In the constant movement of the earth's lithosphere, the North China platform uplifted about 654.38+0.7 billion years ago. Then it continued to rise, forming the earliest and largest ancient land in China. In the long time since then, the North China Platform sank twice and was soaked in seawater, and then rose again and reappeared in Permian (285 million to 230 million years ago). In this process of repeated uplift and subsidence, a large number of biological remains are accumulated in the subsidence area, forming rich coal, oil and natural gas resources.
Then a orogenic movement called Yanshan Movement took place in Jurassic (1950,000 years ago to1370,000 years ago) and Cretaceous (1370,000 years ago to 67 million years ago). The North China Plain, which was originally integrated with the Shanxi Plateau, turned to subsidence, first formed a basin, and then gradually developed into a great plain, while the Cenozoic Shanxi (. This orogenic movement was more intense than Yanshan movement, which not only caused the Himalayas to rise from the seabed and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to rise sharply, but also affected the whole of China, causing some plots to rise into mountains and some plots to sink into basins. For example, affected by this orogeny, Shanxi Plateau formed two almost parallel fault zones, which ran through the central part of the plateau from north to south, and the fault blocks of the fault zones fell down to varying degrees, forming a long and narrow valley. The southern end of the trough is connected with the subsidence zone where Guanzhong lies, forming the Wei Fen Basin. Later, some uplifted mountains were weathered and denuded, gradually flattened and became plateaus; The sunken basin accumulated water to form a lake. Since then, this area has experienced two large-scale glacial activities, and the climate has become cold and dry. Those big lakes are gradually shrinking or divided into many small lakes, and several big lake basins and many small lakes and wetlands have appeared in the whole area. From high to low, the flowing water on the ground gradually converged into an ancient lake basin and developed into several independent inland lake water systems. At the northern foot of Bayan Kara in Qinghai Plateau, a flowing water flows from here to the southeast. Because the Jishi Mountain, that is, the Animaqing Mountain, is bounded by the north and south of Bayan Kara, it flows to the now sinking Zoige grassland area, where it accumulates and forms the ancient Zoige Lake. Another flowing water, originating from Xiqing Mountain and Qingshan Mountain in Anima, flows from southeast to northwest in the valleys of the two mountains and gathers in the ancient basin of Gonghe County, Qinghai Province. In the east of Gugonghe Basin, there is also a flowing water that flows eastward into today's Gansu along the valley at the southern foot of Laji Mountain. After passing through today's Lanzhou, it turned to the north, flowed to today's Ningxia, and then gathered in the Yinchuan Basin formed by the collapse of the fault beside Helan Mountain, forming the ancient Yinchuan Lake. On the eastern edge of East Ordos Plateau, another river flows into Wei Fen Basin through a series of small lakes, forming an ancient Weifen Lake. In the east of Wei Fen Basin, stands a towering Zhongtiao Mountain. Due to the blocking of Shandong hills, the flowing water on the Shandong side flows eastward into the sea from different rivers in the north and south of the hills. In this way, from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west to the Shandong hills in the east, four unconnected rivers have gradually formed. The ancient Yellow River gradually evolved on the basis of these independent water systems.
In the early Quaternary geological age (from 2.5 million years ago), that is, about 6.5438 million years ago, the glaciers in this area melted, the climate became warm and humid, the precipitation was abundant, the river surged, and the erosion and undercutting of running water intensified. The erosion of flowing water makes the riverbed gradually change from shallow to deep, resulting in traceable erosion, which makes the source position move in the opposite direction of the river flow and makes the upstream continuously extend upward. The downward cut of flowing water impacts the mountain that blocks its progress, opening a channel for itself and making the downstream extend downward day by day. At this time, the plateau in the central and western regions of China continues to be in the rising stage, further strengthening this downward erosion of flowing water. Traceability erosion and undercutting erosion of flowing water finally opened the watershed between the two rivers, making each closed lake basin have an outlet and connecting their independent river sections. At this point, the ancient Yellow River began to emerge. However, at this time, the ancient Yellow River was still an inland river, and its eastern end ended in the vast Sanmen ancient lake, because Zhongtiao Mountain in the east still blocked its way to the sea. However, the ancient Yellow River continues to play its function of tracing the source and cutting erosion with tenacious perseverance. When a large amount of upstream water enters Sanmen Ancient Lake, the water level rises, exceeding the height of Sanmen horst, and the lake overflows eastward and keeps cutting down. After a long time, she finally crossed Sanmenxia, flowed into the North China Plain, joined the flowing water on the east side of Zhongtiao Mountain, ran eastward and threw herself into the embrace of the sea. A great life was born!
Scholars have different opinions on the specific time when the Yellow River finally crosses Sanmenxia and runs through the whole line, but one thing should be certain, that is, when Beijingers who lived 700,000 to 200,000 years ago appeared in Zhoukoudian, this great river originating from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has connected all the river sections from west to east, and entered the ocean, never to return. However, at this time, her downstream flows into the sea around the southern part of Shandong hills. There have been several changes and migrations in the lower reaches, but the upper reaches are basically stereotyped. Moreover, due to the traceability, erosion and extension of running water, its upstream and downstream continued to extend, and finally formed today's face.
Today, the Yellow River, with a total length of 5,464 kilometers, is the second longest river in China after the Yangtze River. She flows eastward from the source, passes through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong, and flows into the Bohai Sea in Lijin County, Shandong Province, with a drainage area of 75? 24.43 million square kilometers. If you add the area of Ordos inner flow area, it is 794,000 square kilometers. Including the areas along the Yellow River in Henan and Shandong provinces, which are closely related to the Yellow River, there are 300 million mu of cultivated land and a population of 654.38+0.2 billion. Historically, the Yellow River also flowed through Hebei, Tianjin, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces and cities, and the entire alluvial plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River was about 250,000 square kilometers. According to the latest statistics released at the beginning of 2000, the average annual runoff of the Yellow River for many years is 58 billion cubic meters, which is only 2% of the annual runoff of rivers in China. However, these Yellow River waters, together with the limited groundwater in the basin, undertake the water supply tasks of 15% of the country's cultivated land, 12% of the population and more than 50 large and medium-sized cities, and transfer water to the outside of the basin for a long time, and undertake some water supply tasks outside the basin. From this figure alone, we can see the great contribution of the Yellow River to the economic, historical and cultural development of the Chinese nation.
① "To despise the Yellow River is to despise our nation!" Which great man said this sentence?
This famous saying was said by Comrade Mao Zedong. After commanding the PLA to win a great victory in Yichuan, the CPC Central Committee decided to cross the Yellow River eastward into North China. March 23rd 1948 The central authorities crossed the river from Kawaguchi Village, wubu county. There are more than a dozen wooden boats. Got on the first boat, got on the second boat with Ren, and got on the third boat with Hu Qiaomu. When the boat reached midstream, huge waves roared with ice the size of a millstone, and the ice hit the wooden boat with a thrilling crash. The small wooden boat suddenly jumped on the waves and sank into the trough. Faced with this situation, Mao Zedong was filled with emotion and thought for a long time, and sighed deeply: "You can despise everything, but you can't despise the Yellow River. This is to despise our nation!"
There are many ancient battlefields in the Yellow River basin. Can you name a few?
Mu Ye Ancient Battlefield: In the north of Weihui City, Henan Province, it is a suburb of Chao Ge, the capital of Shang Dynasty. At the end of the Shang Dynasty, the crusade against Yin and Shi was sworn here, and they broke in at one fell swoop and forced themselves to commit suicide, ending the 600-year history of the Shang Dynasty. This is the famous battle of Makino in history.
Hill ancient battlefield: in the northwest of Luoning County, Henan Province. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qin Jin, who was married, had been fighting with each other because both sides wanted to be the king. After his death, the conflict became public for Zheng. Duke Xiang of Jin laid an ambush on the only way to Qin Jun, and Qin Jun was wiped out with 300 chariots. This is the famous battle of Xiaoshan in history.
Julu Ancient Battlefield: Pingxiang County, Hebei Province. At the end of Qin Dynasty, Chen Sheng and the uprising were defeated by the Han army. Zhang Han then suppressed another rebel army led by Xiang Liang, then attacked Zhao and occupied Handan, the capital of Zhao. The prince of Zhao retreated to Julu and asked Qi, Yan, Chu and other countries for help. The King of Chu sent two military forces, one led by Liu Bang to attack Xianyang and Qin Dou directly. What's the Yi Song rate for a route?