On Mozi's Mohism is the earliest school with the same reputation as Confucianism, and it is also the most opposing university school. Mozi, the originator of Mohism, is not only an outstanding thinker and scientist in ancient China, but also a private school educator who enjoys the same reputation as Confucius. Mozi's surname is Mo Mingzhai, a native of Shandong, and it is difficult to determine the year of birth and death. According to historical records, he was born when Confucius was alive or after his death. He was a craftsman and was called a "bitch". Legend has it that he worked as a doctor in Song State and died of old age in Qi State. The classic work of Mohism is Mozi. Most of this book was written by Mohist school, and Mozi himself wrote very little. Originally, there were 7 1 articles in History of Han Literature, but now there are only 53 articles left. Mozi's social and political views and educational thoughts are scattered in these records. Starting from safeguarding the interests of "the people of peasants and workers", Mozi advocated the implementation of virtuous politics, and envisaged that a society in which peasants, workers and workers could live and work in peace and contentment could be built, so that "the hungry can get food, the cold can get clothes, the laborers can get rest, and the chaos can be treated". In order to realize this ideal society, it advocates "non-attack" and opposes the continuous wars between governors; Advocate "universal love", people love each other and benefit each other; Advocating "enabling Shang Xian", holding that "the impermanence of officials is expensive, and the impermanence of the people is cheap", and opposing kinship by blood. In order to carry out his political opinions, Mozi has been doing the work of "teaching above and teaching below" all his life: teaching the monarch and ministers above and teaching Mozi's disciples below. He attaches great importance to education, and thinks that education can cultivate "saints" and "part-time scholars" and is a tool to transform society; People with Mohist ideas are also required to actively carry out "persuasion" work. He also believes that people's growth mainly depends on individual efforts, and at the same time, the environment and education have great influence on people. He regards human nature as "plain silk" without any pigment dyeing. When dyed black, it becomes black silk; when dyed yellow, it becomes yellow silk. Mozi put the cultivation of "saints" and "part-time scholars" in the first place in education. The private school he founded was similar to a religious group, requiring his disciples to be honest, diligent and strictly abide by organizational discipline like law. What Mozi said is that "the people take agriculture as their business", promoting the benefits of the world and "following suit" in addition to the harm of the world. But Mozi asked himself and his disciples to be willing to endure hardships, wear short clothes and sandals, and work day and night. For example, disciple Qin Yingli worked for Mozi for three years. Due to daily hard work and tempering, his hands and feet are covered with calluses and his face is dark, so he dare not make any unreasonable demands. The result of this kind of training is that Mohist disciples sacrifice themselves to get rid of righteousness. "Zhunanzi" said: _ Disciple belongs to "all can get rid of the fire and jump off the blade, and death does not follow immediately, but also because of success." This is also the case. Because of Mozi's enlightenment, there are many gentlemen in foolish learning. According to "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", Meng Sheng, a disciple of Mohism, defended the city for Yangcheng Jun, and died resolutely to protect righteousness and maintain Mohism's discipline and reputation. In this way, the number of people who died for righteousness has reached 185. Mohism has a reputation for chivalry because of its numerous followers and its combination of civil and military skills. Mozi prevented the innocent from being killed and made laws for Mohism: "Whoever kills will be punished if he hurts." I didn't expect Mohism to be in Qin, and my son killed people. The king of Qin, taking his only son as the oldest, forgives and persuades him. However, the internal sophistry "to follow the law of the ink" still killed his son to make amends. Under the education of Mozi, Mohist disciples can forget the public and the private, and sacrifice their lives for justice. Paying attention to productive labor education is a major feature of Mozi's educational thought. Different from Confucius, he opposed learning crops and gardens, and advocated: "If you rely on strength, you will be born. If you don't lose, you will not be born." He is the first educator in China to consider how education is beneficial to labor production. Mozi once went to southern Shandong, visited those who worked as potters in winter and plowers in summer, and "compared himself with Shun". He asked whether "teaching people to plow or not" was more beneficial than benevolence and righteousness. Wu Si answered him: "It is more meritorious to teach people to cultivate themselves." Mohism not only attaches importance to productive labor education, but also regards it as a virtue to be able to participate in productive labor and not be afraid of hardship. The most prominent point in Mozi's educational thought is that he attaches importance to production knowledge and technical education. Mozi was an ancient scientist in China, and Mohist made great contributions to ancient science and technology. Mozi made a good study of geometry, mechanics and optics, and created methods of defining forms and logical reasoning to accurately explain scientific concepts. Learn to prove the scientific principles of discovery by experimental methods. In ancient times, he was also a skillful craftsman with high scientific and technological attainments. He can make a kite out of wood and make it fly into the sky. It can also be made into a crossbar, which can be used to block wheels, carry 50 stones and walk a long way. In order to prevent Chu from attacking Song State, he made guarding city equipment. In front of the king of Chu, he performed a battle like a public defeat to prevent attacking the city with a ladder, and repelled the attack of using nine methods one after another like a public defeat, forcing the king of Chu to give up the idea of attacking the State of Song. Mozi usually teaches these scientific knowledge and skills to students as teaching content. So 300 people, including his disciple Bird Slip, not only know the principle and manufacturing method, but also use the guarding equipment he made. _ Zi was the earliest educator who developed science and technology education in ancient China and made great achievements. Mozi's emphasis on debate education and the development of students' thinking is another feature of his educational thought. Mozi engaged in the activity of "teaching above and teaching below", demanding convincing people with reasoning, and attaching great importance to rhetoric and argumentation. In his private school, debate is regarded as an important course. He believes that speaking is not much, but wisdom in words; Not how to be literary, but how to argue. Mozi teaches people to be modest and eager to learn, obey the truth, and advocates: there is no reason for it, knowing from what you know, not following what you say, and moving when you see good. He asked his disciples to have sufficient reasons to find out the causal relationship when arguing, so as to "distinguish between similarities and differences and distinguish between right and wrong." He is a pioneer of logic education in China. Mozi's education and teaching thought is based on his epistemology. His epistemology is embodied in his famous "three-table method". The "three-table method", as Mozi's criterion for judging whether things are true or false, is also a methodology used by Mohist private schools to guide students to judge right and wrong and consider problems. The first table is "what makes the ancient sage king", that is, according to the experience of predecessors; The second table is "examining the truth of people's eyes and ears", that is, examining the direct experience of the broad masses of people; The third table is "look at the interests of the country and the people", that is, it must conform to the interests of the country and the people. This criterion for judging whether things are true or false has materialistic elements, which has played a positive guiding role in Mohist education and teaching. Mozi put forward some effective teaching methods in the teaching process according to the "three-table method", which is still worth learning. First of all, Mozi attaches importance to the perceptual experience education of "the truth of eyes and ears". He believes that disciples must be guided to observe the direct experience of the broad masses of people as a way to judge the existence and right and wrong of things. He once said: "We should take the truth of everyone's eyes and ears and know life and death as an instrument." Why does he pay special attention to the experience of "eyes and ears"? Have his epistemology as the basis of understanding. He divided knowledge into listening, speaking and knowing. Knowledge is knowledge acquired through rumors and books; It is said that knowledge is knowledge obtained through logical reasoning; Familiarity is the "eyes and ears" of personal experience. He believes that personal knowledge is direct experience, which is more credible than indirect experience. Therefore, he attaches importance to the education of direct experience. Secondly, Mozi paid special attention to the education of matching words with deeds. He thinks: "Scholars are learned, but they act on their own". In his view, although Mohist disciples have learned knowledge, whether they can practice it is the fundamental problem. He opposes people who only talk but don't do practical things; He asked his disciples, whether studying or working, or running the country in politics in the future, to be consistent in words and deeds and pragmatic. All talk and no action, he despised this as the "slogan" of an empty talker. Thirdly, Mozi asked his disciples to concentrate and do what they can. When Mohist disciples asked Mozi to learn to shoot after he completed his studies, he warned, "No! Those who know their husbands do their best. " This means that we can't do this. Anyone with knowledge must do his best. Then he said: _ a soldier can't kill the enemy and save the wounded on the battlefield; And we're not like soldiers on the battlefield. How can we complete the task of learning knowledge and learn archery at the same time? It is impossible to run a school well without proceeding from reality and concentrating on doing two things well. Fourthly, Mozi's teaching can proceed from reality and pay attention to individual differences. When the disciple asked him, "Zheng", what is the most important? A: It's like building a wall. If you can build it, you can build it. If you can ram it, you can build the wall. The same is true of "righteousness". "People who can talk, people who can tell books, people who can do things, and then righteousness will be achieved." This is based on materials and proceeding from reality. He also advocated: when teaching, we should speak more deeply to the disciples with better level; For disciples with poor level, we should talk briefly; Speak more to the disciples who need to harvest; Say less about disciples who need restraint. In short, we should pay attention to individual differences and adapt to the actual level of teaching objects. Fifth, Mozi's teaching requires disciples not only to "know why" but also to "know why". In Meng Gong, he opposed Confucianism and said: Why do you want to have fun? The answer is: happiness is for happiness; This is like asking: Why build a house? The answer is: building a house is the same as building a house. This Confucian answer can't give the educated an explanation of "knowing why". It can be seen that some of Mozi's teaching methods are higher than Confucianism. Although Mozi has idealistic superstition and historical limitations, he has left many valuable educational ideas and methods, which will shine forever in the history of education like a bright pearl. Source: People's Education.