proton is a subatomic particle with a positive charge of 1.62× 1-19 coulombs (c), and its diameter is about 1.6 to 1.7×1^? 15 m [1], the mass is 938 million electron volts /c& sup2(MeV/c& Sup2), that is, 1.6726231 × 1-27 kg, which is about 1836.5 times the mass of electrons. Protons belong to a heavy subclass, which consists of two upper quarks and a lower quark under strong interaction through gluons.
the number of protons in the nucleus determines its chemical properties and which chemical element it belongs to. The nucleus of 1H, the most common isotope of hydrogen atom, consists of a proton. The nuclei of other atoms are composed of protons and neutrons under strong interaction.
steady state
up to now, protons are considered to be stable and non-decaying particles. But there are also theories that protons may decay, but their life span is very long. So far, physicists have not been able to obtain any experimental data that may be understood as proton decay.
most of the hydrogen ions in water are hydrated protons. Protons play a very important role in chemistry and biochemistry. According to the theory of acid-base protons, substances that can provide protons in aqueous solutions are generally called acids, and substances that can absorb protons in aqueous solutions are generally called bases.
however, protons are captured by electrons in the process of passing through neutrons. This process will not happen spontaneously, but only when energy is supplied. The calculation formula:
here
p is a proton,
e is an electron,
n is a neutron, and
νe is an electron neutrino
The antiparticle of the proton is an antiproton, and the antiproton is emilio segre and Owen Chamberlain in 1955. (picture at the bottom right: Zhang Jianian)
Discovery of antiprotons: The discovery of positrons confirmed Dirac's antiparticle theory, and some theoretical physicists began to take it seriously. In 1934, Pauli and Clough proved that even if a stable sea of negative energy particles could not be formed, there would be corresponding antiparticles. So people began to look for antiparticles of other particles. As early as 1928, Dirac predicted the existence of antiprotons, but it took more than 2 years to confirm its existence. According to Dirac's theory, antiprotons have the same mass as protons, but opposite charges. Protons and antiprotons appear or disappear in pairs, and antiprotons can be obtained by collision of two ordinary protons, but the threshold energy of antiprotons is 6.8GeV. In 1954, a 6.4 billion electron volt proton synchrotron was built in Lawrence Radiation Laboratory of the University of California, which provided conditions for finding antiparticles.
In p>1955, Chamberlain and segre used the above accelerator to confirm the existence of antiprotons observed the year before. Because there are very few opportunities for antiprotons to appear, only a small number of antiprotons can be produced every 1 billion high-energy protons collide, so it is extremely difficult to confirm the existence of antiprotons. In 1955, their experimental group detected 6 antiprotons. Because the accidental coincidence background is not large, the counting system is not good, but it is more credible. Not long after, they discovered anti-neutrons. Although high-energy particles can also produce anti-neutrons when they hit the target, it is more difficult to distinguish them from other particles because they are uncharged. They use antiprotons to collide with the nucleus, and antiprotons give their negative charges to protons or get positive charges from protons, so that protons become neutrons and antiprotons become antineutrons. Lu Biya, C. conducted the collision experiment of several hundred GeV on the proton collider, and found the teleporter predicted by the modern weak current unified theory, thus winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984.
First of all, electrons, protons and neutrons are all basic particles and exist objectively. The charge carried by these particles is one of its properties, and the charge is not the basic particle. So whether particles are charged or not, and what kind of charge they are, mainly depends on whether these particles move in the electric field and to which pole. Because the electron moves to the positive electrode in the electric field, it can be concluded that it has a negative charge. Similarly, it is determined that the proton has a positive charge and the neutron has no charge. So how much charge do they carry? It is still uncertain what the absolute amount of charge they carry is. It is only artificially stipulated that the amount of electricity carried by a proton is one unit (hereinafter referred to as one unit of charge), and the amount of electricity carried by an electron is exactly the same as that carried by a proton, but the electrical properties are opposite. That is to say, electrons have a negative charge (exactly, one unit of negative charge) and protons have a positive charge (one unit of positive charge). What needs to be clear is that the charges are not one by one, but a simple description of the electric quantity.
in physics, the electron transfer moves from the high end to the low end under the action of current, which is the action of external force and has nothing to do with the nature of the element atom itself. The electron transfer in chemistry is carried out spontaneously between different atoms, which is determined by the nature of the element atoms themselves. With the development of science, people have discovered many new forms of matter. Positron does exist, and its mass and many properties are the same as those of electrons, but the charge it carries is positive and the lepton number is-1. Similarly, people are still exploring antiprotons. We call things like positrons and antiprotons antimatter. Once the positive and negative electrons meet, they annihilate and disappear, at the same time, they release huge energy and produce photons.