[Edit this paragraph] The origin of surname
Deng Nici: Carl? Von Deng Nici [1] (Karl d? Nitz,1891September16-198010/October 24th), the second (and last) head of state (and prime minister) of the German Third Reich.
[Edit this paragraph] Deng Nici's life
1891September 16: Born in Grinau, a suburb of Berlin, he lost his mother since childhood; 19 10: Joined the German Navy as a trainee sailor of the imperial fleet cruiser Lufthansa; /autumn of kloc-0/912: served as naval reserve officer of cruiser breslau; 19 16 10: serving in the U-39 submarine of the german navy, with the rank of second lieutenant; 1965438+February 2007: participated in World War I as the captain of the U-68 submarine; 19 18 10: Captured by the British in the naval battle and imprisoned in the Yorkshire POW camp; 1965438+July 2009: returned to Germany and rejoined the navy; 1935: commander of the first fleet of Nazi German submarines; 1936: Commander-in-Chief of Ren Haijun Submarine Force; 1943 65438+1October: Commander-in-Chief Ren Haijun was awarded the rank of Admiral of the fleet in the same year; 1 May 9451:took over as head of state and supreme commander of Nazi Germany; 1May 2, 945: Mirvik-flensburg forms a new government; 1May 8, 945: Signed the unconditional surrender on behalf of Nazi Germany; 123 May 945: arrested by the British authorities; 1946 10: sentenced by the Nuremberg international military tribunal to 10 years' imprisonment; 1956: released from prison and engaged in writing autobiography. 1980 65438+February 24th: died of illness.
[Edit this paragraph] Introduce the first edition in full.
19181kloc-0/On October 4th, the German submarine UB68 was cruising near Sicily. The captain found the enemy convoy approaching at night. The submarine immediately surfaced to shoot and hit a ship. Then, the captain gave the order to dive, and the skylight closed after a few seconds. Then, an accident happened ... the submarine's head was heavy and sank straight into the sea like a stone. Sailors all know what this means. If we don't try to stop the ship from sinking, the water pressure will crush it. The depth gauge points to 90 meters. When the sailors panicked, the captain ordered the main water tank to be filled with air. He had no other choice. Compressed air hissed and rushed into the main water tank, and the water pressure leaked out. After the boat stood still for a few seconds, it rushed up like an arrow, surfaced and was exposed to the enemy escort fleet. The submarine was sunk immediately. Deng Nici, the captain of UB68, was one of the rescuers. Although he lost a submarine, he found a new way to attack it. In World War II, Deng Nici was the commander of the submarine force and was later promoted to commander-in-chief of the navy. 1959, Admiral Kenning, the British Minister of the Navy, once commented on him: "We should first know what tricks Deng Nici came up with to conquer us after the Germans gave up their plans to invade Britain. The point of his never-ending strategy is to sink our merchant ships as a means to slowly destroy us. He knew that the Atlantic was the only battlefield for Germany to win, and he strongly opposed to dispersing troops in the Mediterranean or even the North Sea. I want to point out again that this is the only correct view. Deng Nici is Britain's most dangerous enemy after Dutch Drouth. " There is no doubt that Deng Nici was a gifted admiral and the best submarine commander in World War II. He applied his rich knowledge to the battlefield. Deng Nici was born in Berlin in 65438. His father is an engineer. As early as his internship on the cruiser "breslau", he gained preliminary military experience. After graduating from a high school in Weimar, he joined the Royal Navy as an alternate officer, completed on-board training on the Hertha, and finally graduated from the special class of flensburg-Milwick Naval School. 19 12 during the balkan war, breslau was sent to the Mediterranean with warships from other European countries to protect the interests of Europe. 165438+1At the beginning of October, the "breslau" sailed for Asia Minor, participated in the blockade of Montenegro, and was sent to Albania to participate in the international landing force in May 19 13. When World War I broke out, Deng Nici was already a second lieutenant. First, the breslau suddenly attacked the French colonial army in the Algerian port of Bonnie. Later, together with the "Zhu Ben", it was transferred to Turkey and became the main force of the Turkish navy. The officers and men on board undertook the task of training Turkish officers and men. It was not until Turkey joined the allied forces that the two cruisers returned to their original organizational system. Deng Nici's "breslau" bombed the oil depot in Novorossiysk, the Russian oil port, and 14 Russian ships, sank the Russian battleship "Rostrav", and destroyed the torpedo factory of Feo Docia in early March of 19 15. When the "breslau" needed to be overhauled, the officers and men on board were assigned to the onshore troops to undertake the task of defending the British landing in Daniil. Deng Nici was sent to an aviation brigade in gallipoli as an observer and airport navigator. Get good grades in your work. 19 16 in March, Deng Nici was promoted to lieutenant. In September, he was transferred back to Germany and sent to serve in the submarine force. Until June 19 18, he was captured because the submarine sank. The destruction of the submarine made him realize that it is impossible to attack the enemy escort fleet with only two submarines, but only one submarine group can be used to succeed. Although this idea came into being, it is far from being realized. Deng Nici was repatriated from the British prison camp in July 19 19, and then returned to the navy to continue his service. He never forgot his submarine group tactics and kept exploring for it. Deng Nici was promoted to captain in 192 1, and was sent to the Baltic naval military command, and then transferred to the torpedo supervision department and the Berlin naval headquarters. 1928 was promoted to navy major and served as the captain of the 4th submarine team, and finally got the opportunity to develop submarine group tactics. He trained in the dawn battle and the night battle, and constantly proved his effectiveness. 1933, Deng Nici was promoted to naval lieutenant colonel, and was transferred as the captain of the training cruiser "Endon", responsible for the training of students in the naval school. 1935 10, Deng Nici became the captain of the submarine fleet "Kangdigen" after being promoted to a naval colonel. This is the first German submarine force established according to the Fleet Treaty signed by Germany and Britain in July 1935. A year later, he mastered the establishment of all submarines. As the captain of the submarine team, Deng Nici is competent. Since 19 18, his thoughts have never left the submarine. He demanded that submarines be clustered and advocated the construction of medium-tonnage mobile submarines. His opinion was adopted, and he continued to develop his theory after completing the tactical grouping and the formation of the central command system of the submarine command. He will not only organize submarines into clusters, but also carry out night attacks under the command of the center. This is different from World War I. At that time, submarines were just fighting alone, and there was no unified tactical command. 1939 1 month, Admiral of the fleet, Lei Deer proposed plan z to *, the main content of which was to build large surface ships into a battle group, and sail straight into the Atlantic Ocean from the German harbor through the North Sea to attack the lifeline of Britain. This large surface fleet is scheduled to be completed in 1948. Plan Z is not in line with Deng Nici's idea. According to the opinion of Deng Nici, the then naval colonel, the geographical position of Germany was not suitable for establishing a battle group for use in the Atlantic Ocean. Because Britain is facing various harbors in Germany, and it can just block the sea routes of the German fleet. It can also control its combat route in the Atlantic. In addition, the German Navy has no repair site in the Atlantic Ocean, and it is very difficult to leave the country once the ship is hit. There is another disadvantage: Britain can attack German surface ships with land planes, while Germany is too far away to do so. Contrary to Lei Deer, Deng Nici has seen the importance of the air force, and he believes that aircraft will develop into a decisive service. The construction plan of large surface ships can only be completed in 1948, which is bound to go against this trend. In view of the fact that the Germans have no defense force at sea, Deng Nici asked to build 300 submarines for the first line, because only such underwater ships are suitable for the task of cutting off the British lifeline. People who study the Anglo-American War today think that Deng Nici's view is correct. They said that if Deng Nici's submarine construction plan was approved, World War II would be another ending. The former enemies thought that the wrong idea of German war guidance was the decisive mistake of their overall strategy, which also caused the tragedies of German submarines and Deng Nici Admiral of the fleet. When the war broke out in September and Britain declared war at the same time, the German navy had only 57 submarines, of which only 26 could undertake combat missions. Therefore, only eight ships can be sent at a time, at most nine ships. Such forces are really too few to fight a decisive battle against all the traffic lines of the British Empire. In order for submarines to undertake the main task against Britain, at least 90 submarines should keep uninterrupted contact with the enemy, which shows that the 300 submarines needed by Deng Nici at that time were absolutely indispensable. Although the number of German submarines was small, they took part in the battle and achieved great success in the first few months of the war. 1939 In September, 40 German submarines sank, with a gross tonnage of153,000 tons. The German navy also torpedoed the British battleship Royal Oak and the aircraft carrier Courage. These brilliant achievements are entirely due to Deng Nici's excellent command. As early as September 3, he ordered the submarine captain to conduct commercial warfare in accordance with the regulations on maritime spoils. Soon, a moment similar to World War I happened: the submarine U30 sank the passenger ship "Athens" carrying innocent women and children, which triggered a more intense naval battle. The British Admiralty ordered all merchant ships to take anti-submarine measures and turn off the lights when sailing at night. On the other hand, Deng Nici has even more brazenly engaged in submarine warfare, ordering attacks on all ships without warning. Deng Nici was promoted to Major General. In the same month, he put forward a submission, emphasizing the significance of shortening the route into the Atlantic Ocean, and suggested setting up an excellent submarine base in the Norwegian port of Hamm, Delens. In the three years from 1940 to 1942, German submarines have created brilliant achievements. Deng Nici improved his submarine cluster tactics, which made people fear the "grey wolves" in these oceans. He asked the navy's long-range search agency to report the position of enemy ships, and then radioed the submarine groups to attack these targets. At the same time, each submarine group also attacked the enemy's escort ships, causing them to fall into chaos and then attacking other ships. 1March, 943, Deng Nici's success reached its climax. His submarine sank 750,000 tons of enemy ships in 20 days. Colonel Roskill, a British naval historian, once recalled the scene at that time: "We felt that although no one would admit it, our failure was doomed." 1940, Deng Nici was promoted to vice admiral. 1943 1 30th, the commander-in-chief of the navy, Lei Deer, was allowed to resign because of disagreement with *. Deng Nici was recommended by Lei Deer to succeed the commander-in-chief of the navy and was promoted to Admiral of the fleet. At this time, the naval battle was unexpectedly fierce. Deng Nici found that although the officers and men of his submarine force were brave and tactically successful, the general trend had completely changed, and the Atlantic naval battle was doomed to failure. What happened is this: the submarine that surfaced in smoke and was disguised was suddenly attacked by enemy planes and sank, which was amazing. I don't know how enemy planes found these well-disguised submarines. It turns out that the British long-range bomber is equipped with a new type of director with high accuracy. The so-called "Rotterdam Equipment", since then, the losses suffered by German submarines have been increasing, forcing Deng Nici to suspend its operational research and countermeasures. Britain not only adopted a new type of orienter, but also adopted a new escort tactic to deal with submarines: all transport fleets are covered by planes, and the orienter on board can detect the movements of submarines, while the anti-submarine ship is on one side of the fleet, just to improve vigilance. The air in the North Atlantic was tightly sealed, forcing Deng Nici to withdraw all submarines, thus turning the situation around in the allied escort operation. On June 1943, Deng Nici sent 435 submarines to attack the enemy convoy. At this time, a new submarine was successfully developed. The underwater speed of this submarine is increased from 7 knots to 16 knots to 18 knots, and it can stay underwater for a longer time according to an air suction device. Unfortunately, this submarine has not been put into mass production. Due to the allied bombing of the German shipyard, Deng Nici didn't get a turn for the better in the naval battle. 1945, at the critical moment of national survival, Deng Nici was appointed as president. * After committing suicide, he also delivered a eulogy to German nationals by radio. For three weeks, Deng Nici has been the dying German President. He decided to continue to fight on the eastern front, lest the German soldiers and civilians fall into the hands of the Russians. To this end, he also asked Britain and the United States for help, and his request was sternly rejected by Eisenhower. Deng Nici himself was finally thrown into the prisoner camp. When Deng Nici was tried by an international military court, he was accused of directing a criminal naval battle and taking part in the preparations for the war of aggression. During the trial, the defendant's defense proved that Deng Nici did not use criminal means to direct the naval battle, so he was acquitted in this respect, but was sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of 10 years because of his second crime. After the verdict, Deng Nici was sent to Spandau Prison to serve his sentence. After he was released from prison, he settled in Omilai. In the book "The History of Germany in the Last Hundred Years", Zete commented on the days when Deng Nici was the German President: "Since the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of El Alamein, the war has lost its military significance. But in these eight days, Deng Nici continued to fight, making millions of German soldiers and civilians leave Russia and turn to the west ... ". Admiral of the fleet of Germany and Deng Nici, founder of Nazi German submarine force, commented that Deng Nici proposed that the key to defeating Britain was to cut off its maritime traffic lines and defeat Britain as a maritime power with economic war. The most suitable strategic task is submarine. He advocated the construction of a large number of medium and small submarines to attack merchant ships and destroy the British Atlantic maritime traffic lines. In the use of submarines, he stressed that submarines should be sent to the sea areas where the other side's transportation is frequent and the submarine's defense is weak, so as to achieve the greatest effect. In terms of combat means, he advocated "wolf pack tactics", that is, multi-submarine cluster operations and close-range night surface attacks. German submarines used this tactic to sink a large number of British ships, which had serious consequences for the maritime transportation of allies. Deng Nici attaches importance to air and sea cooperation. At his repeated request, the German Navy had the 40th bomber wing for the first time. This air force equipped with the "Condor" aircraft modified from FW-200 transport aircraft is mainly responsible for cooperating with submarines and reporting the position and strength composition of the allied escort transport team. However, due to Marshal Goering's contempt for air-sea coordination and the technical defects of the FW-200 transport plane itself, after the end of 1942, Britain and the United States strengthened the escort system, improved anti-submarine weapons and anti-submarine measures, and attacked German submarines lacking sufficient air support, and the German submarine war finally failed. But what should be affirmed is that Deng Nici dared to resist the pressure, abandoned the frontal combat of large ships and adopted the judgment ability of submarine warfare. British Prime Minister Churchill spoke highly of their military talents and extraordinary judgment in his autobiography and British naval officer Roskill in his book China and Roskill. In Churchill's memoirs, Deng Nici and German submarines were regarded by Germany as the biggest threat to the British navy, but when he learned that the Nazi government was obsessed with the Z plan of building large ships after the war, he felt incredible. These are the best proofs of Deng Nici and his submarine force.
[Edit this paragraph] Introduce the second edition in full.
189 1 year, Deng Nici was born in a noble family in Prussia. He/Kloc-joined the German Navy at the age of 0/9 and began his 35-year maritime adventure career. When World War I broke out, Deng Nici was a junior officer on the light cruiser "breslau". In l9l6, Deng Nici was transferred to the submarine force. Although it was his first contact with submarines, he immediately fell in love with this new type of naval weapon and embarked on a brilliant naval career. Two years later, Deng Nici was promoted to captain of the submarine UB68, and carried out a mission in the Mediterranean theater. Deng Nici and German submarine commander Stinebower, the most adventurous, studied the new tactics of submarine attack. They changed the time of traditional submarine attack from day to night, and under the cover of night, they crossed the cordon of enemy destroyers and directly attacked merchant ships. 19181kloc-0/0 On October 3rd, in a battle with a British ship, Deng Nici commanded the submarine UB68 to evade the British destroyer, sank the merchant ship L, and then quietly retreated. However, UB68, commanded by Deng Nici, suddenly lost control while snorkeling, and was forced to float and be exposed to the British destroyer. Under the intensive bombardment of British naval artillery, Deng Nici had to give an order to abandon the ship. He and his crew became prisoners and were sent to England for detention. After World War I, the German submarine force ceased to exist, and Deng Nici, who was released back to China, was transferred to a surface ship for service. 1September, 934, the German army reorganized its emergency forces. Deng Nici was appointed as the "chief submarine officer" of the navy. Marshal Ryder, then commander-in-chief of the navy, was very appreciative of Deng Nici and granted him full authority to handle all matters related to development plans, strategies and tactics, training and so on. Now that Deng Nici is in power, he can finally make a splash. In just four years, he developed the German submarine force into a performance force that almost changed the course of World War II. In the days before the war, the submarine force was the "darling" of the German navy. Deng Nici personally selected and trained the officers and men of the submarine force, and spared no effort to instill his fighting thoughts in them. He regards the submarine soldier as his own child. Whenever the submarine returns from the sea, he personally greets it at the dock. The officers and men called him the godfather. Very loyal to him. His greatest wish is revenge on the British. He also conveyed this wish to the officers and men of the submarine team. Thus, a group of vicious and cunning sea killers have been trained. 1 September 9391day, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. World War II broke out in an all-round way. On September 3, Britain declared war on Germany and imposed a sea blockade on Germany. However, the voice of the British government's declaration of war did not fall, and Deng Nici's U-30 submarine killed the British passenger ship Athena and sent it to the bottom. German submarines immediately rushed out to attack British ships. Although the number of submarines in Deng Nici is small, it still sets a dazzling record. Among them, the U-47 submarine escaped the alert of the British army, sneaked into the Scarpa Bay base in England, and sank the British battleship Royal Oak in one fell swoop, which was a sensation. Deng Nici was promoted to admiral and became commander-in-chief of the diving fleet. From 65438 to March 0940, the German submarine sank 200 ships. /kloc-in the summer of 0/940, the Germans occupied France. This shortened the voyage of German submarines into and out of the Atlantic by 80 nautical miles. You can go in and out of the hinterland of the Atlantic directly, and you don't have to waste time and fuel to sneak through the waters blocked by the British. At the same time, the number of submarines in Germany has increased rapidly. Deng Nici moved the headquarters of the diving fleet to France, took the French coastal port as the submarine base, released a batch of "wolves" and launched an all-out attack on the British fleet. The "wolf pack" tactics have created miracles. 165438+1From June to June, German submarines sank 272 ships, accounting for1395 million tons, which was the first "golden time" for wolves to hunt. During the whole battle, Deng Nici strictly controlled every submarine. Only when he started to attack did he let his captains play freely. But when to attack and when to fight, he has the final say and strictly carries it out. Deng Nici's "wolves" wantonly ravaged the Atlantic Ocean, causing great losses to the Allies. Churchill said: "In the war, the only thing I am worried about is the threat of submarines ... For me, the fighting in this area is more worrying than the air combat on the British Island. In order to contain and defeat the attack of wolves, the British and American navies began to carry out anti-submarine warfare in an all-round way. With the establishment of a powerful escort fleet and the formation of a strict air and sea surveillance network, especially the new radars and new depth charges used in anti-submarine warfare, the allies laid a tight encirclement and rounded up the "wolves" in the Atlantic Ocean. It's the end of the wolf. The damage of the submarine Demu became more and more frequent, and finally it had to leave the Atlantic Ocean in late May of 1943. The battle of the Atlantic ended in the victory of the allies. Deng Nici tried his best to save the day. He ordered the construction of XXI submarine with snorkel, but the construction of the new submarine was affected by the allied strategic bombing, and it was not officially put into use until April 1945. At present, it is impossible for Deng Nici to make a difference. However, Deng Nici's career is always lucky. Thanks to Hitler's appreciation, he became commander-in-chief of the navy in 1943 and was promoted to Admiral of the fleet. Before Hitler committed suicide, he was appointed as the heir to the head of state and served as prime minister for three weeks. 1945 On May 8th, Deng Nici signed a document announcing the unconditional surrender of Germany. He himself was captured by the allied forces on the 22nd and sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment. 1956, Deng Nici was released from prison and stayed at home until 1980. It is worth mentioning that when Deng Nici announced his surrender, the German submarine force under his command refused to lay down their weapons. With the command code-named "Rainbow" issued by the headquarters, more than 200 surviving German submarines sank all over the world. This is the last madness of wolves.
[Edit this paragraph] Deng Nici's historical evaluation
Deng Nici believes that the key to defeating Britain is to cut off its maritime traffic lines and defeat Britain as a maritime power through economic war. The submarine is the most suitable for this strategic task. He advocated building a large number of medium and small submarines, attacking merchant ships and destroying the British Atlantic maritime traffic lines. In the use of submarines, he emphasized sending submarines to the sea areas where the other side has frequent transportation and weak submarine defense, in order to achieve the greatest results. In terms of combat means, he advocated "wolf pack tactics", that is, multi-submarine cluster operations and close-range night surface attacks. German submarines used this tactic to sink a large number of British ships, which brought serious consequences to allied maritime transportation. Deng Nici attached great importance to air-sea cooperation, and at his repeated request, the German Navy had the 40th bomber wing for the first time. This air force, equipped with an improved "vulture" aircraft with FW-200 transport aircraft, is mainly responsible for cooperating with submarines and reporting the position and strength composition of allied escort transport teams. However, due to Goering air police's contempt for air-sea coordination and the technical defects of FW-200 transport aircraft itself, the air-sea coordination effect is not very good. After 1942, Britain and the United States strengthened the escort system, improved anti-submarine weapons and anti-submarine measures, and attacked German submarines lacking sufficient air support. The German submarine war finally failed. But what should be affirmed is that Deng Nici dares to resist the pressure, giving up the frontal combat of large ships and adopting the judgment ability of submarine warfare. British Prime Minister Churchill spoke highly of his military talent and extraordinary judgment in his autobiography and British naval officer Roskill in his book. In his memoirs, Churchill thought that Deng Nici and German submarines were the biggest threat to the British navy by Germany. When Roskill learned that the Nazi government was obsessed with the Z plan of building large ships after the war, he was very surprised. These are the best proofs of Deng Nici and his submarine force.
[Edit this paragraph] Deng Nici's book.
The 10th and 20th, My Changing Life, German Submarines in World War II and German Naval Strategy in World War II.