The Five Sons of the Northern Song Dynasty

The Northern Song Dynasty Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Shao Yong, and Zhang Zai are known as the "Five Sons" of the Northern Song Dynasty. They are both famous philosophers and famous Yi scholars.

Zhou Dunyi (1017~1072) was a thinker, Neo-Confucianist and philosopher in the Northern Song Dynasty. His original name was Dunshi, but he changed his name to Dunyi to avoid the Yingzong taboo. Uncle Mao, nicknamed Lianxi, was born in Yingdao County, Daozhou (now Daoxian County, Hunan Province). In his later years, he settled at the foot of Lotus Peak in Lushan Mountain. He named the stream in front of the hall and the bookstore after the water in Yingdao in his hometown "Lianxi". Mr. Lianxi, Yuan Gong is his posthumous title. He, together with Shao Yong, Zhang Zai, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, are known as the "Five Sons of the Northern Song Dynasty". Zheng Xiang, a bachelor of Longtuge, his mother's uncle, was appointed as the chief clerk of Fenning (Xiushui), transferred the Nan'an army commander to join the army, moved to Guiyang order, and moved to Nanchang, where he served as the magistrate of Hezhou and the general magistrate of Qianzhou. When Xining first learned about Chenzhou, he was promoted to a judge in Guangdong and sent to some prisons. Everywhere he went, he achieved results. "After four years in Hezhou County, people were convinced, but officials did not dare to make decisions without the master's hands." In his later years, he learned about the Nankang Army, and his administration is now in Xingzi County. He once visited Mount Lu and was attracted by the landscape of Mount Lu. He wrote in his own poem: "I have loved Mount Lu for a long time and bought the fields in the mountains." Because he built a house under the Lotus Peak of Mount Lu, there was a stream in front of him, which merged with the Huan River, and he set up camp. Tao's former residence was named after Lianxi, so he settled here and moved the tomb of his mother Zheng Mujun, who was originally in his hometown, to Sanqi Mountain in Qingquanshe, Lushan Mountain. Dun Yi died and was buried next to his mother's tomb. From then on, the descendants lived in Jiangzhou for generations, and their descendants continued.

Zhou Dunyi

Zhou Dunyi is the founder of Neo-Confucianism in my country, and his Neo-Confucian thoughts have played a role in the history of Chinese philosophy. Qing Dynasty scholar Huang Zongxi said in his "Song Confucianism Case": "After Confucius, Han Confucianism only had the study of passing on the classics, and the nature and Tao have been discussed for a long time. The rise of Yuan Gong, and the second Cheng's successor... If we talk about elucidating the meaning of mind Its subtlety is comparable to Yuan Gong's breaking of darkness." He inherited "Yi Zhuan" and some Taoist and Taoist thoughts, and proposed a simple and systematic theory of the composition of the universe, saying that "Wuji and Tai Chi", "Tai Chi" moves and remains still, producing Yin and Yang and all things. "All things are born with endless changes, but humans are also the most beautiful and spiritual ("Tai Chi Pictures")." The sage also imitated "Tai Chi" to establish "Human Chi". "The ultimate human being" is "sincerity", and "sincerity" is the "pure and supreme good", "the tree of the five constants, the source of hundreds of actions, and the highest state of morality." This state can only be achieved through mastering tranquility and non-desire. It had a wide-ranging influence on the academic field for more than 700 years. The philosophical categories he proposed, such as Wuji, Tai Chi, Yin and Yang, Five Elements, Movement and Stillness, Life, Good and Evil, etc., became the subjects of later Neo-Confucian studies.

Works

The main works include "Tai Chi Pictures", "Tongshu", "Tai Chi Pictures", etc. Later generations compiled "Zhou Yuan Gongji", with 28 poems and 1 fu. There are 4 articles in this book, and the representative work is "The Theory of Love and Lotus".

Shao Yong (1011～1077) was a philosopher in the Northern Song Dynasty. Named Yaofu, posthumous name Kangjie, he was born in the fourth year of Zhenzong of the Northern Song Dynasty, that is, 1011 AD, and died in the tenth year of Shenzong, that is, 1077 AD, at the age of 67. He was born in Fanyang, Hebei Province, and later moved to *** City with his father, and lived in seclusion in Luoyang in his later years. Although Shao Yong is not as well-known as Zhuge Kongming in the Three Kingdoms, he is no less than Zhuge Liang in terms of talent and moral character. However, because of his long-term seclusion, his name is not known to future generations. Cheng Hao, one of the originators of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, once exclaimed after discussing with Shao Yong: "Yaofu, the study of the inner sage and the outer king!" He was known as "Master Shao" and "Mr. Jia". The cemetery is called Anlejiacheng and is located in the west of Wolong Valley, West Village, Pingping Township, Yichuan County, Luoyang City. Shao Yong's Tomb was announced as a key cultural relic protection unit in Henan Province in 1964. On equal terms, Shao Fuzi Society restored Anle Academy and held a large-scale celebration event on Shao Yong's thousandth birthday. Now a square has been opened in front of Anlejia City, roads have been hardened, trees have been planted, springs have been introduced, there is a statue of Shao Yong, and bamboos and cypresses are evergreen.

When he was young, Shao Yong had great ambitions, studied hard and read everything. According to "History of Song Dynasty." "The Biography of Shao Yong" records: Shao Yong "began to study, that is, he worked hard and pushed himself. He did not cook the stove in the cold, did not fan the fan in the summer, and did not sit down at night for several years." Later, in order to increase his knowledge, he also traveled far and wide, crossing the Yellow River and the Fen River. , crossed the Huai River, crossed the Han River, and visited Qi, Lu, Song, Zheng and other places. After returning, he said, "The Tao is here." So he stopped wandering. At that time, Li Tingzhi, an expert, saw that he was eager to learn and taught him the secrets of Yi studies such as "Hetu", "Luoshu" and "Fuxi Bagua". With Shao Yong's intelligence, he mastered everything and gained great insights, and finally became a master of Yi studies and a famous Confucian scholar. He formed his own complete and unique view of the universe, and was well aware of the movement of heaven and earth and the laws of the growth and decline of yin and yang. "History of the Song Dynasty" records: He was able to "learn deeply and smoothly" about "the changes in ancient times and the present, and the temperament of grass and trees." Cheng Yi, another founder of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty, said of him: "His mind is empty and clear, and he can know it by himself." Therefore, he wrote books and established his theory, and wrote more than 100,000 words of works such as "Huangji Jingshi", "Observation of Things Inside and Out", "Yichuan Jingliang Collection" and other works. He believes that history evolves according to certain laws. He used his innate Yishu and used concepts such as Yuan, Hui, Yun and Shi to deduce the evolution of heaven and earth and the cycle of history. It is said that "Tieban Shenshu" and "Meihuaxin Yi", which had a great influence on later Yi studies, were both written by Shao Yong. Later generations also respectfully called him "Shaozi". When Shao Yong was thirty years old, he and his father Shao Gu moved from Baiquan, Hui County to Shenyinyuan, Yichuan, and founded Anle Academy, where they lectured at home and wrote books. When he was fifty, he moved to Luoyang.

In the seventh year of Jiayou's reign (1062), Wang Gongchen, who stayed in Xijing, built 30 houses on the former residence of An Shenqi, the fifth-generation military envoy of the fifth generation, in the west of Tiangong Temple in Luoyang and south of Tianjin Bridge. , Shao Yong also called himself "Mr. Anle". The famous scholars at that time, such as Fu Bi, Sima Guang, Lu Gongzhu and others, respected him and always followed him. He is not only knowledgeable about ancient and modern times and has unparalleled talents, but also has a strong moral character and is sincere in his treatment of others. This made him famous far and wide. Wherever he went, scholar-bureaucrats rushed to invite him to stay. Some even called the place where Shao Yong stayed his "travel home." His prestige in people's hearts is evident. Today, not many people are familiar with Shao Yong and his works. But some of his aphorisms are still popular among the people. For example, people often say: "A year's plan starts with spring, a day's plan starts with morning, and a life's plan starts with diligence." This is from Shao Yong. Shao Yong, this genius who could predict troubles, made astonishingly accurate predictions about the historical development of later generations. He wrote his masterpiece - "Plum Blossom Poems", which predicted the major historical changes that would take place in China after his death. . Of course, like all prophecies, he used very cryptic language. Not very easy to understand. Some parts are difficult to understand unless you are a practitioner who understands Taoism and Buddhism.

Renzong Jiayou and Shenzong Xiningchu were recommended twice, but both refused due to illness. Xining died in Luoyang at the age of sixty-seven in the tenth year of Xining and was buried in Xianying, Yichuan. Zhezong Yuanyouzhong granted him the posthumous title Kangjie. There are twenty volumes of "Yichuan Jingliang Collection". There is a biography in Volume 427 of "History of the Song Dynasty".

Writings

Written twelve volumes of "Huangji Jingshi Shu", including "Guanwu Inner Chapter", "Guanwu External Chapter", "Yu Qiao Wen Dui" and "Unknown Biography". The "Inner Pian" is written by Shao Yong, and the "Outer Pian" is the account of his disciples, similar to quotations. There is also a collection of poems "Jie soil collection". [1]

The legend predicts that "Plum Blossom Poems" was written by Shao Yong, but there is no verification. However, it lacks Shao Yong's poems' "straight-forward, simple and popular style of expressing one's inner feelings, and singing songs that attack the soil". Basically, it can be concluded that it was not written by Shao, but was imitated by later generations.

Generally speaking, you don’t have to know Zhang Zai, but you don’t have to know this famous saying: “Establish a heart for the heaven and earth, establish a destiny for the people, carry on the unique knowledge for the saints, and create peace for all generations.” This is It is the famous "Hengqu Four Sentences".

Zhang Zai (1020-1077), a philosopher in the Northern Song Dynasty, was one of the founders of Neo-Confucianism (one of the founders of "Guan Xue", a branch of Neo-Confucianism). The character is thick. A native of Hengqu Town, Fengxiang County (belonging to present-day Meixian County, Shaanxi Province), he is known as Mr. Hengqu in the world. Jiayou Jinshi, successively taught Chongwen Academy and knew Taichang Liyuan. He proposed the theory that "great void is Qi" and affirmed that "Qi" is the entity that fills the universe. Due to the gathering, dispersion and change of "Qi", various phenomena are formed. His works include "Zheng Meng", "Confucian Classics" and "Yi Shuo", which were later compiled into "The Complete Book of Zhang Zi".

Zhang Zaixiang

Zhang Zai was an important thinker in the Northern Song Dynasty, the founder of Guan Xue, and one of the founders of Neo-Confucianism. His academic thoughts occupied an important position in the history of Chinese ideological and cultural development and had a great influence on future ideological circles. His works have been regarded as one of the representatives of philosophy by the governments of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and are required reading for the imperial examinations. Book.

Zhang Zai was originally from Daliang (now Kaifeng, Henan), and his grandfather Zhang Fu was appointed to Shizhong by Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, a bachelor of Jixian Academy, etc., and later to Sikong. His father, Zhang Di, took office in Chang'an, Shaanxi Province with his wife Lu at the beginning of Zhenzong. Zhang Zai was born in the fourth year of Tianxi reign (1020). In the first year of Tiansheng (1023), he was appointed magistrate of Fuzhou (now Fuling County, Sichuan). Later, he was given to Shangshu Governor Langzhong. His grandfather and father were both small and medium-sized officials. Zhang Di died of illness while taking office in Fuzhou, and his family decided to bury him in Kaifeng. Fifteen-year-old Zhang Zai and five-year-old Zhang Jian and their mother escorted their father's coffin across Bashan to Hanzhong. They left Xiegu and headed to Hengqu, Mei County. Due to insufficient road resources and the war ahead, they were unable to return to their hometown of Kaifeng, so they left. His father was buried on Mihu Ridge in Dazhen Valley, south of Hengqu, and his family settled here. Zhang Zai lived here from now on, and people called him Mr. Hengqu.

Zhang Zai's courtesy name was Zihou and his nickname was Hengqu, which was the "Guan" of the four great masters of the Song Dynasty: Rulian, Luo, Guan and Fujian. He was famous for his place because he was born in Shaanxi. Among the other three families, Zhou Dunyi was from Lianxi, Daozhou, Hunan, and was called Lianxi because of his place. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi were from Luoyang, Henan, so they were called "Luoxue". Zhu Xi was originally from Wuyuan, Huizhou, and he was born in Longxi County, Fujian. Therefore, scholars generally refer to him as "Min Xue".

What Zhang Zai was most praised by other great scholars such as Er Chengzi was his "Xi Ming". In fact, it is a passage from the seventeenth chapter "Qian Sheng" at the end of his book "Zheng Meng". He himself regarded it as a motto that could be used as a motto. He once recorded it in his study room under the title "Ding Na". Yi changed the name to "Xi Ming", and scholars learned about it. Another passage in "Zheng Meng" was also written on the wall by Zhang Zai under the title "Bian Yu", but Yichuan changed it to "Dong Ming". But "Xi Ming" is the most influential, with only 252 words in total.

Works

Zhang Zai's main works include "Zhengmeng", "Xi Ming", "Yi Shuo", "Confucian Classics", etc., which were compiled by later generations into "The Complete Book of Zhang Zi" 》. Zhonghua Book Company published "Zhang Zai Ji" in 1978.

Cheng Hao (1032～1085), an acting scholar and educator in the Song Dynasty.

Er Chengxiang

Bochun, known as Mr. Mingdao, was from Henan Prefecture (now Luoyang, Henan Province). He and Cheng Yi are brothers and are known as "Er Cheng" in the world. His family has been an official for many generations. His great-grandfather Cheng Xizhen was appointed as Minister of the Ministry of Finance, Yubu Yuanwailang, his grandfather Cheng Huan was awarded the title of Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs to Kaifu Yitong and the Third Division of Libu, and his father Cheng Jue was an official in Taizhong.

He was deeply influenced by his family studies since childhood, and was especially influenced by his father Cheng Jue in political thought. He was famous for his non-Wang Anshi's new method. After being promoted to Jinshi, he served as the chief registrar of the capital county of Jingzhao Prefecture, the chief registrar of Shangyuan County of Jiangning Prefecture, and the magistrate of Jincheng in Zezhou. At the beginning of Shenzong's reign, he served as censor. Because he had different political views with Wang Anshi, he was not reused, so he concentrated on academics. The original biography of "History of the Song Dynasty" states: "I have the ambition to seek the Tao. It spreads among various schools, and has been in and out of the old and Buddhist scholars for decades. I have returned to seek the "Six Classics" and finally obtained it." He founded "Luo School" with his younger brother Cheng Yi and laid the foundation of Neo-Confucianism. In terms of education, he successively set up schools in Songyang, Fugou and other places, and devoted himself to educational research. He wrote a lot of books and formed a set of educational ideological systems. Cheng Hao proposed that the purpose of education is to cultivate saints, "A gentleman's learning must reach the saints first. Those who do not reach the saints but themselves will be abandoned." Those who are filial should be filial, and those who are younger should be younger, and they should be respected as they are, and they are just saints." That is to say, the highest purpose of education is to make the educated follow the laws of nature, be kind to the people, love things, and abide by feudal ethics. "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" mean "know", "If you read the Analects of Confucius and "Mencius" but don't know it, is it ridiculous to think that there are many? ""The Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean" must also be studied, "The way of the great university is to understand the virtues and understand the principles." And "The Doctrine of the Mean" "The principles of heaven are not as brilliant as the principles of heaven, and they are not enough to teach the Doctrine of the Mean." In short, education We must use Confucian classics as teaching materials and Confucian ethics as the basic content of education. Cheng Hao also proposed that reading is to "clarify the principles" and pay attention to reading methods. At the end of the chapter", this is a "big problem for scholars". Like his Neo-Confucianism, Cheng Hao's educational thoughts have a profound impact on later generations. Later generations, in order to seek the origin of academic tradition, built a temple or academy in memory of the place where he lectured. In the first year of Jiayou's reign (1056), Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty established Ercheng Temple in the place where the Book of Changes was taught in the capital (to the left of Fanta in present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). In the 20th year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1489), Li Yan, the governor of Henan, built Daliang Academy in Ercheng Temple. Er Cheng was enshrined in the lecture hall. The Songyang Academy was also established in memory of Er Cheng. The "Preface to Songyang Academy Chronicles" states: "Songyang Academy was the place where Master Liang Cheng stayed to give lectures to his disciples. "Ye".

Buried in the west of Yichuan County, the Yichuan County Government built Cheng Yuan, which contains the tombs of Cheng's father and son, and is a key cultural relic protection unit in Henan Province. There is a square in front of Cheng Yuan, adjacent to Yichuan County High School. Neighboring, there is the Xishan Sacred Forest, one of the eight scenic spots in Yichuan. Now Mr. Cheng Daoxing has invested more than 100 million to expand Chengyuan, and a new look will appear in front of the world.

Cheng Yi (1033~1107). , educator. Known as Mr. Yichuan, he was the younger brother of Cheng Hao in the Northern Song Dynasty. Chongzhengdian storyteller and his brother Cheng Hao co-founded the "Luo School", which laid the foundation for Neo-Confucianism. His political thoughts were greatly influenced by his father, who recommended his father to oppose Wang Anshi's new law. "One person", and also said that his brother Cheng Hao highly praised Jinggong's (Wang Anshi) saying, "There are many disagreements, and everything must be discussed." His brother Cheng Hao not only has the same academic thoughts, but also basically the same educational thoughts.< /p>

When he was 24 years old, he taught as an apprentice in the capital (now on the left side of Fanta, Kaifeng, Henan). In the fifth year of Xining, Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty (1072), he and his brother gave lectures in Songyang, the first year of Yuanfeng (1078). Gou County, "set up Xiangxu and gather the people of the city to teach." In the fifth year of Yuanfeng, Wen Yanbo donated his manor in Minggao Town (now Yichuan County, Luoyang, Henan) to the Cheng family, and then built his own Yigao Academy to teach. It lasted for almost 20 years. Like Cheng Hao, he advocated that the purpose of education is to cultivate saints. "The aspirations of a saint are only for the elderly to be safe, for friends to believe in them, and for young people to cherish them." Therefore, education must be based on cultivating saints. In terms of educational content, it advocates taking ethics and morality as its foundation, "Scholars must first understand benevolence." A benevolent person is of the same substance as all things. Righteousness, wisdom, and faith are all benevolent. "The History of the Song Dynasty" said that he "study based on sincerity, using "Great Learning", "The Analects of Confucius", "Mencius" and "The Doctrine of the Mean" as guides, and reached the 'Six Classics'".

Education is based on Moral education is the most important thing, and self-cultivation is emphasized. The method is to gain knowledge, study things, and understand things. "To gain knowledge, wisdom will gradually become clear." , to the end." "Ge" refers to the inner perception of things and knowing their principles. "Those who can see and hear with their ears but not far away, the Qi is limited to the ears, and the heart has no distance." Therefore, the key to understanding things lies in the "heart". Heart "Its virtue is in harmony with the sky and the earth, its brightness is in harmony with the sun and the moon, and it is not external." Therefore, Zhizhi emphasizes "inner feelings" rather than external things. In terms of learning methods, it emphasizes seeking its meaning, "Every time you read a text, you must first understand it." The meaning of the text can then be sought, and there is no way to understand the meaning without knowing the meaning of the text."

In addition, it is advocated that reading requires thinking. "If you don't think deeply, you will not be able to learn." Or say: "Is it possible for scholars to achieve this without thinking about it? "His educational ideas and thoughts had a great influence on the education of later generations. Later generations once set up academies in the place where he lectured to commemorate him, such as Henan Songyang Academy, Yichuan Academy, etc. In addition, there are also academies across the country to commemorate him. In order to show the longevity of his thoughts, his works were compiled by later generations into "The Complete Works of Henan Ercheng", "Collected Works of Cheng Yi", "Yi Zhuan" and "Jingshuo"

Works. >

The teachings of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi were later inherited and developed by Zhu Xi, and were known as the "Cheng-Zhu School" in the world.

Cheng Hao is the author of "Ding Ding Shu", "Shi Ren Pian", etc., and Cheng Yi is the author of "Yi Zhuan", "Yichuan Collected Works", etc. Later generations compiled their works into "Er Cheng Quanshu", which was published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1981. Collated and published "Er Cheng Ji"