Send to Huang Jifu

I live in Beihai and Nanhai (2), and I can’t send you a letter by geese to thank you (3).

Peaches and plums in the spring breeze, a glass of wine, and ten years of rain in the rivers and lakes.

There are only four vertical walls to manage the household (4), but there are no three-fold arm (5) to treat the disease.

Thinking about it until my head turns white from reading. Across the stream, the ape cries about the miasma of vines in the stream⑹. [1]

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Calligraphy works

⑴Huang Jifu: Huang Jie , named Jifu, from Nanchang, was Huang Tingjian's good friend when he was a boy. His deeds can be found in "Huang Jifu's Epitaph" written by Huang Tingjian (Volume 23 of "Collected Works of Mr. Huang in Yuzhang").

⑵ "I live" sentence: "Zuo Zhuan: The Fourth Year of Duke Xi": "The king is in the North Sea, and the few are in the South China Sea, but the wind, horse and cow are incompatible with each other." The author in the "Postscript" Said: "We have been in Sihui, Guangzhou, and Deping Town, Dezhou, both of which are on the seaside."

⑶ "Send the wild geese": Legend has it that when the geese fly south, they cannot return to Yanfeng from Hengyang, let alone Lingnan.

⑷ Four standing walls: "Historical Records·Biography of Sima Xiangru": "Wenjun ran to Xiangru at night, and Xiangru galloped back to Chengdu, where his family members stood four walls."

⑸畲(qí) :pray. Humerus: The upper arm, the part of the arm from the elbow to the shoulder. In ancient times, there was a saying that if you break the humerus in three ways, you will be a good doctor.

⑹Mias (zhàng) Creek: According to old legend, there is a lot of miasma in the remote areas south of Lingnan. Xi: Collected Works and Complete Works of the Ming Dynasty. This work is "Smoke".

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I live on the northern coast, and you live on the southern coast. You want to ask the swan geese to pass the message, but it cannot fly to Hengyang. Back then, I watched peaches and plums and drank fine wine under the spring breeze. I was in a state of poverty. It has been ten years since we parted ways. I often looked at the lonely lamp, listened to the autumn rain, and missed you. You only have four empty walls to support your livelihood. It's so difficult. The ancients became good doctors after breaking their arms three times, but I hope you don't do this. I wish you were poor and self-sufficient and studied hard, but now your hair has turned white. Across the mountain stream full of miasma, apes are wailing and clinging to the ivy in the deep forest.

Creative background

This poem was written in the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), the reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty. At this time, Huang Tingjian was in charge of Deping Town, Dezhou (now part of Shandong). Huang Jifu, named Jie, was born in Nanchang (now Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province). He had a close friendship with Huang Tingjian when they were young. Huang Tingjian wrote many poems for Huang Jifu, such as "Leave a few more drinks" and "Leave a few more drinks". , "Several Farewells" and so on. At this time, Huang Ji returned to Sihui County (today's Sihui County, Guangdong). At that time, the two of them were living in different parts of the world. Huang Tingjian missed his friend and wrote this poem. [1]

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The artistic conception picture "I live in Beihai Junnanhai" in "Send Huang Jifu", from The situation is sudden. The words "north" and "south" of the places where each other live already show the meaning of missing friends and not seeing them; adding the word "sea" to each of them makes it even more obvious that they are far apart and the sea and sky are vast. The author wrote this poem and said: "I have been in Sihui, Guangzhou several times, and I have been in Deping Town, Dezhou, both of which are on the seaside." It comes out as expected, but there is something unexpected about it. The two friends, one in the North Sea and the other in the South China Sea, missed each other and never saw each other, so they naturally thought of sending letters; the allusion of "sending letters to wild geese" came easily. Li Bai spent a long time in the night, and Du Fu wrote in Qinzhou's poem "Embrace Li Bai at the end of the day": "A cool breeze rises at the end of the day, what do you think of a gentleman? When will the swans arrive? There will be plenty of autumn water in the rivers and lakes!" Emphasizing that the music is difficult to reach, he said: " "Just when will the swan geese arrive?" But Huang Tingjian used a different way of saying: "Send a letter to Yan'er - thank you for not being able to do so." It means: I asked Yan'er to send a letter, but Yan'er declined. "Send a message to a wild goose" is a very familiar allusion, but when it is followed by "Xie Bubu", it immediately turns familiar into new. Huang Tingjian pays attention to the method of "turning iron into gold". Wang Ruoxu criticized: "Lu Zhi's poems have the metaphors of 'taking the reincarnation and changing the bones' and 'turning iron into gold', which are regarded as famous words in the world. Looking at this, it is very cunning to plagiarize. "("Hunan Poetry" Volume 2) Of course there are situations similar to "plagiarism", but they cannot be generalized. The poem mentioned above can be regarded as a successful example.

"Sending wild geese to pass letters" is used as an allusion, but it just means delivering letters. But according to legend, the wild geese flew south and stopped at Hengyang. Wang Bo's "Farewell Preface to Tengwang Pavilion of Denghong Mansion in Autumn" says: "The formation of wild geese startled the cold, and the sound cut off the Pupu of Hengyang." Qin Guan's "Ruan Lang Gui" said: "There are still geese in Hengyang passing messages, but there are no geese in Chenyang." Huang Tingjian The poem also has the same meaning; but the personification of Yan'er makes the writing more interesting.

The second couplet was famous at the time. The words used in these two poems are common, and can even be said to be "statements", not "unusual". Zhang Lei called it a "strange language", of course, he was talking about it as a whole; unfortunately, he did not explain why it was "strange" or where the "strange" was. In fact, it is Huang Tingjian's choice of words and poems that creates such a fresh and timeless artistic conception, giving people a strong artistic impression.

Ren Yuan seems to have made a mistake when he said that "the two sentences both recall the joy of traveling in the past." According to the "Epitaph of Huang Jifu", in the ninth year of Xining (1076), Huang Jifu "went to school to study his origins and transferred to Chengxiang Wei"; it was exactly ten years before he wrote this poem. Judging from the poetic meaning, Huang Jifu and the author got together in the capital when they were "studying classmates", and then parted ways for ten years. These two lines of poetry, the first line recalls the joy of getting together in the capital, and the second line expresses the deep longing for each other after farewell. The poet breaks away from the usual situation and does not use general expressions such as "the two of us met back then", but uses the words "a glass of wine".

"A glass of wine" is too common, but its commonness can give people rich hints. Shen Yue's "Farewell to Fan Ancheng" said: "Don't say a bottle of wine, it will be difficult to hold it tomorrow." Wang Wei's "Send Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi" said: "I advise you to drink another glass of wine. There will be no old friends when you leave Yangguan in the west." Du Fu's " "Recalling Li Bai in Spring Day" says: "When does a bottle of wine change the importance of a detailed essay?" When old friends meet, whether they have a heart-to-heart talk or an essay, they always drink wine. With just "a glass of wine", the scene of two people meeting was written. The poet also chose the words "peaches and plums" and "spring breeze". These two words are also very familiar, but because of their familiarity, they can suddenly call the sunny spring scene in front of the reader. Using these two words to "a cup of wine" to set off the beautiful scenery in a good time, bring out the joy of meeting friends. It showed.

In fact, it is not that easy to use seven words to describe the separation of two people and their longing for each other after separation. However, the poet chose "Jianghu", "Yeyu" and "Ten Years of Lamps" to write a moving description. The word "jianghu" can make people think of circulation and wandering. Du Fu's "Dream of Li Bai" says: "There are many turmoils in the rivers and lakes, and the boat may be lost." "Night Rain" can arouse the feeling of nostalgia, Li Shangyin's "Night Rain Sends to the North" "It says: "You have not yet heard of your return date, but the night rain in Bashan fills the autumn pond." Listening to the "night rain" in the "Jianghu" adds to the feeling of desolation. When it rains at night, it is necessary to light a lamp, so the word "lamp" was chosen. "Lamp" is a commonly used word, and "Ten Years Lamp" is the author's first creation. When used in conjunction with "Jianghu Night Rain", it can stimulate a series of readers' imaginations: two friends, each wandering in the rivers and lakes, Every night when it rains, we sit alone facing the lonely lamp, missing each other, and staying up late at night. And this situation has lasted for ten years.

In the late Tang Dynasty, Wen Tingyun did not use verbs, but only selected some nouns and matched them appropriately, and wrote two lines of poem "The sound of chickens in Maodian and the moon, and the traces of people in Banqiao in the frost", which truly expresses the "Morning Journey to Shangshan" "The scene is quite praised by later generations. Ouyang Xiu was interested in learning, and wrote a couplet in the poem "Sending Zhang to the Secret School and Returning to the Village", "Birds sing in the rain in the plum shop, willows color the wild bridges in spring". Finally, he felt that it was within the scope, and he himself was not satisfied (see "Shihua"). "Zong Gui", "Cun Yu Tang Poetry"). This couplet of poems by Huang Tingjian draws on the syntax of Wen Shi, but creates a unique artistic conception. "Peach plums", "spring breeze", "a cup of wine", "jianghu", "night rain", "ten years of lanterns", these are all nouns or noun phrases, each of which can make people Imagining specific scenes and situations presents an intriguing world of art.

At the same time, these two poems contrast with each other. In addition to the scenes they express respectively, the two poems also show many things from the comparison with each other. First, what is written in the second sentence clearly refers to the scene ten years after the separation, including the scene in front of me; then, what is written in the previous sentence is naturally the scene ten years ago. Therefore, there is no need to say "we met back then" in the previous sentence, and this meaning is already reflected in the comparison with the following sentence. Second, in addition to the meaning mentioned above, "jianghu" also has a meaning relative to the capital. The so-called "being in the Jianghu, thinking about Wei Que" is an obvious example. The word "spring breeze" also has another meaning. Meng Jiao's poem "After Enrollment" goes: "In the past, being sordid is not enough to praise, but now there is no limit to the dissolute thoughts. The spring breeze is so good that the horse's hoofs are so strong that I can see all the flowers in Chang'an in one day." Compare with the next sentence, what is written in the previous sentence is time, place, scenery, and things. , love, are all vaguely visible: time, spring ten years ago; place, Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty; scene, spring breeze blowing, peaches and plums in bloom; things, friends "studied their origins" and had a drink together; love, overflowing in good times Beautiful scenery and enjoyable things to do.

"Peach and Plum Spring Breeze" and "Jianghu Night Rain" are the contrast between "joy" and "sorrow"; "a glass of wine" and "ten years of lanterns" are the contrast between "one" and "many" of comparison. "Peach plums spring breeze" and *** drink "a glass of wine", the party is extremely short. "Jianghu night rain" and each pair of "ten years of lanterns", wandering for an extremely long time. Pleasure and disappointment, temporary reunion and long separation, past friendship and current longing are all reflected in the strong contrast of time, place, scenery, events and emotions, which is endlessly thought-provoking. It is no accident that Zhang Lei rated it as "a strange language".

The last four sentences express Huang Jifu's person and situation from three aspects: "housekeeping", "treating diseases" and "study".

"Managing a household, but with four walls", "Treating a disease, don't bend your arms three times". These two sentences also contrast with each other. As a county chief, there are only four walls standing in his home. This not only shows that he is honest and honest, but also shows that he devotes all his energy and thoughts to "curing diseases" and "reading", and has no intention or time to manage his personal comfort zone. . The sentence "treating diseases" is based on an ancient idiom recorded in "Zuo Zhuan·Ding Gong Thirteenth Year": "If a person breaks his arm three times, he is known to be a good doctor." It means: if a person breaks his arm three times, it can be concluded that he is a good doctor. A good doctor because he must have accumulated rich experience in treatment and care. Here, of course, it is not said that Huang Jifu can "cure diseases", but that he is good at "ruling the country". There is a saying in "Guoyu·Jinyu" that "the first thing is to heal the country, and the second is to save people". Huang Tingjian also said in the poem "Send Fan Deru to Know Qingzhou" that Fan Zhongyan "had a lot of national interests in his life, and he never tried to bury the capital." The author said that Huang Jifu was good at "curing diseases", but he did not need to "break his arms three times". The implication is: He has already achieved political achievements and demonstrated his ability to govern the country and save the people. Why is he not reused and kept stumbling around?

The last couplet starts with "want to see", which echoes the first sentence "I live in Beihai and Junnanhai". In the author's imagination, the friends who drank wine and talked about their ideals ten years ago in the "Spring Breeze" in Beijing are now gray-haired, but still as studious and tireless as before.

He "has turned gray from reading" and only serves as a county magistrate on the seaside. Whether the sound of reading is still as cheerful and sweet as before is not clearly stated, but the "ape across the stream crying with vines across the miasma stream" as a background brings a desolate atmosphere to the whole picture; the cry of injustice and the meaning of pity for talents are also Contained in it.

Huang Tingjian admired Du Fu and took Du Fu as a model to learn from, especially the Qilu. But relatively speaking, his study focused on formal skills. He said: "Old Du wrote poems, and when he retired, he wrote essays. Not a single word has its origin. Because later generations read less, it is said that Han and Du wrote these words themselves. Those who can write in ancient times can really cultivate all things. Although they are taken from the ancients, Chen's words in calligraphy are like a magic pill that turns iron into gold. "("A Letter to Hong Ju's Father") Du Fu's outstanding feature is mainly reflected in his passion for "worrying about Li Yuan in the poor years". It understands the vast reality before and after the Anshi Rebellion. The language of the poem is also rich and colorful. Yuan Zhen admired the aspect of "having pity on the channel and speaking directly to the current language, without relying on the ancients". Of course, many of Du Fu's rhymed poems also pay attention to the use of allusions; Huang Tingjian pushed this to the extreme, pursuing "no word without origin", which had the disadvantage of being blunt and obscure, hindering the vivid expression of true feelings. But this cannot be generalized. For example, this song "Send Huang Jifu" can be said to have "no origin and no origin". But it is not obscure; in some places, the connotation of the poems is enriched by the use of allusions; and the prose language from "Zuo Zhuan", "Historical Records" and "Han Shu" is incorporated into the poems, which brings a vigorous and simple flavor to the modern poetry. .

Huang Tingjian advocates "it is better to make the rhythm discordant than to make the sentence weak". His dissonance is exquisite. Fang Dongshu said that he "especially creates an arrogant and strange sound in the syllables, and his air is immediately visible." At this point, he also learned from Du Fu. Du Fu was the first to create an oblique rhyme, such as "Falling flowers and hairsprings are quiet in the daytime, and singing doves and swallows are young and deep", "Sometimes bells and pans ring spontaneously, and fishermen and woodcutter are seen at sunset" and other lines. From the twists and turns, you can see the steep waves. Huang Tingjian generalized it, and it is often difficult to use oblique characters where flat characters should be used, such as "I only sit here now and respect the wine, and the moon will be bright in this hall tonight." "Autumn", "Ten thousand words of clear talk, three hundred glasses of wine raised with white eyes", etc. all have a special charm with their sharp syntax and novel sound. The same goes for this song "Send Huang Jifu". The sentence "household management" is two straight and five square, and the sentence "treating diseases" is also smooth and awkward. Its proud syntax and strange pronunciation help express Huang Jifu's honest, capable and upright character.

Wang Zhifang's Poetry Talk by Wang Zhifang of the Song Dynasty: Zhang Wenqian tasted it and said to Yu: "Huang Jiu's poem 'A glass of wine with peach and plum spring breeze, ten years of light rain at night in the rivers and lakes' is really a strange saying."

People in the Song Dynasty generally heard of "Poem Theory": the first two sentences are broken titles, and the third and fourth sentences are jaw couplets. Most of the couplets are appropriate. There are only a cup of peaches and plums in the spring breeze, but the imagination is boring, and it is very strange to wander in the sky. Under the light of ten years of drizzle and cold rain, I have not seen the blue clouds and found the way, and I can see the sigh of not seeing the solitary man. The meaning of the sentence is also pronounced in the environment. "Peach and plum spring breeze" and "Jianghu night rain" are both realms. Those who are ignorant do not know, and it is absurd to state the situation directly.

Volume 1 of "Nostalgic Records" written by Chen Mo of the Song Dynasty: "A glass of wine in the spring breeze of peach and plum trees, and ten years of light in the night rain in the rivers and lakes." The same crankshaft, this is the highest point.

Volume 20 of "Zhao Mei Zhan Yan" written by Fang Dongshu of the Qing Dynasty: It is also a majestic thing, flowing out in one breath. Five or six meals. The concluding sentence is written in the same way as before. The valley is proud and arrogant, emerging in one breath. However, if you learn it professionally, you may become slippery, so you must be careful.

Volume 2 of Chen Yan's "The Essence of Song Poems": The second sentence is wonderful, turning rottenness into magic. Three and four are the most appropriate words for this old man; five and six are the old ways of being a crazy slave.

Huang Tingjian (1045.8.9-1105.5.24), courtesy name Luzhi, nicknamed Valley Taoist, later nicknamed Fu Weng, was born in Fenning, Hongzhou (now Xiushui County, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province), and was a famous writer in the Northern Song Dynasty , a calligrapher, was the founder of the ever-popular Jiangxi School of Poetry. Together with Du Fu, Chen Shidao and Chen Yuyi, he is known as the "one ancestor and three sects" (Huang Tingjian is one of them). Together with Zhang Lei, Chao Buzhi, and Qin Guan, they all studied under Su Shi's sect, and they were collectively known as the "Four Scholars of the Su School". During his lifetime, he was as famous as Su Shi and was known as "Su Huang" in the world. He is the author of "Valley Ci", and Huang Tingjian's calligraphy is also unique, and he is one of the "Four Calligraphers of the Song Dynasty".