Li Kui's reform measures are unknown because of the absence of his works, and what is recorded in his books is only about economic and criminal measures.
Li Kui was the pioneer of physiocracy. He taught Wei Wenhou to the best of his ability, which made Wei rich and powerful. Li Kui's teaching to the best of his ability is not detailed, and we can only get a glimpse of it from the record of "Shihuozhi" in Hanshu. He pointed out: "The land is hundreds of miles, and it is 9, hectares. Except for the three points of Yamazawa's residence, it is 6 million mu of land. If you are diligent in farming, you will gain three liters of land. If you are not diligent, you will lose the same. The increase or decrease of hundreds of miles of land is a millet of 1.8 million. " Farmers like
in Li Kui are lazy because they can't get rid of poverty all the time, which leads to the reduction of grain production and the rise of food prices. However, "Yao is very expensive and hurts people, and it hurts farmers; People's injuries are scattered, and rural businesses are poor. " For the ruler, "it is very expensive and very cheap, and it hurts." Also, "those who are good for the country will make the people not hurt but benefit the farmers." Agronomy reached its acme in the hands of Shang Yang, and he inherited Li Kui's method and expanded it. He realized that "the reason why the country prospers is that agriculture fights" and "there are few farmers and many eaters, so its country is poor and dangerous"; Moreover, the result of "less farming and more business" is "poor nobles, poor business and poor farmers", so we try our best to restrain the last industry (especially business) and make the group of tourists tend to agriculture, so as to achieve the goal of "fighting for agriculture" and "benefiting all the people" The history of Shang Yang's changing law says: "The size of the stamp forces the industry, and farming and weaving cause the millet and silk to recover." At the end of the matter, those who are lazy and poor think that they will receive a reward. " Reward farming and weaving by exemption from service, and punish industry and commerce and lazy and poor people by collecting them as official slaves. After ten years of travel, the family gives people enough. In order to make the best use of the land, it is to "open up buildings and seal off the border" to expand cultivated land and let the people cultivate themselves. This made the private ownership of land recognized by law, announced the end of the old farmland system, and created the prosperity of Qin State. The art of war says that "with hundreds of thousands of armor, people can have food if they have surplus food." Whether the country is rich and strong through emphasizing commerce or agriculture, it must be in the hands of the rulers to play its role. Therefore, when the rulers seek the overall wealth of national strength, they also accumulate it. Rong Wang heard of Qin Miao Gong Xian, and made Yu Guan Qin, Qin Miao publicized and accumulated in the palace. Qin Miaogong's title is a sage, but even so, there are no enough people below. During the Warring States period, millet was the main accumulation in various countries. Su Qin said that Qi Xuanwang said: "Qi Su is like Qiu Shan"; It is said that Chu Weiwang, Zhao Suhou and Yan Wenhou all said: "Ten years of millet support". The result of accumulation will of course increase the burden on the people. After seeing the accumulation of Qin Miaogong's palace, Yu Yu said with emotion: "It is laborious to make ghosts do it; If you make people do it, you will suffer the people. " After the reform of land system and taxation, the land rent was changed from providing labor (helping, borrowing) to collecting in kind (paying taxes on acres, renting grain), and the result of "declining with the land" made the tax burden fair, but it also made the tax rate go beyond the original limit. Lu Aigong loves "two, I am still insufficient", and this "two" is definitely heavier than the eleventh, if not two tenths. In the year of Hanshu
in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the situation of Qi was as follows: "The people contribute their strength, and the two are in the public, but food and clothing are one of them. The public gathers rot, and the three old people are frozen. " The state of Jin is also a "common people's strike", while the palace is extravagant; The road faces each other, while the woman is rich and overflowing; When people hear about public life, they are like fleeing. " Wei Wenhou pointed out more frankly: "Today's hukou is not added, but it is rented for years, which is due to more classes." Therefore, the pursuit of wealth under the situation of various countries competing for victory is that the monarch is rich and the peasants are still poor, and the uneven distribution of benefits between the upper and lower levels is becoming more and more serious. The call for equality is timely.
Editing this paragraph's political proposition
Selecting talents and appointing people, with strict rewards and punishments. Li Kui advocated the abolition of hereditary aristocratic privilege, and put forward the famous saying that "if you have food and work, you will have merit, if you have the ability, you will be rewarded, and if you are punished". Li Kui called those who eat for nothing an adulteress, and wanted to "seize the land from all directions since the adulteress". This is the first time in the history of China to challenge the decadent and backward hereditary system. As a result of the abolition of the hereditary system, people who were approved by the useless and harmful privileged class of the state were driven out of the political arena, and some people from the ordinary landlord class could enter the political arena because of their military exploits or their talents. This actually initiated the struggle of the landlord class against the slave owners and nobles and opened the way for feudal system to replace slavery in the future. As a result of this reform, Wei's "Shi Qing Shi Lu" system was greatly weakened. In the future, the monarch did not have the right to govern the people in the food city, but only paid taxes on food and clothing; The bureaucratic system has improved and the political situation is better.
Edit the economic policy of this paragraph
Economically, the "best land" and "flat-edged method" are mainly implemented (recorded in the Records of Hanshu Food Goods in detail). To put it simply, to do our best is to uniformly distribute farmers' cultivated land, urge farmers to be diligent in farming and increase production. The flat grain method is that the state buys grain storage at a low price when there is a bumper harvest, and sells it to farmers at a low price when there is a famine, so that the surplus can make up for the shortage, in case the grain is too expensive to disturb the people, or too cheap to hurt farmers. The implementation of this law has greatly promoted the development of agricultural production in Wei, making Wei rich and strong. Li Kui
Li Kui thought that "for the country's way, if you have food and work, you will get meritorious service, and if you have the ability, you will be rewarded and punished", and you will also "take away the wealth of prostitutes and become a scholar from all directions". Reward and punishment, meritocracy, was a very popular legalist idea during the Warring States Period, when many countries became rich and strong because of the implementation of these ideas. In terms of economic strategy, Li Kui's main proposition is to teach people to the best of their abilities. He believes that the harvest of the field is directly proportional to the labor paid for it. "If you are diligent in managing the field, you will benefit from three fights, and if you are not diligent, you will lose." It is also believed that high grain is not good for the civil servants' industry and commerce, while low grain hurts the peasants. A good ruler must take into account the interests of both the civil servants' industry and commerce and the peasants. He pointed out that the small farmers of a family of five, in addition to food and clothing, taxes and sacrifices, still lose 45 yuan every year, which is the reason why farmers live in poverty and are not at ease with their fields. In view of this situation, he made a leveling method, that is, the harvest year was divided into three grades: large ripe, medium ripe and small ripe, and the grain was collected from farmers in proportion; The famine years are also divided into big hunger, medium hunger and small hunger. In the year of big hunger, the grain harvested in the year of big harvest is distributed to farmers, and the rest are analogized. In this way, the food price of the hungry year will not soar, and farmers will not flee or disperse because of this. Because we can "take more than enough to make up for the shortage", "the country will be rich and strong if we walk in Wei". "Do your best" is a "policy of attaching importance to agriculture". Li Kui wrote "Teaching to the best of our abilities" for Wei Wenhou. He calculated that within one hundred square miles, there are 9, hectares of land, and 6, hectares of land can be opened except for one-third of Shanze's human settlements. "If you are diligent in farming, you will benefit (increase production) three times. If you are not diligent, you will lose (reduce production)." That is to say, the annual output of a hundred miles of land will increase by 1.8 million stones or decrease by 1.8 million stones due to diligence and non-diligence. This figure matters a lot, so farmers must be encouraged to produce.
Edit this paragraph to formulate the Classic of Law
In order to further implement the reform and consolidate the achievements of the reform, Li Kui collected the criminal codes of various countries, wrote the Classic of Law, published it through Wei Wenhou, and made it a law, affirming and protecting the reform in the form of law, and fixing the feudal legal rights. There are six soldiers in the Classic of Law, namely, the Law of Stealing, the Law of Thieves, the Law of Imprisonment, the Law of Arrest, the Law of Miscellaneous and the Law of Equipping. Theft refers to criminal activities that infringe on property, and thieves are guarded as watchmen, and those who are serious will be executed. Those who peep at the palace and pick up the remains will be punished by licking and gouging, which shows that even if Shang Yang only has the motive to occupy other people's property, it still constitutes a criminal act. The thief law is a provision on the crime of murder and injury, which stipulates that whoever kills one person dies and loses his home and his wife's home; whoever kills two people loses his mother's home. Prison and arrest are two articles about illegally catching thieves. The content of miscellaneous laws covers a wide range, including the following categories: ① obscenity. It is forbidden for a husband to have two wives or a wife to have a husband. (3) cunning prohibition. Crimes related to stealing seals and discussing national laws and regulations. 3 city ban. Provisions prohibiting people from crossing the city. 4 playful prohibition. A ban on gambling. (5) only forbidden. A ban on people gathering. 6 gold ban. A ban on official corruption and bribery. If it is stipulated that the Prime Minister takes bribes, he will be punished around, and those who take bribes below Xi Shou will be put to death. Law is the general principle and preface of the Canon of Law. Records of the Criminal Law of the Book of Jin says: Li Kui wrote the Classic of Law, "thinking that the king's government should not be in a hurry to steal and steal, so its law began with Thief and Thief;" Thieves and thieves must be illegally arrested, so they wrote two articles, namely, Net and Arrest. They are light and cunning, overstepping the territory, playing games, borrowing fakes is not cheap, and extravagance exceeds the system, thinking that they are a miscellaneous law; ..... "The compilation of the Classic of Law is a great contribution made by Li Kui in the legal system. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Jin and Zheng countries made a punishment tripod or a punishment book to announce new legal provisions. By the Warring States period, with the change of historical conditions, more and more new written codes appeared. Li Kui "wrote the laws of various countries" and revised six laws, including theft, thief, prisoner, arrest, miscellaneous and equipment. Theft refers to criminal activities that infringe on property, and thieves are guarded as watchmen, and those who are serious will be put to death. Peeping at the palace and picking up the remains will be punished by licking and gouging, which shows that even if there is only a motive to occupy other people's property, it still constitutes a criminal act. The thief law is a provision on the crime of murder and injury, which stipulates that whoever kills one person dies and loses his home and his wife's home; whoever kills two people loses his mother's home. Prison and arrest are two articles about illegally catching thieves. The content of miscellaneous laws covers a wide range, including the following categories: ① obscenity. It is forbidden for a husband to have two wives or a wife to have a husband. (3) cunning prohibition. Crimes related to stealing seals and discussing national laws and regulations. 3 city ban. Provisions prohibiting people from crossing the city. 4 playful prohibition. A ban on gambling. (5) only forbidden. A ban on people gathering. 6 gold ban. A ban on official corruption and bribery. If it is stipulated that the Prime Minister takes bribes, he will be punished around, and those who take bribes below Xi Shou will be put to death. Law is the general principle and preface of the Canon of Law. After the appearance of the Classic of Law, Wei has been using it, and then it was brought to Qin by Shang Yang. The Qin law was born out of the Classic of Law, and the Han law inherited the Qin law, so the Classic of Law has a very important position in the history of ancient Chinese law.
edit this paragraph of physiocracy.