1． The employment standard of having both ability and political integrity and focusing on morality

Zhuge Liang respected and cherished talents throughout his life, and put the selection and use of talents at the top of the country's governance. He said: "The way to govern a country is to select talents." "A country has auxiliaries, just like a house has pillars. The pillars must not be thin, and the auxiliaries must not be weak. If the pillars are thin, they will be harmful, and if the auxiliaries are weak, they will be compliant." Zhuge Liang's talent standard is virtue and ability. Both, focusing on virtue.

<1>. Have both ability and political integrity. Zhuge Liang required that a qualified general must have both ability and political integrity, and he put forward fifteen criteria. "The first is consideration, which means that spies are wise; the second is cleanness, which means being careful and cautious; the third is courage, which means being unyielding against the enemy; the fourth is honesty, which means thinking about righteousness when seeing benefits; the fifth is fairness, which means equal punishment and punishment; the sixth is patience, Goodness implies shame; the seventh is tolerance, which means being able to tolerate others; the eighth is trustworthiness, which means keeping a promise; the ninth is respect, which means being courteous to the virtuous and capable; the tenth is clarity, which does not accept slander; the eleventh is caution, which does not violate etiquette. The twelfth is benevolence, which means being good at raising soldiers; the thirteenth is loyalty, which means sacrificing one's life for the country; the fourteenth is "fen", which means knowing what is enough; the fifteenth is "strategy," which means knowing others by yourself."

< 2>. Focus on virtue. In terms of the relationship between virtue and talent, Zhuge Liang advocated giving priority to virtue and having both virtue and talent, rather than half-measures of virtue and talent. Throughout his life, he hated those villains who could not be loyal and were "treacherous and immoral". He trusted in the "straight men" who served the country with loyalty and had learned expertise. Before Zhuge Liang led his army to the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains in the fifth year of Jianxing, he wrote a "departure notice" to his successor Liu Chan, hoping that he would reuse Guo Youzhi, Dong Yun and others, saying that they were all "loyal and good ministers" and that he should "trust them personally" . He also pointed out the weakness of the empress, and warned sincerely: "Being close to virtuous ministers and staying away from villains is why the early Han Dynasty prospered; being close to villains and staying away from virtuous ministers is why the Han Dynasty has declined." On the issue of employment, whether to adhere to the following principles Virtue is the main focus, and it refers to the rise and fall of a country; this shows that Zhuge Liang attaches great importance to "virtue".

2. The employment policy of appointing people based on their merit and appointing people according to their talents

<1>. Appointing people based on their merit. Selecting talents and appointing them is the fundamental principle of Zhuge Liang's employment. He appointed people on merit, regardless of family background. Shu Han officials came from different regions and different separatist groups. There are both people from Jingchu and Liu Biao's subordinates; there are both Liu Zhang's old subordinates and people who have taken refuge from outside. It can be said that it comes from all over the world. Employers do not care about family background or faction. Employing people regardless of seniority, dare to make exceptions and make promotions. When Liu Bei and Cao Cao fought for Hanzhong, Yang Hong, a meritorious officer under the prefect Li Yan, wrote to Chengdu to send troops to help. Zhuge Liang asked Yang Hong, and Yang Hong replied: Hanzhong is the throat of Yizhou. There is a chance of survival. If there is no Hanzhong, there will be no Shu. This is the disaster of the family. What is happening now is that men should fight and women should be lucky. What is the purpose of sending troops? ? Zhuge Liang found that Yang Hong was very knowledgeable and made him the governor of Shu County.

<2>. Work according to one’s ability. Commensurate ability and job is another fundamental principle of Zhuge Liang's employment. Zhuge Liang divided talents into six levels: "The weapons of a general are different in size. If you can detect his evil deeds, wait for his misfortunes, and serve everyone, he will be a general of ten. If he works hard and sleeps nightly, and carefully observes his words, he will be a hundred years old." A general who is straight and cautious, courageous and able to fight, this is a general of thousands of men; he has an eternal appearance, he is brave in his heart, he understands people's hard work, and he sympathizes with hunger and cold. This is a general of ten thousand people. A general who is tolerant and free from confusion. He is a general of one hundred thousand people. He is benevolent and loyal to his neighbors. He knows astronomy at the top, geography at the bottom, and human affairs at the bottom. He is regarded as a family within the four seas. This general is invincible in the world. Also. "People with different abilities should be placed in different positions.

<3>. Employ people based on their strengths. When employing people, Zhuge Liang also made use of their strengths and avoided their weaknesses, so that people could make the most of their talents. No gold is pure, and no man is perfect. Talents each have their own characteristics. Some are good at macro-control, some are good at micro-management; some are good at strategizing. A decisive victory can be won thousands of miles away. Some people can charge into battle and capture the enemy's head in a matter of seconds. Being good at using people means putting everyone in their proper place. Zhuge Liang was well aware of this and once pointed out: "I am good at cultivating one's nature and cannot face danger. Shang Yang is good at reasoning but cannot follow teachings. Su and Zhang are good at speeches and cannot make alliances. Bai Qi is good at gaining merit and cannot be popular with others. In The kidneys are good at plotting against enemies, and cannot seek success; the tail is good at keeping promises, and cannot adapt to changes; Wang Jia is good at meeting famous kings, and cannot serve secret masters. ." He clearly pointed out that this is "the art of Ren Chang."

<4>. Those who believe will be rewarded and punished. Rewards and punishments are two means of motivating talents, and these two means complement each other. On this issue, Zhuge Liang always adheres to the principle of "reward and punishment must be met if you believe in them" and "the law is clear and rewards and punishments are trustworthy". Rewards and punishments do not avoid relatives and enemies, and treat everyone equally.

He warned his subordinates many times, "My heart is as good as my name, and I cannot take responsibility for others." The merits will be measured and convicted according to the law, and the law will be strictly enforced. Yang Hong and He Zhi, who were from Shu, had little qualifications and no foundation, but they had talents and achievements and were promoted to important positions. Ma Su, Li Yan, and Liao Li are all his favorite confidants. Later, Ma Su was trapped in a street pavilion and was beheaded; Li Yan and Liao Li were dismissed from office for violating laws and disciplines and were exiled to remote areas to work as farmers. Liu Feng is Liu Bei's adopted son and deputy general. He is brave and fierce, but he is selfish, narrow-minded and arrogant. On the day when Guan Yu sent troops north to surround Xiangyang in Fancheng, Guan Yu called for reinforcements, but Liu Feng used the excuse of "the first attachment of the mountain county" as an excuse not to send reinforcements, causing Guan Yu to be killed. Later, he argued with Meng Da angrily and forced Meng Da to surrender to Cao Wei. Zhuge Liang persuaded the First Lord to get rid of him and eliminate a harm to Shu Han. Zhang Yi, a native of Shu, praised him for "rewarding should never be far away, punishment should not be close, no title should be obtained without merit, and punishment should not be avoided by high power."

3． The way to recognize people is to look at their essence and focus on performance

Knowing people is the basis of employment. If you are not good at knowing people, cannot distinguish between good and bad, good and bad, there will be no correct employment. The ancients said: Thousand-mile horses often exist, but bole does not always exist, which means it is difficult to recognize people. During his long political career, Zhuge Liang summed up a set of methods for identifying talents.

First, listen to their words, observe their actions, and understand people’s essence. Listen to his words, watch his actions, and don't be fooled by superficial phenomena. He said: "The nature of a lady is the most difficult to understand. There are different kinds of beauty and evil, and different emotions. There are those who are gentle but deceitful; there are those who are respectful on the outside but deceitful on the inside; there are those who are brave on the outside but timid on the inside; there are those who try their best but are not loyal. "How can we accurately grasp the essence of human beings through phenomena? He put forward seven methods for identifying talents:

The first is to ask the person what is right and wrong and observe his ambition; the second is to ask the person who is poor to use his words to observe his changes; the third is to ask the person for advice to observe his knowledge; The fourth is to tell him that it is difficult to see his bravery; the fifth is to use wine to see his nature when he is drunk; the sixth is to approach him with benefits to see his integrity; the seventh is to tell him to do things to see his trustworthiness.

Zhuge Liang believes that through this series of observation tests, we can have a more comprehensive understanding of a person's nature.

The second is to focus on investigation and performance. Zhuge Liang believes that you should not make your own decisions when selecting people. Individuals have the final say. Specialized personnel should be sent to investigate and look at their merits, political achievements, and actual performance, and performance should be used as the basis for promotion. He said: "A good general is responsible for government affairs. He relies on others to choose him and does not rely on himself. He relies on the law to measure his merits and does not measure himself. Therefore, those who are capable cannot be concealed, those who are incompetent cannot be disguised, and those who falsely praise cannot advance." This is to say When an excellent general appoints people, he should appoint officials to select talents and never make his own decisions; he should measure his merits according to the established regulations and never make arbitrary assumptions or subjectivity. In this way, talented people will not be suppressed, and those without talent will not be able to pretend.