and the political orders of the state, in order to correct the dynasty" (Volume 13 of "Liu Dian of the Tang Dynasty"). There are three courtyards under the Yushitai: ① Taiyuan, to which the imperial censor belongs, "in charge of correcting hundreds of officials and promoting prison litigation"; 2. Palace courtyard, to which the imperial censor belongs, and "in charge of the rituals of worship in the palace" ; ③ The Procuratorate, under which the Supervisory Censor belongs, "is responsible for supervising hundreds of officials, patrolling prefectures and counties, inspecting prisons, and cleaning up court rituals" (ibid.).
In the early Tang Dynasty, the country was divided into 10 supervisory areas, called 10 roads (later increased to 15 roads). Each zone had a supervisory censor (successfully called the censor, the interviewer, and the observation and disposal envoy). etc.), specializing in touring prefectures and counties. The Tang Dynasty further expanded the powers of supervisory agencies and censors.
Yushitai enjoys part of the judicial power and has the right to supervise the judicial trials of Dali Temple and the Ministry of Punishment. The admonishment system also became more complete in the Tang Dynasty.
The establishment of admonishment officers existed in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and developed greatly in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. By the Tang Dynasty, the central court implemented a three-province system. Among them, the main responsibility of the Menxia Province was to rectify political gains and losses, and to take charge of admonishment and criticism.
Under the sect, the province appoints regular attendants of casual cavalry, admonishes the officials, makes up for ques and collects relics (among them, you bu que and right Supplementary relics belong to Zhongshu Province), and gives them medium-level positions. , all received correct advice. Among them, the power of issuing an imperial edict for sealing and refuting (that is, the meaning of review) is even more important.
Folding the Song Dynasty Supervisory agencies in the Song Dynasty were strengthened with the development of feudal absolutism. The central government followed the Tang system, and the Yushitai still had three courtyards.
If a local government has a general magistrate, it is on par with the magistrate and is called a prison state. It has the right to report to the emperor at any time and become the emperor's local eyes and ears. In addition, road-level transfer envoys, criminal and prison officials, etc. also have the responsibility of supervising prefectures and counties.
In order to ensure that the supervisory censor had more political experience, the Song Dynasty clearly stipulated that no one who had not served as a county magistrate for two terms could hold the post of censor. According to regulations, the censor has the power to "expose people after hearing the news", and must report to the superiors once a month, which is called the "monthly lesson"; he must impeach people within 100 days after taking office, otherwise he will be dismissed as a foreign official or be punished with a salary. "Insulting Taiwan's money".
From then on, there was an example of the censor abusing his power. The censor can directly impeach the prime minister, and also has the responsibility of admonishing him.
The Yushitai also has the right to assign censors to participate in the trial of major criminal cases. Folding the Yuan Dynasty In the Yuan Dynasty, there was a censor's platform in the center, and the censor's official rank was high. 2. Ancient poems about supervision or protection
Tao Yuanming, a poet of the Jin Dynasty, liked planting willows the most. After resigning from office and going into seclusion, he always became friends with willow trees.
He also deliberately planted five willow trees in front of his house, calling himself "Mr. Five Willows". He wrote many poems about his love for the trees: "The elms and willows shade the back eaves, and the peach and plum trees in front of the hall", "Lingying Orchid under the window, willow in front of the dense hall" and so on. When Du Fu, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, lived in a thatched cottage in Chengdu, he never forgot about greening all year round. He also wrote poems in letters and asked friends for saplings: "The few flowers in the thatched cottage are about to be planted now, regardless of green plums and yellow plums."
Stalagmite Street But when I went back, I came to the orchard room for help. "Su Shi, a writer in the Song Dynasty, also loved to plant trees. "When I was young, I planted pine trees all over Donggang. Describe the time he planted trees when he was a child.
Later, when he became an official in Hangzhou, he built a long embankment and "planted hibiscus and willows on it, making it look like a painting", which became one of the beautiful sights of the West Lake. 3. Verses describing the ancient supervisory system
During the Warring States Period, the censors in charge of documents and historical records already had obvious supervisory functions.
Qin The system began to form in the Qin Dynasty, and it later became an important political system in all dynasties. After long-term development, this system has gradually become sound and complete.
In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang, the first emperor in Chinese history, unified China, established a centralized system of feudal absolutism, and created a relatively independent supervisory system. A censor doctor was established in the central government, ranking among the three princes. With the second prime minister and the censor's office as his official office, he controlled the world's documents and supervision.
At the local level, the emperor sent censors to reside in counties and counties, called "supervising censors", who were responsible for supervising various tasks in the counties. [1] Folding the Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, but it was stricter than the Qin system.
In the Western Han Dynasty, the central government still had the imperial censor as the chief executive, and the censor Zhongcheng as the deputy, who was also responsible for the emperor's confidential secretary and central supervisory duties. At the local level, in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial censors were abolished, and the prime minister appointed "prime ministers" at any time to attack various states.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the central government's control over local areas, the country was divided into 13 supervisory areas, called prefectures. Each prefecture had a governor, who was a full-time supervisor who asked questions according to the "Six Articles" ", supervise the counties within the state department. The prime minister's office has a director-general, who is in charge of assisting the prime minister in committing crimes.
All court officials, such as those who admonished officials and assigned officials to officials, had the power to supervise and impeach officials. At the county level, there is a postal inspector, who represents the prefect and oversees counties and townships.
During the reign of Emperor Xuan, the two censors were in charge of legal documents and had the power to judge the rights and wrongs of prison sentences. The Censor of Fuxi, the Censor of Governance, the Censor of the Army, and the Censor of Xiuyi (also known as the Censor of Xiuyi (also known as the Censor of Xiuyi)) were established for special missions and exercised the powers of the Censor respectively.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial censor's official name was changed to Da Sikong, and the censor's office was renamed the censor's station, with the censor Zhongcheng in charge of supervision affairs. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yushitai was called Xiantai, and Yushi Zhongcheng was still the chief, but his powers were expanded.
The Yushitai was nominally transferred to the Shaofu, but in fact it was the highest specialized supervisory agency. It is called the "Three Platforms" together with the prestigious Shangshu Terrace and the Visitor Terrace in charge of court communication.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, he served on the censor and was in charge of pickets; he served on the censor in charge of writing and inspected suspicious prisons. The country is divided into 13 supervisory regions, including 1 Sili (region directly under the central government) and 12 states.
There is one Sili Xiaowei in the Si Li, whose status is extremely prominent. During the court meeting, he sits on an equal footing with Shangshu Tai and Yu Shi Zhongcheng, and is known as "Three Independent Sitting". The Sili Xiaowei is responsible for supervising all officials of the imperial court except the Three Dukes and those who break the law in nearby counties of the capital.
Each state has a governor to monitor local political conditions, accept cases, and evaluate officials.
Due to the mixed powers, the governor gradually became the chief executive at the local level above the county. He lost his role in supervising the local area, so he was renamed the prefecture. The prefecture also changed from a supervisory district to an administrative district, and the local supervisory system was simplified. Basically disintegrated.
During the Folding Dynasty, this period was basically in a state of feudal separatism. The names of the supervisory agencies in each dynasty were different, but the system was the same as that of the Han Dynasty, with some changes.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Yushitai was no longer affiliated with the Shaofu, but became a national supervisory agency directly controlled by the emperor. The Yushitai (also known as Nantai) in the Southern Liang, Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties and the Xiantai in the Later Zhou Dynasty still had Yushi Zhongcheng as the chief official, and the Northern Wei Dynasty was called Yushi Lieutenant.
As the power of the inspector general grows, regulations have emerged to prevent inspection officials from committing crimes and dereliction of duty. If a group of ministers commits a crime, and if the censor among them fails to correct himself, he will also be dismissed from office.
After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, in order to prevent the supervisory agencies from practicing favoritism and malpractice and to exert their supervisory effectiveness, it was clearly stipulated that nobility members were not allowed to serve as Yushi Zhongcheng. After the Jin Dynasty, the censor Zhongcheng established the censor in the palace, the censor of the school, the censor of the transportation, etc., and divided the power of internal and external supervision.
At this time, there was no longer a fixed local supervisory agency, and the imperial court would dispatch censors from time to time to supervise local officials. In addition, the system of censors "reporting affairs after hearing the news" was also formed during this period.
[2] Folding the Sui and Tang Dynasties During the Sui Dynasty, the central supervisory agency was still the Yushitai, and the chief censor Zhongcheng was changed to the censor doctor, with two deputy censors under him; it was changed to the censorship censor. Shi is the supervisory censor, with 12 people in charge, who is responsible for outbound inspections. The Tang Dynasty developed the supervisory system of the Sui Dynasty, making the supervisory institutions more complete.
In the early Tang Dynasty, the Censorship Station was set up in the central government, with the chief censor of the third rank as the director and two censors of the fourth rank as assistants. The Yushitai is called Xiantai, and the doctor is called Dasi Xian.
During the reign of Wu Zetian, the Yushitai was changed into the Left and Right Suzhengtai. After Zhongzong, it was changed to the Left and Right Yushitai.
The function of the Yushitai is to "preside over the state's criminal constitution and the political orders of the state, in order to correct the dynasty" (Volume 13 of "Liu Dian of the Tang Dynasty"). There are three courtyards under the Yushitai: ① Taiyuan, to which the imperial censor belongs, "in charge of correcting and elevating hundreds of officials, and pushing forward lawsuits in prison"; 2. Palace courtyard, to which the censor serving in the palace belongs, and "in charge of the rituals of worship in the palace" ; ③ The Procuratorate, under which the Supervisory Censor belongs, "is responsible for supervising hundreds of officials, patrolling prefectures and counties, inspecting prisons, and cleaning up court rituals" (ibid.).
In the early Tang Dynasty, the country was divided into 10 supervisory areas, called 10 roads (later increased to 15 roads). Each zone had a supervisory censor (successfully called the censor, the interviewer, and the observation and disposal envoy). etc.), specializing in touring prefectures and counties. The Tang Dynasty further expanded the powers of supervisory agencies and censors.
Yushitai enjoys part of the judicial power and has the right to supervise the judicial trials of Dali Temple and the Ministry of Punishment. The admonishment system also became more complete in the Tang Dynasty.
The establishment of admonishment officers existed in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and developed greatly in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. By the Tang Dynasty, the central court implemented a three-province system. Among them, the main responsibility of the Menxia Province was to rectify political gains and losses, and to take charge of admonishment and criticism.
Under the sect, the province appoints regular attendants of casual cavalry, admonishes the officials, makes up for ques and collects relics (among them, you bu que and right Supplementary relics belong to Zhongshu Province), and gives them medium-level positions. , all received correct advice. Among them, the imperial edict issued by Shi Zhongzhang, which means review, has more power.
Folding the Song Dynasty Supervisory agencies in the Song Dynasty were strengthened with the development of feudal absolutism. The central government followed the Tang system, and the Yushitai still had three courtyards.
If a local government has a general magistrate, it is on par with the magistrate and is called a prison state. It has the right to report to the emperor at any time and become the emperor's local eyes and ears. In addition, road-level transfer envoys, criminal and prison officials, etc. also have the responsibility of supervising prefectures and counties.
In order to ensure that the supervisory censor had more political experience, the Song Dynasty clearly stipulated that no one who had not served as a county magistrate for two terms could hold the post of censor. According to regulations, the censor has the power to "expose people after hearing the news", and must report to the superiors once a month, which is called the "monthly lesson"; he must impeach people within 100 days after taking office, otherwise he will be dismissed as a foreign official or be punished with a salary. "Insulting Taiwan's money".
From then on, there was an example of the censor abusing his power. The censor can directly impeach the prime minister, and also has the responsibility of admonishing him.
The Yushitai also has the right to assign censors to participate in the trial of major criminal cases. Folding the Yuan Dynasty In the Yuan Dynasty, there was a censorship platform in the center, and the censorship officials were of high rank. 4. Three to five famous quotes on "supervision" are urgently needed
Montesquieu, a famous French thinker in the 18th century, once said: "Everyone with power is prone to abuse his power. A piece of experience.
People with power will only stop when they encounter limits. "Lord Acton, professor of history at Cambridge University, has a famous saying: "Power leads to corruption, and absolute power leads to absoluteness. "Corruption" Corruption is like a snowball. Once it rolls, it will get bigger and bigger.
——(UK) Colton Action against corruption should be carried out before it dominates us. ——(USA) Jefferson Losing the power of supervision will inevitably lead to corruption. Reading makes people’s eyes brighter.
----- Voltaire Books are the ladder of human progress. Books are the ladder of human progress, life-long companions, and the most sincere friends.
——Golgi Books are like medicine, good reading can cure stupidity.
-----Liu Xiang Books are the nutrition of the world------Shakespeare People cannot live like animals, they should pursue knowledge and virtue-----Dante Reading is like rice, and those who eat well will be spiritual. People who are not good at eating will get sick.
----- Zhang Xuecheng Reading makes people enriched, talking makes people agile, writing and taking notes make people precise... History makes people wise; poetry makes people clever; mathematics makes people precise; natural history makes people precise. People are profound; ethics make people solemn; logic and rhetoric make people eloquent. ——Bacon Without reading, there is no real education, and at the same time, there is no sense of discernment.
——Herzen If I can survive, of course I still have to learn. ——Lu Xun Books are society, and a good book is a good world and a good society.
It can cultivate people's emotions and temperament and make people noble. ------ Borogov No matter what kind of knowledge is mastered, it is useful for intelligence. It will throw away useless things and retain good things.
-----Every book by Leonardo da Vinci is like a small ladder. Every time I climb a level, I am more separated from the beast and ascended to the level of human beings, closer to the concept of a better life, and closer to the concept of a better life. Love books - Gorky people are alive, books are dead. A living person can read a dead book and learn it alive.
If you read a dead book and read a living person, you can read a person to death. ——Guo Moruo People who are good at thinking, asking, and doing will achieve great and rapid results.
----- Xie Juezai A family without books is like a house without windows. ----- Johnson Diligence is the mother of success --- Mao Yisheng When the book is used, it will be regretted.
If a young man does not work hard, the old man will be miserable. Young people don't know how to study hard, and when they are old they will regret that they were late in studying.
Read the book a hundred times, and its meaning will become apparent. I will never tire of reading old books a hundred times, and I will know myself if I read them carefully and think deeply.
There are roads in the mountain of books, hard work is the path, and there is no limit to the sea of ??learning, and hard work is the boat. I have read thousands of volumes and written like a god.
Reading should be like a hungry person throwing himself on bread. I will be at the top of the mountain, encompassing all the small mountains.
I am familiar with three hundred Tang poems and can recite them even if I don’t know how to compose them. The lights are on at three o'clock and the chicken is on at five o'clock, which is when men are studying.
The best stimulus for learning is interest in the material being learned. The illiterates of the future will no longer be those who cannot read, but those who have not learned to learn.
The method of reading is to proceed step by step, read thoroughly and think deeply. When you look at mountains, your feelings will overflow from the mountains; when you look at the sea, your feelings will overflow from the sea.
Travel thousands of miles and read thousands of books. A little makes a lot, a little makes a lot.
Persistence is the key to reading, and you will feel cold once you are exposed to it. Reading is learning, using is learning, and it is more important learning.
Read for the rise of China. Opening the book is helpful.
A hundred gold can buy a fine horse, a thousand gold can buy a beauty, a thousand gold can buy a noble prince, but where can you buy youth? ——Qu Yuan Young people are the king of life, the spring of life, and the splendor of life. ——Li Dazhao Don’t let the days pass by idlely, youth will never come again.
——Lin Kuan. 5. Famous ancient poems about responsibility by ancient people
The price of being noble and great is responsibility.
——Churchill
Although responsibility is sometimes annoying, if one does not fulfill his responsibility, he can only be a coward and an out-and-out waste.
——Lewis Mei
Everyone is asked by life, and he can only answer this question with his own life; he can only answer life with "responsibility". Therefore, "being responsible" is the most important essence of human existence.
——Victor Frankling
Everyone should have such confidence: I can bear the responsibilities that others can bear; I can bear the responsibilities that others cannot bear. I can also bear the responsibility. In this way, you can temper yourself, seek higher knowledge and enter a higher realm.
——Lincoln Beauty
Only by knowing the pain of being responsible can you know the joy of fulfilling responsibility.
——Liang Qichao China
If a person does not have enthusiasm, he will achieve nothing, and the basis of enthusiasm is responsibility.
——Leo Tolstoy