Have both ability and political integrity, known as a saint; No virtue and no talent are called fools; Only after Desheng is a gentleman; Better than the so-called villains in Germany. The method of selecting talents, if you can't find a saint or a gentleman and appoint them, is better to get a fool than a villain. What is its reason? Because a gentleman has the ability to use it for good; Villains have a gift for evil. Holding talents to do good deeds, you can do good deeds everywhere; And if you do evil with your talent, you will do all kinds of evil. Although fools want to do evil, they are weak in intelligence and strength, just like a puppy pouncing on people, but people can still subdue them. The villains not only have enough intrigue to play evil, but also have enough strength to be violent, just like evil tigers have wings. Isn't he very harmful? People with noble moral character are respected, and talented people are loved; It is easy to be loyal to the person you like, but easy to alienate the person you respect. Therefore, people who inspect and select talents are often blinded by their talents and forget to examine their own character. Since ancient times, the traitor and adulterer of the country and the prodigal son of the family have led to the collapse of many countries, not just Zhiyao! Therefore, if the people who govern the country can examine the two different standards of talent and morality and know the order of choice, why worry about brain drain!

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Take history as a mirror.

Zi Tong Zhi Jian (often referred to as Tong Jian) is a multi-volume chronological history book edited by Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty, with a total of 294 volumes, which took 19 years to complete. Mainly based on time and events, it began in the 23rd year of Zhou Weilie (403 BC) and ended in the 6th year of Xiande, Zhou Shizong after the Five Dynasties (959 AD), covering the history of 16 dynasties and 1362 years.

In this book, the editor summed up many experiences and lessons for the rulers to learn from. Song Shenzong thinks that this book is "in view of the past, it has the resources for governance", that is, to strengthen the rule by taking historical gains and losses as a warning, so it is named "Managing with Capital". Zitongzhijian has 294 volumes, about 3 million words, and Kaoyi and Catalogue have 30 volumes.

Zi Tong Zhi Jian is China's first chronological general history, which occupies a very important position in China's official history works.

Twelve saints in China

1. grape wine saint Du Kang

Generosity, trouble unforgettable, only Du Kang can lift. -Cao Cao's "Short Songs"

Du Kang is the "ancestor of brewing" in ancient legends of China. Because Du Kang was good at making wine, later generations regarded Du Kang as the "wine saint", and the wine industry regarded Du Kang as the ancestor.

2. Wen Sheng Confucius

"I want to stand up and stand up. I want to touch people." -The Analects of Confucius

Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, put forward the idea of "benevolence" and was a famous thinker and educator in ancient China.

Confucius pioneered private lectures and recruited disciples, regardless of wealth or rank. It is said that there are 3000 disciples, 72 of whom are excellent.

He is also an emissary of cultural communication and has traveled around the world. In his later years, Confucius devoted himself to the collation and dissemination of ancient documents, devoted himself to education, sorted out ancient books such as poems and books, and deleted Chunqiu.

His students recorded his thoughts and words in The Analects. Confucius advocated Confucianism all his life, making Confucianism the mainstream of China culture in China and the guiding ideology of China people for more than 2,000 years.

3. Shi Sheng Sima Qian

"The historian sings a swan song, and Li Sao has no rhyme." -Lu Xun

Sima Qian (about 145 ~ 90 years ago), a native of Longmen, xia yang (now south of Hancheng, Shaanxi), was a great historian, writer and thinker in the Western Han Dynasty. His Historical Records is the first biographical general history of China, and later generations respectfully call him "Shi Sheng".

In order to defend Li Ling, he suffered great physical and mental torture. He used his whole life's energy and painstaking efforts to endure great physical and mental pain and wrote a great book, Historical Records, which still shines brilliantly.

4. Dr. Zhang Zhongjing

"If you advance, you will save the world, and if you retreat, you will save the people; You can't be a good doctor, but you are also a good doctor. " -Zhang Zhongjing's treatise on typhoid and miscellaneous diseases

Zhang Zhongjing was a famous doctor in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and he was called "the sage of medicine". According to legend, it is filial piety and Changsha magistrate, so it is called "Zhang Changsha". Zhang Zhongjing extensively collected medical prescriptions and wrote the masterpiece Treatise on Febrile Diseases handed down from ancient times.

Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases is the first medical classic with complete theory, method, prescription and medicine in the history of human medicine. For the first time, he systematically and completely expounded the etiology, pathology, treatment principles and treatment methods of epidemic diseases and various internal diseases, which laid a solid theoretical foundation for the development of clinical disciplines in later generations.

5. Wu Guansheng

"Hou and Wang, Wang and Di, Di and Sheng, Sheng and Tian."

Guan Yu, the word Yunchang, was a famous soldier in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. After Guan Yu's death, he was gradually deified by people and was honored as "Guan Gong", also known as "Beard".

From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the end of Qing Dynasty, Guan Yu was respected by feudal emperors in previous dynasties, with endless praise and endless worship of temples. Guan Yu is famous at home and abroad, and has become one of the most worshipped sacred idols in history, so that he is as famous as Confucius and is called "a sage with both civil and military skills".

6. Book sage Wang Xizhi

Nirvana in fire's popularity is eternal, and Wang is really the highest in the bookstore. Today, I also wrote a monument and made a big axe in front of Luban. -Qigong

Wang Xizhi (303 ~36 1), a famous calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was born in Linyi (present-day Shandong) and was known as the "book saint". Wang Xizhi, from the official to the general of the right army, recorded the internal history, so later people called him "Wang Youjun". His son, Wang Xianzhi, is also good at calligraphy, and the world is collectively known as the "two kings".

Wang Xizhi was born in a famous family in the Jin Dynasty. At the age of twelve, he was taught the theory of brushwork by his father, and he realized that "language is the key link". I studied calligraphy under the famous female calligrapher Mrs. Wei at that time. After that, he crossed the famous mountains in the north and upper reaches of the river, learned from others' strengths, observed and studied "combining various laws and preparing one family", and reached the height of "the more expensive the group products, the better the ancient and modern".

7. Painting Saint Wu Daozi

"statutes should be innovative and bold." -Su Shi

Wu Daozi (about 686 ~ 760), also known as Daoxuan, was honored as "Wu Sheng" in the history of painting. Yang Zhai (now Yu County, Henan Province) was born. A famous painter in the Tang Dynasty, he is known as "a hundred generations of painting saints". Wu Daozi was poor when he was a teenager. At first, he was a folk painter. When he was young, he had a painting name. He used to be the county commandant of Qiu (now Ziyang, Shandong Province) in Yanzhou County, and soon resigned. Later, he went to Luoyang to create murals.

Wu Daozi's painting style is unique, and he is the founder of China landscape painting. He created a landscape "sparse body" with profound meaning between pen and ink, which made landscape an independent painting, thus ending the status of landscape as a vassal of figure painting background.

8. Cha Sheng Lu Yu

"Since Lu Yu was born in the world, the world has learned from each other." -May Yao Chen.

Lu Yu was born in the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and was born in Jingling County (now Tianmen County, Hubei Province). Lu Yu loved tea all his life and was good at tea ceremony. He is famous for his first monograph on tea in the world, Tea Classic, and has made outstanding contributions to the development of tea industry in China and the world. Known as "tea fairy", "Cha Sheng" and "Tea God" by later generations.

Lu Yu is also good at writing poems, but there are not many poems left in the world. He has a strong interest in tea, long-term investigation and research, familiar with tea planting, breeding and processing technology, and good at tea tasting. In the history of tea culture in China, Lu Yu's tea science, tea art, tea ceremony thought and his Tea Classic are epoch-making symbols.

9. Soldier Sun Wu

"Soldiers, state affairs, places of life and death, and ways of survival must be observed." -Sun Tzu's "first strike is strong"

Sun Wu, whose name is Changqing, was born in Le 'an, Qi (now Huimin, Shandong), a great military theorist in the Spring and Autumn Period. His great-grandfather and grandfather were both great names of the State of Qi, who made great achievements in wars at home and abroad. Influenced by family studies, Sun Wu loved the art of war from an early age. Sun Wu was honored as "the sage of the army", "the father of the army" and "the teacher of the army" by later generations.

In addition to his outstanding military exploits, Sun Wu left behind an immortal military masterpiece, The Art of War, with a total of 13 articles and more than 5,000 words. It contains a profound theoretical system and rich ideological content, which has had a great and far-reaching impact on the development of China and military art. Military scientists and strategists of past dynasties have drawn nourishment from it and used it to guide war practice and develop military theory.

10. Looking for St. Sean

"air planning, winning thousands of miles away." -Liu bang

Sean, a minister in the early Han Dynasty and a native of Hao (now southeast of Hao County, Anhui Province), was an important counselor of Liu Bang. During the Chu-Han War, Sean put forward some strategies, such as not establishing descendants of six countries, uniting with Ying Bu and Peng Yue, and reusing Han Xin. He also advocated pursuing Xiang Yu and annihilating the Chu army; After Liu Bangxi entered Wuguan, he broke the enemy with one move. Help Liu bang escape from danger at the Hongmen banquet; "Please call Hanzhong Hanwang"; In the Chu-Han War, Liu Bang adopted "long-term policy to level the world". After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Sean was named Liu Hou.

Sean, who lived in troubled times, devoted himself to his busy military career and made indelible contributions to Liu Bang's defeat of Xiang Yu and the establishment of the Han Dynasty. After worshipping Fu, he resigned and retired, which was the only natural death in three outstanding heroes of early han dynasty.

1 1. Mu Sheng (Ke Sheng) Zhang Heng

"Idiots can't do things in the world, and men should be surprised by the world." -Zhang Heng

During the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 1 17), a large astronomical instrument driven by water was successfully manufactured in Luoyang, Kyoto. Twenty years later (A.D. 138), another instrument installed in Luoyang, Kyoto, "Houfeng Seismograph", accurately reported earthquakes thousands of miles away in the west. This marks the beginning of a new era of human recording and studying earthquakes with instruments.

The inventors of these two famous instruments were Zhang Heng, a great scientist and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng made outstanding contributions to ancient astronomy, seismology and mechanics in China. It is said that he also made a south guide car and a drum car in his memory. Because of its high level of mechanical manufacturing, it is honored as "Wood Sage".

12. Shang Sheng Fan Li

"Be loyal to the country, protect yourself with wisdom, get rich in business, and become famous all over the world." -Sima Qian

Fan Li (536 ~ 448 BC), a native of Huaxia nationality, was born in Chuwandi (now Taohe Township, Xichuan County, Henan Province) in the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a famous politician, strategist, economist and Taoist scholar in the late Spring and Autumn Period. He suggested helping Gou Jian, the King of Yue, restore the country and then retire. He is also the author of two articles, Fan Li, whose whereabouts are still unknown.

It was honored by later generations as one of the "Shang saints" and "Five Saints of Nanyang". Although he was born in poverty, he read widely and had a deep understanding of Chu Wanling's writing style. Dissatisfied with the political darkness of Chu at that time, he went to Yue to assist Gou Jian.

Legend has it that he helped Gou Jian prosper the State of Yue and destroy the State of Wu. After becoming famous, he quickly retreated. His alias is Yan Yizi Pi, and he swims between the seventy-two peaks. Fan Li later settled in Dingtao (now Dingtao District, Heze City, Shandong Province). During this period, he made a fortune in business three times and distributed his wealth three times, hence the name "Tao Zhugong". Many merchants later dedicated his statue, calling it "God of Wealth".

Creation background

Sima Guang once suffered from a large number of historical books, and it was difficult for scholars to browse them all. Because he wanted to summarize the main points, he wrote a biographical history. Tongzhi, published in eight volumes, appeared in North Korea from the Warring States to Qin Ershi, which attracted the attention of Song Yingzong. In the third year of Zhiping (1066), he ordered the publishing house to be located in Chongwen Academy to continue compiling. Song Shenzong acceded to the throne and was given the title of "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", which was awarded in turn. This book was written in the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084).

Mirror Mirror was composed by Sima Guang and co-edited by Liu Shu, Liu Ban and Fan Zuyu. Liu Shu learned from others and had a deep memory. He tried his best to compile Tong Jian Yi, from Xiashi in Historical Records to Private Miscellaneous Notes. Liu Ban in Hanshu and Fan Zuyu in Tang Shi both have deep research. They worked together and made important contributions to each other. Finally, it was revised, polished and finalized by Sima Guang. Among them, right and wrong were taken away, and light was extinguished.

There are abundant historical materials in Tongjian, besides Seventeen History, there are hundreds of miscellaneous history books. The narratives in books are often written in several materials. In those years, when there are differences in deeds, all of them are added to the textual research, and the reasons as appropriate are indicated, which is regarded as "textual research". Tongjian has high historical value, especially in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties.

Tong Jian was carefully finalized by Sima Guang, with unified rhetoric, beautiful words and vivid narration, which has high literary value. It has been listed as a masterpiece of ancient historians in China along with Historical Records. In addition to narratives, he also selected 97 historical papers of predecessors and wrote 1 18 historical papers in the form of Yue, which reflected the author's political historical view. It is an important progress of historical thought to take a critical attitude towards religious superstitions such as divination and Buddhism and Taoism in history.

After Tong Jian was written, in the eighth year of Yuanfeng, Fan Zuyu, Sima Kang, Huang Tingjian and Zhang Shunmin were ordered to revise it again. After the revision in the first year of Yuan You (1086), it was sent to Hangzhou for engraving and published in the seventh year of Yuanyou. Now, Yuan Youben is out of sight. In the second year of Emperor Gaozong Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 132), Yuyao reprinted it, which is also incomplete. Zhonghua Book Company, according to the original edition reprinted by Hu Kejia in Qing Dynasty, is a better version of Tong Jian.

The influence of the work

As a Mirror, Zi Tong Zhi Jian is a famous historical work in ancient China, which has always been valued and read by people.

When editing Zi Tong Zhi Jian, Sima Guang not only properly combined the biographical style with the chronological style, but also combined the details of the biographical style with the simplicity of the chronological style. Because of its long history, China ancient chronological history books have no title or catalogue, and can only be searched by year. Sima Guang broke through this old example, and integrated the chronology, imperial history, calendar, astronomical phenomena, catalogue, contents and index into one, which created a new style of multi-functional catalogue of chronological history books, made the History as a Mirror more perfect, and pushed the historical compilation of China to a new height.

Sima Guang's thoughts, ways and methods of document arrangement in Zi Tong Zhi Jian not only produced fruitful results and enriched China's classical philology theory, but also had a far-reaching impact on the development of philology. ?

Since the publication of Purple Tongzhi Sword, emperors, generals, literati and dignitaries from all walks of life have been fighting for it. Countless emperors, sages, scholars, modern politicians, thinkers, and scholars have commented on the Book. As a textbook for emperors of past dynasties, Zi Tong Zhi Jian's reputation is hard to compare with Zi Tong Zhi Jian except Historical Records.

Sima Guang's Zi Tongzhi Jian and Sima Qian's Historical Records are immortal works of Chinese historiography, and they are called "two Sima historians". ?

Evaluation of works

Wang Yinglin, a historian of the Southern Song Dynasty, said: "Since the book was signed, there has been no one like Tong Jian."

At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Hu Sansheng said, "If you don't know the mirror, you want to govern without knowing the source of autonomy. If you are a minister and don't know the mirror, it has nothing to do with you. If you are a son and don't know the mirror, you will be humiliated first and can't do things. " Zi Zhi Tong Jian has no trace of chaos, but it is particularly detailed in music, calendar, astronomy and geography. Readers are like mice drinking water in the river, each taking what he needs. " ?

In the Qing Dynasty, Gu's Record of Japanese Knowledge and Difficulties in Writing Books: Zi Jian Literature General Examination "was made with all one's life energy, so it became an indispensable book for later generations".

Wang Mingsheng, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, said: "This book is indispensable between heaven and earth, and it is also a must-read book for scholars." If you want to read the seventeenth history, you have to look in the mirror. Most of the materials in Tong Jian are outside the official history, which can be corrected by investigating the similarities and differences of various histories. As the ancients said, things are more important than before, and literature is not as good as before, but Tong Jian is also considered. "

Zeng Guofan in the Qing Dynasty: "Stealing the book that shocked the world by sages is not good at Paulus Johannes's History as a Mirror, and his theory is eclectic and broadens his mind."

Liang Qichao, a modern scholar, commented on Tong Jian and said, "The Tong Jian written by Sima Wengong is also a world masterpiece. Its magnificent structure and rich materials make it impossible for future generations who want to compile a general history to take it as a blueprint, but so far no one can rule it. Wen Gong is also a great man! "

Mao Zedong claimed to have made 17 comments on Zi Tong Zhi Jian, and said, "17 times. Every time I read, I benefit a lot. A rare book ... There are two books in China, one is Historical Records, and the other is History as a Mirror. They are all talented people. They were written under political frustration ... The war in the mirror is really wonderful, vivid and full of dialectics. " ?

Brief introduction of the author

Sima Guang (10 19- 1086) was a politician, historian and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Xia County, Shaanxi Province (now Xia County, Shanxi Province) was a native of Sushui Village and Guangshan County, Henan Province. His original name was Gong Shi, later changed to strategist, later changed to Tufu, and he was called Mr. Su Shui. Sima guang was eager to learn since childhood, especially the biography of Zuo Shi in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Sima Guang wrote a lot. In addition to Zi Jian, there are 80 volumes of Tong Jian Li, 20 volumes of Lu and 6 volumes of Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao. In addition, he has research and writings in literature, Confucian classics, philosophy and even medicine. The main representative works are Han Lin Shi Hua, Notes on Classical Chinese Classics, Yi Shuo, Notes on Taixuan Classics, Yangzi, Yi Shu, You Shan, Continued Poems, Yi Wen, Stories of Surabaya, Leipian and so on. Historically, Sima Guang was once regarded as one of the three saints of Confucianism (the other two were Confucius and Mencius).