1. The meaning of virtue in ancient Chinese
①
②
Also <; move>; grateful. "Historical Records·Biography of Lord Xinling": "Zhao Xiaocheng, the son of Wang De, pretended to seize the Jin soldiers and save Zhao.".
③
④
Morality, moral education, moral influence. 2. What are the ancient texts and famous sentences about morality?
When the year is cold, you will know that the pines and cypresses will wither.
——"The Analects of Confucius? Zihan" A gentleman is magnanimous and magnanimous, while a villain has long relationships. ——"The Analects of Confucius?" Virtue is never alone, it must have neighbors.
——"The Analects of Confucius? Li Ren" Failure to do what is right is a lack of courage. ——"The Analects of Confucius? For Politics" If a person has no faith, he does not know what he can do.
——"The Analects of Confucius? For Politics" The beauty of a gentleman is the beauty of a man, but the evil of a man is not. ——"The Analects of Confucius? Yan Yuan" Wealth and honor cannot be lascivious, poverty and lowliness cannot be moved, and power cannot bend.
——"Mencius? Exit Teng Wen Gong" A man with lofty ideals will never forget to be in the ravine, and a brave man will never forget to lose his strength. ——"Mencius? Exit Teng Wen Gong" Enjoy the world, worry about the world.
——"Mencius? Under King Hui of Liang" People cannot ***. ——"Mencius: Dedicate Your Heart" Virtue is invincible.
——"Zuo Zhuan? The Twenty-eighth Years of Duke Xi" Follow good deeds like a stream. ——"Zuo Zhuan? In the eighth year of Chenggong's reign" Private hatred is not as important as public hatred.
——"Zuo Zhuan? The fifth year of Duke Ai" To do good is to ascend, to do evil is to collapse. ——"Guoyu? Zhouyu" Stones can be broken, but the strong ones cannot be taken away; elixirs can be polished, but the red ones cannot be taken away.
——"Lu's Spring and Autumn Period? Ji Dong Ji" Noble others but despise yourself, put others before yourself. - "Book of Rites? Fang Ji" Do not eat the food that comes with sighs.
——"Book of Rites? Tan Gongxia" Put national urgent matters first and then private hatred. ——Han Dynasty, Sima Qian's "Historical Records, Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" Sincerity is the foundation of gold and stone.
——Han Dynasty Liu Xin's "Xijing Miscellaneous Notes" Volume 5 The strong wind knows the strong grass. ——Fan Ye, Song Dynasty, Southern Dynasty, "Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Wang Ba Biography" Quietness cultivates one's moral character, and frugality cultivates one's virtue.
——Three Kingdoms of Shu? Zhuge Liang's "Book of Commandments" There is no better way to save the cold than to wear a heavy coat, and to stop slander, there is no better way than self-cultivation. ——Jin? Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms? Wei Shu? Biography of Wang Chang" Who is immortal? In the country of death, there is great loyalty.
——Jin? Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms? Wei Shu? Biography of Yang Fu" He dedicated his life to death. ——Three Kingdoms? Zhuge Liang's "The Later Master" Dan can be polished but cannot take away its color, orchid can be burnt but cannot destroy its sweetness, jade can be broken but cannot change its whiteness, gold can be sold but cannot change its strength.
——Northern Qi Dynasty? ——Li Baiyao of Tang Dynasty, "Book of Northern Qi Dynasty, Biography of Yuan Jing'an" If you do good, you will be prepared, if you do evil, you will go.
——Yan Zhitui, Northern Qi Dynasty, "Yan Family Instructions: Something Happens" If the source is clean, the flow will be clear, and if the shape is straight, the shadow will be straight. ——Wang Bo of the Tang Dynasty, "Shang Liu You Xiang Shu" When a scholar is poor, he sees integrity.
——Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty, "Liu Zihou's Epitaph" If you are not afraid of a righteous death, you will not be honored to live. ——Han Yu, Tang Dynasty, "Postscript of the Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng" The good and evil of reputation lies in people.
——Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty, "With Wei Zhong's Running Script": Jealous of evil is like hatred, and seeing good is like hunger and thirst. ——Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty, "Living up Zhang Zhengfu's self-declaration" Stimulates the turbid and promotes the pure, hates evil and loves good.
——Wu Jing of the Tang Dynasty, "Zhenguan Political dignitaries? Ren Xian" When a person is defeated, everything falls apart. ——Liu Zongyuan of the Tang Dynasty, "A Letter to Xu Jingzhao and Meng Rong" Fire does not invade jade.
——Liu Yuxi of the Tang Dynasty, "Sikong Xigong's Divine Stele" The reason why martyrs are different from ordinary people is that they use their loyalty to match their friendship. ——Liu Yuxi of the Tang Dynasty, "Shangdu Situ Shu" To cultivate one's moral character and conduct one's conduct, one's words must be written with ink.
——Wang Anshi, Song Dynasty, "The Interpretation of Fate" A gentleman's origin does not violate the Tao and is worthy of shame. ——Ouyang Xiu, Song Dynasty, "Talk to Yan Zhi" It is better to die with righteousness than live happily, and regard death as home.
——Ouyang Xiu, Song Dynasty, "On Indulgence in Prisoners" Integrity and shame are the most important aspects of a gentleman. ——Song Dynasty Ouyang Xiu's "On Integrity and Shame" Those who are shameless will do anything.
——Ouyang Xiu, Song Dynasty, "Wei Gongqing's List of Honorable Names" No longer know that there are shameful things in the world! ——Song Dynasty Ouyang Xiu's "Book of Remonstrances from Shanggao Si" Good and evil are as different as fire and water, which are incompatible. ——Song Dynasty Ouyang Xiu's "Ji Ding Xueshiwen" Worry about the world's worries first, and rejoice after the world's happiness.
——Fan Zhongyan, Song Dynasty, "Yueyang Tower" Mount Tai collapsed in front but its color remained unchanged. ——Song Dynasty Su Xun's "Mind Skills" If a person is good, a hundred good deeds are not enough; if a person is not good, one bad deed is enough.
——Yang Wanli, Song Dynasty, "Yongyan" If a mortal is good, he will not praise himself but others will praise him; if he is evil, he will not destroy himself but others will destroy him. ——Su Shi, Song Dynasty, "Planning Jinshi's Strategies for the Imperial Examination" A heroic scholar must be able to excel others.
——Song Dynasty Su Shi's "Liu Hou Lun" Nirvana is in turbidity but not in silence. ——Su Che, Song Dynasty, "Feng Jing's Grace System" Do not harm justice with personal love.
——Song Dynasty Su Che's "On Hou Cheng Shao Owing to Wine Lessons to Counter the Son's Benefit to Fill the Zhazi" The mud is not stained, and the clear ripples are not demonic. ——Zhou Dunyi, Song Dynasty, "Ai Lian Shuo" There is no rash thinking inside and no rash action outside.
——Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty, "A Brief Collection of Zhu Ziyu Lei" He was humble and did not dare to forget about the country. ——Song Dynasty? Lu You's "Sickness arose from the book" The sound of wind, rain, and reading are heard in the ears; family affairs, national affairs, world affairs, everything is concerned.
——Ming Dynasty? Gu Xiancheng's couplet of Donglin Academy. Money is like dung, but benevolence and righteousness are worth a thousand gold. ——Ming Dynasty Feng Menglong's "Warning Words: A Gui Member Repented of Being Poor while Traveling" It is a matter of loyalty to someone who has been entrusted by others.
——Feng Menglong of the Ming Dynasty, "Warning Words: Wang Jiaoluan's Centenary Revenge" Those who protect the world are as humble as ordinary people, so they have no responsibility. ——Ming Dynasty Gu Yanwu's "Rizhilu" Volume 13 Every inch of mountains and rivers is worth gold.
——Qing Dynasty? Huang Zunxian's "Gift to Liang Renfu in the Same Year" When the world rises and falls, everyone is responsible. ——Chapter 10 of "History of Pain" written by Wu Yanren in the Qing Dynasty. If you do good, you will be famous for centuries, and if you do evil, you will be stink for thousands of years.
——Cheng Yunsheng, Qing Dynasty, "Young School Qionglin Personnel".
3. The answer to the classical Chinese essay "Respect virtue without flattery"
It should be "Respect virtue without flattery" (chan3). The title seems to have been added later. I wrote a junior high school Chinese question. "Chao Ye Qian Zai (excerpt)" 》(Tang Dynasty) Zhang Hui, the official secretary, Tang Jian and Taizong fought over chess. The superior was furious and went out to Tanzhou. The anger was not vented, so he said to Yuchi Jingde: "Tang Jian underestimates me, I want to kill him, sir." There are complaints and accusations for my verification." Jingde Weiwei. Tomorrow, when we met with Zhan Yun, Jingde paused and said, "I really don't hear it." He asked frequently and was convinced. He was so angry that he broke the jade on the ground and threw his clothes in. He searched for it for a long time. After eating, he invited everyone of the third grade or above to the banquet, and said: "Today, there are three people who benefit from respecting virtue. Tang Jian will avoid unnecessary death, and I will avoid unnecessary death. Respecting virtue will avoid obedience. These are the three benefits. I have the beauty of being angry, and frugality will lead to rebirth." Fortunately, respect for virtue has the reputation of loyalty and uprightness, which is the three benefits." Rewarding a thousand pieces of respect for virtue, all ministers will say long live. Translation found online: Tang Jian, the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, and Taizong were playing chess and had a dispute. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty was furious. , he was demoted out of the capital to serve as an official in Tanzhou. Still angry, he said to Yuchi Jingde: "Tang Jian despises me, and I want to kill him. You can find some complaints or accusations against him for me." As an excuse)." Jingde agreed. When he reported back to Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty the next day, Jingde kowtowed and said, "I really didn't hear it." He asked him again and again, but he still didn't change his mind. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty became angry and smashed the jade pendant. On the ground, he waved his sleeves and left. After a long time, Tang Taizong invited the ministers to have a meal. Officials of the third rank and above came. Tang Taizong said: "What Jingde did today has three major benefits. Tang Jian can avoid wasting his life. I avoid unnecessary killings, I respect virtue and avoid compromise, these are the three major benefits; I have the virtue of having the courage to change my ways, Tang Jian has the luck of rebirth, and respecting virtue has the reputation of being loyal and upright, these are the three major benefits." So he rewarded Jingde with a thousand. All the ministers praised Taizong of Tang Dynasty. There are some problems in the above translation, such as "Zhengdao", "Qianduan", etc. The following is my translation based on this. Tang Jian, the Minister of the Ministry of official affairs, played chess with Taizong. Tang Jian They scrambled to place the chess pieces in favorable positions. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty was furious and demoted him to be the governor of Tanzhou. The emperor could not vent his accumulated anger and said to Yuchi Jingde: "Tang Jian is contemptuous of me. I want to kill him. You "Confirm for me that Tang Jian has complaints and accusations (against the emperor)." Jingde respectfully agreed. The next day (to Zhan Yun? Not sure), Jingde kowtowed and said, "I really didn't hear that." I asked him many times. , still determined. Tang Taizong became angry, smashed the jade on the ground, and entered the inner room with his sleeves fluttering. After a long time, Tang Taizong had a meal and invited officials of third grade or above to the banquet. The emperor said: "Jingde is doing this now. There are three advantages and benefits. Tang Jian avoided dying unjustly, I avoided killing ministers by mistake, and respecting virtue prevented me from being submissive. These are the three major advantages. I have the virtue of self-blame for my mistakes, and Tang Jian has the luck of rebirth. Respect for virtue has a reputation of loyalty and uprightness, which are three major benefits." Yuchi Gong was awarded a thousand pieces of silk and satin. All the ministers shouted "Long live"... 4. Ancient essays on morality
Dao Ke Tao is very Tao. It can be named, but it is not named. It is the beginning of the world; it is the mother of all things. The same is called Xuan. Mysterious and mysterious, the door to all mysteries.
Huainanzi: "Name and Tao are not distinct. When a person receives a name, the Tao is not used; when the Tao overcomes a person, the name dies. The Tao competes with people, and those who praise people will also stop the Tao." If people's moral principles are gone, the danger is not far away. If there is a great reputation in the past, the day will come. Those who want to be famous must do good; those who want to do good must do good things. If you memorize the number and just let it go. If you want to be praised for your good deeds, but if you want to be famous for your quality, you will not fix the problem, but it will not be done in time. If you do not fix the problem, you will be responsible; if you do not do it in time, there will be no merit. Responsibility If you have a lot of merit and there is nothing to block it, you will make a mistake and get the answer, and you will hit the target if you make a mistake. The success of the work is not enough to be punished; the failure of the thing is not enough to destroy the body. Therefore, if you focus on doing good, you should focus on doing wrong. But it is more important than the Tao."
Confucius's famous sayings
1. Wealth and honor cannot be immoral, poverty and lowliness cannot be moved, and power cannot bend.
2. Old people are like old people and people are old, young people are like young people and people are young.
3. Born in sorrow and died in happiness.
4. If you get the right way, you will get a lot of help, but if you don’t get the right way, you will get little help.
Ancient scholars must have teachers. A teacher is the one who preaches the truth, receives karma and resolves doubts. People are not born with knowledge, how can they be free from confusion? If you are confused and do not follow the teacher, it is confusion, and you will never be able to understand it.
If they were born before me, they heard the Tao before me, so I learned from them; if they were born after me, they heard the Tao before me, so I learned from them.
My teacher, do you know who was born to me one year or another? Therefore, there is neither high nor low, neither long nor short. Where the Tao exists, the teacher exists.
Sigh! It’s been a long time since teachers’ teachings were passed on! It’s hard to be free from confusion! The ancient saints were also far away from others, and they still asked if they were teachers. Today's people are also far away from the saints, and they are ashamed to learn from their teachers. Therefore, the saint will benefit the saint, and the fool will benefit the fool. Is this why saints are saints and fools are fools?
If you love your son, you will choose a teacher to teach him; but for yourself, you will be ashamed of the teacher and confused. The teacher of that boy is the reader who learns the sentences after being taught the book. He is not what I call someone who teaches his way and solves his confusion. I don't know how to read a sentence, I don't understand it when I'm confused, maybe it's a teacher's fault, or maybe it's not a good idea.
A man of witchcraft, doctor, musician and skill, he is not ashamed to be a physiognomist. The clan of scholar-bureaucrats would gather together and laugh at those who said "master" or "disciple". When asked, he said: "He is similar to that year, and the Tao is similar. A low position is shameful, and a high official is close to flattery." Woohoo! It can be seen that the teacher's way is no longer restored. Gentlemen despise a man who is a man of witchcraft, medicine, music and craftsmanship, but now his wisdom is beyond his reach. How strange that is!
The sage is the teacher of impermanence. Confucius studied under Tanzi, Changhong, Xiang and Laodan. The disciples of Tanzi were not as wise as Confucius. Confucius said: When three people are walking together, there must be my teacher. Therefore, the disciple does not have to be inferior to the master, and the master does not have to be better than the disciple. There is a priority in learning the Tao, and there is a specialization in the art, that's all.
Li's son, Pan, was seventeen years old. He was fond of ancient prose and had a thorough study of all six classics. Yu Jiaqi was able to practice the ancient way and wrote "Shi Shuo" to teach him.
5. When Heaven is about to assign a great responsibility to a person, he must first strain his mind, strain his muscles and bones, and starve his body.
There are also eight articles on virtue by pre-Qin scholars