Gu Xiancheng was born in Jingyang in 155 (the 29th year of Jiajing of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty) in a scholarly family in Jingli, Wuxi, Jiangsu (now Zhangjing, Wuxi).

Gu Xiancheng was brilliant, and he studied Confucius at an early age. In 1576 (the fourth year of Wanli), Gu Xiancheng went to Yingtian (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) to take the imperial examination, and won the first place in the provincial examination.

In 158 (the eighth year of Wanli), Gu Xiancheng went to Beijing to take part in the examination, was admitted to the second place in Dimei, and was given a Jinshi origin.

after Gu Xiancheng was a scholar, he was in charge of the official residence department. When Zhang Juzheng was ill, courtiers gathered to pray for him. Gu Xiancheng didn't participate in prayer, but his colleagues signed it for him, so he took a pen and removed it. In 1582, after the death of Zhang Juzheng, Gu Xiancheng was appointed as the director of the official department.

Later, Gu Xiancheng took a leave of absence to return to his hometown for three years. After returning to the imperial court, he was appointed as the principal of seal inspection.

In 1586 (14th year of Wanli), Gu Yuncheng, Gu Xiancheng's younger brother, was also admitted to Jinshi. Demote officials and release them to the outside world

In 1587 (the fifteenth year of Wanli), the Ming Dynasty assessed the officials in the capital, and Yu Shixin was in charge of the assessment. When He Qiming, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, corrected the fault of the assessment, Xin Zixiu was convicted for not agreeing with the ruling minister. To impeach He Qiming and Xin Self-cultivation by adhering to the will of Chen and Jiao in the event is actually to attack Xin Self-cultivation and shelter He Qiming. So both of them were dismissed from office and blamed the four censors who reported He Qiming.

Gu Xiancheng defended them, saying that some words offended those in power. He was reprimanded by Ming Shenzong by decree and demoted as a judge of Guiyang Prefecture. Later, he was promoted to be an official in the state.

Gu Xiancheng resigned after his mother's death, and after mourning, he was promoted as an official in Quanzhou. Promotion back to Beijing

In 1593 (twenty-first year of Wanli), when examining the official management, Gu Xiancheng was promoted to be the first because of his fairness and honesty, and was promoted to be the official in charge of the official department's examination, which made him a member of the official department.

In the first month of 1593 (the 21st year of Wanli), Ming Shenzong issued a decree to seal the crown to Zhu Changluo, his eldest son, and two other sons, Zhu Changxun and Zhu Changhao, without specifying the heir to the throne, so that Zhu Changxun could still be made a prince. Many courtiers, including Gu Xiancheng and Gu Yuncheng brothers, played on the throne to prevent the issuance of this imperial edict. Forced by public discussion, Shenzong withdrew the three kings and sealed them in February of the same year.

In 1593 (twenty-first year of Wanli), during the investigation of Beijing officials, Sun Shang, a senior official of the official department, and Zhao Nanxing, a doctor of Kao Gong, all the people who had personal relations with the ruling party were deposed, which was actually about Gu Xiancheng. When Zhao Nanxing was dismissed, Gu Xiancheng played a request to dismiss him together, but he didn't get a reply. Soon he was promoted to the position of Langzhong, the literary selection department of the official department, and was in charge of the promotion and tone change of official classes.

Gu Xiancheng spoke out and dared to remonstrate. He and some honest officials often criticized the wrong decision of the imperial court and enjoyed a high reputation among the literati.

Gu Xiancheng was repulsed by the gods because of his contention for the title of Prince Zhu Changluo, the eldest son of the emperor. In 1594 (twenty-two years of Wanli), when the records of Wang Xijue retired in old age, Ming Shenzong ordered the official department to select six or seven officials who were competent for the records of Wang Xijue. Gu Xiancheng and Chen Younian, the minister of the official department, drew up a list of seven people to report, and asked God to cut it. Unexpectedly, all the people nominated by Gu Xiancheng and others were detested by the religious Sect, especially Wang Jiaping, a former university student nominated by Gu Xiancheng, who even violated the will of the religious Sect, thus angering the religious Sect even more. Gu Xiancheng was stripped of his official status, dismissed and sent home.

After Gu Xiancheng was removed from his official position, more than a hundred books were recommended to him inside and outside the imperial court, but none of them were approved by the gods. Giving lectures and discussing politics

Gu Xiancheng returned to his hometown and decided to give lectures and publicize his political views. Just in Wuxi, there is a Donglin Academy where Yang Shi, a scholar of the Song Dynasty, once talked about it, and he and his younger brother Gu Yuncheng initiated the maintenance. The maintenance of the academy was funded and supported by many local people, including Changzhou Magistrate and Wuxi Magistrate. In 164 (thirty-two years of Wanli), the academy was restored. In October of the same year, Gu Xiancheng, together with Gu Yuncheng, Gao Panlong, An Xifan, Liu Yuanzhen, Qian Yiben, Xue Fujiao and Ye Maocai (known as the Eight Gentlemen of Donglin), initiated the Donglin Conference and formulated the Donglin Convention, which stipulated that the conference should be held once or twice a year and once a month.

Donglin Academy not only gives lectures and discusses politics, but also attracts many people with lofty ideals, including some officials who have been reprimanded for criticizing state affairs. Regardless of the distance of the road, they came one after another, and the number of people was so large that the learning houses of Donglin College could not be accommodated.

Gu Xiancheng once said: "To be an official in the imperial court, the ambition is not in the emperor; to be an official in the border area, the ambition is not in people's livelihood, and to live in a forest by the water, and the ambition is not in the world. A gentleman does not do this." In addition to giving lectures, he often talks about state affairs and comments on people. People in the imperial court admire his demeanor and echo him from a distance. As a result, Donglin became famous, and many people were jealous. So they are called "Donglin Party" by their opponents.

in 168 (thirty-six years of Wanli), many eastern officials recommended the re-use of Gu Xiancheng. Gu Xiancheng was officially appointed as Shaoqing of Nanjing Guanglu Temple, but Gu Xiancheng refused to accept the appointment and continued to stay in his hometown to give lectures and discuss politics. Suffered from false accusation

In 1611 (thirty-ninth Wanli), Li Sancai, the governor of Huainan, a member of Donglin Party, was impeached, and Gu Xiancheng sent letters to Ye Xianggao and Sun Piyang to restore Li Sancai's reputation. Wu Liang, the suggestion, engraved it in the Chaobao, and people who attacked Li Sancai talked about it after seeing it.

So Xu Zhaokui attacked Gu Xiancheng and slandered him wantonly. It is claimed that there is a small river in Hushu, and Donglin Party occupies its tax revenue as the expenses of the academy. When the tax envoy came to check, Donglin invited him by paper, and if the tax envoy was not invited, he would certainly give him a generous reward; As soon as the lecture was given, the servants followed like a cloud, and the county magistrate ordered the building to be supplied, and it was impossible without two hundred gold; When gathering, we must talk about current events. If the county occasionally disagrees with them, we must make the county correct it. Take bribes.

not a word of Xu zhaokui's words has been confirmed. Wu Jiong, Guang Lucheng, defended Gu Xiancheng last week and said, "Gu Xiancheng sent a letter to save Li Sancai, but it was a bit out of line. I once blamed him, and Gu Xiancheng regretted it. Now that Gu Xiancheng has been falsely accused, the world will be punished for giving lectures, and it is no small thing to keep silent about Confucius and Mencius, and the country's righteousness will be depleted from now on! " After playing hydrophobic, Ming Shenzong did not answer. Since then, those who attacked Gu Xiancheng have not stopped. Honor and disgrace after death

Gu Xiancheng died in his hometown in 1612 (forty years of Wanli). He has left books such as Notes on Careful Zhai, Jinggao Tibetan Draft, and Gu Duan Wen Gong's suicide note.

in the early days of the apocalypse, Emperor Xizong of Ming Dynasty presented Taichangqing of Gu Xiancheng. Because Donglin Party openly criticized the state affairs, it touched Wei Zhongxian, the autocratic eunuch of Xizong, and Wei Zhongxian opened a library to compile the Three Dynasties' Classic, which hit Donglin Party. At the same time, Donglin Dianjianglu and other documents were reported to the court. In 1625 (the fifth year of the Apocalypse), Mingxizong wrote a letter, burned down the national academies, and cut off the titles of Gu Xiancheng.

In 1629 (the second year of Chongzhen), Emperor Chongzhen ordered the restoration of the reputation of Donglin Party members and ordered the restoration of Donglin Academy. Gu Xiancheng won * * *, and presented the right assistant minister of the official department, posthumous title Duan Wen. Main achievements

Gu Xiancheng founded Donglin Academy, and with Donglin Academy as the position, through lectures, arguments, discussions, writing articles and publishing books, he lashed out and criticized all kinds of empty, empty and metaphysical ideas and sermons advocated by Wang Shouren's "Mind Learning" and Wang Xue's last stream in moral cultivation and epistemology, thus promoting the upsurge of practical learning. Character evaluation

The History of Ming Dynasty: The constitution is unique, and you are interested in holy learning when you are young. This paper also focuses on the study of living in the home and benefiting the essence of Qin, and strives to develop Wang Shouren's theory that there is no body that is good and disgusting.

Fan Shuzhi: Gu Xiancheng died in the midst of slander.

History of the Ming Dynasty in China, Cambridge: Gu Xiancheng (155-1612), the main founder of Donglin Movement, as a senior official of the official department, successfully blocked the appointment of an academician to lead his own department, on the grounds that all the university students were already members of the academician, and it would be detrimental to the interests of a sound imperial court to control some major positions of the imperial court by such an exclusive imperial court group. Family member

Elder brother: Gu Xingcheng

Younger brother: Gu Yuncheng

Grandnephew of the VII: Gu Gao Memorial Hall for Later Generations

Gu Xiancheng Memorial Hall, located in Yuanji Lane, Zhangjing Town, Wuxi, is the birthplace of Gu Xiancheng and Gu Yuncheng brothers. The end hall in the memorial hall is five rooms wide, and the beams are decorated with flying fairy carvings. There is a hatchback in front and a pair of bluestone lions in front of the hatchback. The back of the hall used to be a garden, surrounded by cloisters, pavilions, water pavilions and rockeries, which are very secluded. During the Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty, Gu Gao, a descendant of the Gu family, won the champion, so he built a champion hall behind the garden. Tomb

Gu Xiancheng's tomb is in the southwest of Guanjing Village, Chaqiao, Xishan District, Wuxi. There are a pair of square observation columns in front of the tomb, followed by a four-column and three-room Qingshibei Square. On both sides of the aisle, Shiyang, Shi Hu, Shima, Literati and Warrior are neatly arranged. Now there are only a pair of Shi Hu, with simple shapes. In 1985, the cemetery and mound were added, and the tombstone was rebuilt. On the front, the "Tomb of Gu Gong Xian Cheng in the Ming Dynasty" was engraved, and the inscription line was carved with clouds and cranes. Cypress trees were planted all around the cemetery. Ancestral Temple

There is also the Gu Duan Wengong Temple in Wuxi Huishan Tingsongfang, which was founded in 1613 (the forty-first year of the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty) and was shared by Gu Yuncheng. Gu Xiancheng's famous couplet was originally hung in the temple: "The sound of wind and rain is heard; Family affairs, state affairs and everything in the world are concerned. "