Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to increasing political corruption, the unified multi-ethnic empire fell apart. After that, after the brief unification of the Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin Dynasty, the sixteen kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty stood side by side and the Northern and Southern Dynasties faced off. During the more than three hundred years of divided political power and frequent wars, Chinese society was in a whirlpool of great turmoil. At the same time, due to the great migration and intermingling of ethnic groups, the second unprecedented ethnic integration in Chinese history occurred.

During this period, various ethnic groups that were closely related to the Han people and their predecessors, the Huaxia people, suddenly accelerated the process of ethnic integration after they appeared on the political stage of the Central Plains, and they dispersed and gathered one after another. Many ethnic groups that have established political power have integrated with the Han people. Whether in the south or the north, two-way or multi-way migration and convection between ethnic groups were the characteristics of ethnic integration during this period. That is to say, some Han people go to the surrounding areas, and the surrounding ethnic minorities come to the inland.

In the north, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Shi, Qiang and other ethnic groups outside the Great Wall, known as the "Five Hus" in history, came in droves and established many political powers in the Yellow River Basin. These national political powers, generally regardless of which ethnic group holds the dominant position, are mostly united with the Han aristocratic class; at the same time, various forms of alliances are often adopted in the combination of political power. The northern ethnic groups migrated to the Central Plains and established political power one after another. One of the most direct consequences was that the Hu and Han people lived together in the Central Plains, which provided prerequisites for the integration of various ethnic groups. During the long-term coexistence and intermarriage with the Han people, these ethnic groups relied on and absorbed each other, and established inextricably linked relationships. Gradually, the differences between them and the Han people in economy, culture, language, clothing, surnames, customs and even religious beliefs gradually narrowed, and they gradually integrated with the Han people. For example, by the late Northern Wei Dynasty, ethnic minorities such as the Xiongnu, Jie, Shi, and Qiang had disappeared from historical records, and the Rouran, Tuyuhun, and Chile gradually merged with the Han people. By the time the Sui Dynasty unified the Yellow River Basin, almost all the ethnic minorities who moved to the Central Plains from the north were integrated with the Han people, and even the Xianbei people finally completed their Hanization. Of course, in the context of national integration during this period, an important event that must be mentioned is the reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Patriot Alliance Network) q After Emperor Xiaowen established the Northern Wei regime, in order to consolidate his rule, develop the economy, and enhance national strength, he followed the development trend of ethnic integration and imitated the Han regime to establish a feudal political system, implemented the three-chief system, and the land equalization system. The surname Hu is a Han surname, the Hu clothing is changed to Han clothing, and marriage between Hu and Han is advocated. Among them, the implementation of the land equalization system has gradually restored and developed the northern economy, which is conducive to the transformation of ethnic minorities from nomadic life to agricultural life, and has a strong promotion effect on ethnic integration. Moving the capital to Luoyang allowed them to directly accept the advanced culture of the Han people, which greatly accelerated the integration of the Hu-Han ethnic groups. In the south, since the Qin and Han Dynasties, many Chinese or Han people have entered the barbarian areas, southwestern Yi and Lingnan areas in large numbers. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, in order to escape war and heavy taxes, the Han people either moved to Longyou, Hexi, or moved south with the Jin Dynasty and settled in Jiangzuo. They even lived in the traditional Barbarian, Li, Liao, Cuan and other ethnic groups. area, their traces can also be seen. At the same time, the Yuzhou barbarians, Jingzhou barbarians, and Yongzhou barbarians moved northward, and the Cuan people were recruited into the interior and became the common people in the Southern Dynasty. Through this two-way, convective migration and intermingling, as well as continuous military conquests, marriage alliances, and the establishment of Zuojun and Zuoxian, the phenomenon of Yiniization of the Han people and Sinicization of the Yi people in the south has become increasingly common. Patriot Alliance

(2) Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan Periods Since the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, history has entered a unified Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan periods after great division and chaos. There are two main characteristics of ethnic integration during this period: First, ethnic integration was first carried out within the areas governed by various ethnic regimes, that is, it was mainly carried out in the border areas. Second, in the process of confrontation, disputes, conflicts and gradual unification between the Northern Song Dynasty - Liao Dynasty - Xixia and the Southern Song Dynasty - Jin Dynasty - Xixia, the great ethnic migration once again changed the pattern of ethnic divisions, thus promoting a new ethnic revolution. Fusion laid the foundation for the unprecedented unification of the Yuan Dynasty.

In the northern part of the Song Dynasty, the establishment of the Liao, Xia and Jinbei dynasties promoted the ethnic integration in this area.

The Khitan who founded the Liao Dynasty originated from Xianbei. It gradually developed by destroying the Bohai Sea in the east, frequently conquering the Uighurs, Silla, Tubo, Dangxiang, Shiwei, Shatuo, Ugu and other ethnic groups, and continuously expanding southward. With the development to the south, the number of Han people under Liao rule increased day by day. In the conflict and integration with the Central Plains, the gap narrowed. The final result of national integration was the formation of a culture with Han culture as the core but with Khitan national characteristics and era characteristics. Liao culture.

Xixia was founded by the Dangxiang tribe, which was an important ethnic group formed by Dangxiang Qiang as the main body and absorbing elements of Di, Qiang, Tubo and other ethnic groups in the northwest region. Its development has gone through a long period of time. process of national integration. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xixia's power expanded rapidly and formed a conflict with the Northern Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Jin Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty. At its peak, it governed parts of Ningxia, northern Shaanxi, western Gansu and Inner Mongolia, and made great contributions to the development, unification and integration of the northwest ethnic groups in northwest my country. contributed.

The Jurchens, who originated from Heishui Mohe and emerged in the Northeast, destroyed the Liao Dynasty and the Song Dynasty and established the Jin Dynasty. The Jin destroyed the Liao, inherited the Liao culture, and directly collided with the Han culture. Especially in the process of moving south, Jin moved a large number of captured Han people to the northeast, and also moved a large number of Jurchens out of their hometowns and scattered them in Khitan and Han areas. This kind of migration and mixing between ethnic groups promotes ethnic integration and cultural exchanges.

In the southern part of the Song Dynasty, the tribes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under the rule of Tubo, the Wuman, Baiman and other ethnic groups under the rule of the Dali Kingdom, and the Nanliaoman tribes also strengthened their mutual relations to a certain extent. Fusion and blending with Song Dynasty.

During this period, in addition to conflicts and disputes, major political entities also had frequent exchanges and more extensive economic and cultural exchanges through sending envoys, tribute, mutual trade, marriage, etc. As a result, not only a large number of ethnic minorities merged with the Han nationality, but also many Han nationalities merged with ethnic minorities. Specifically, the Khitan people entered the Central Plains in large numbers during the Southern Song Dynasty. By the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, they were regarded as Han people by the Yuan government. Tao Zongyi listed the Khitans among the 8 types of Han people listed in "Nancun Stops Farming", and the name "Khitan" gradually disappeared in the late Yuan Dynasty. The inward migration of Jurchens never stopped from Jin Taizong to the end of Jin Dynasty. Especially when Jin Xuanzong moved his capital to Bianjing due to the oppression of the Mongols, more Jurchens moved inward, accounting for about half of the total number of Jurchens. They lived mixedly with the Han people, married each other, adopted Han surnames, and promoted Confucianism. The Jurchens' national characteristics have gradually been lost. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty classified the Jurchens, Hans, and Khitans as the third class and received the same political treatment. This objectively eliminated the ethnic boundaries between the Jurchens and the Han people and promoted the Jurchens to become more Sinicized. By the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Jurchens in the Central Plains had completely integrated into the Han nationality.

(3) National Integration in the Qing Dynasty

!|The Qing Dynasty was an important period for the consolidation of my country's unified multi-ethnic country. Compared with the previous generation, the ethnic integration and ethnic exchanges at this time were magnificent and climaxed one after another, and they also showed some new characteristics.

First of all, the great integration between Manchu, Han and other ethnic groups was achieved. As early as the Qing army entered the Pass, there had already been contact between the Manchus and the Han. After the Qing army entered the customs, a large number of Manchus moved into the customs, which objectively broke the geographical boundaries between the Manchus and the Han and formed a situation of mixed living. At the same time, in order to consolidate their rule, the Manchu rulers also actively sought alliances with the Han landlord class and the upper classes of other ethnic minorities. In this way, in the long-term coexistence of multiple ethnic groups, the Manchus have grown stronger by integrating into the Han and other ethnic groups. At the same time, some members separated and integrated into other ethnic groups. This kind of blood exchange not only facilitates the integration between Manchu and Han people, but also closes the relationship between the various fraternal ethnic groups.

Secondly, the integration of various ethnic groups in border areas has been strengthened compared with previous generations. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the 55 ethnic minorities in my country today have been basically formed. They are mainly located in border areas, living in large mixed groups, small groups, and generally scattered. After the Qing Dynasty established Beijing, it successively put down the separatist activities of the Junggar tribe and the rebellions of the Hui tribe and Hezhuo, canonized Tibetan religious leaders and dispatched ministers to Tibet, and strengthened the control and management of border areas. Objectively, this not only strengthens the connection between the border areas and the hinterland, but is also conducive to the integration of various ethnic groups in the border areas. For example, in the operation and management of the northern frontier in the Qing Dynasty, the Hezhe, Daur, Oroqen, Ewenki and other ethnic groups scattered in the Heilongjiang and Ussuri River basins were first moved into the hinterland of the Northeast. Then, after many years of conquest, he controlled the Mongolian Plateau and the western region, and implemented the "alliance flag system" to rule the vassal Mongolian tribes. At the same time, due to war, famine, famine and other reasons, Han people from the mainland also migrated to the northern border areas in large numbers and lived together with other ethnic groups. This flow and intermingling of different ethnic groups has set off an upsurge of ethnic integration in the vast northern region, with the integration of Han, Manchu and Mongolian as the core, and the Uyghur, Daur, Ewenki, Oroqen and other ethnic groups are also involved. . Patriot Alliance

Thirdly, people of all ethnic groups have strengthened their cohesion, exchanges and integration with each other during the Communist Party's common anti-Qing rule and resistance to invasion by foreign powers. When the Manchu aristocrats first entered the customs, they implemented a series of policies that disturbed the people, such as enclosing land, surrendering, and shaving their hair. During the war to eradicate the Nanming regime and pacify the "Three Feudatories" in the south, the Eight Banners Army also harassed the Han people. These policies once aroused class antagonism and resistance of all ethnic groups, and objectively strengthened the ties between people of all ethnic groups in the joint resistance to Qing rule. In the late Qing Dynasty, the rule became increasingly decadent, foreign powers encroached on China one after another, wars were everywhere, border troubles were frequent, and the national crisis deepened. Under the circumstances of internal and external troubles and oppression, in the struggle against adversity and oppression, it promoted the awakening and unity of the Chinese nation and strengthened the cohesion and integration of all ethnic groups.