Introduction to classics
In general
Lun Heng is an important work in the history of China's thoughts and literary criticism. There are eighty-five articles in thirty volumes, and there is no book record in Invitation. According to the author's account, the main purpose of writing letters is "virtual" and "real". The content mainly expounds his views on nature, history and epistemology. Fan Wenlan said that the book "systematically and comprehensively refutes all fallacies of Confucian books (mainly divination), Taoism (alchemy) and various superstitious behaviors in daily life (spells of Yin and Yang and five elements) according to real facts" (A Brief History of China, 2nd edition, p. 232). Among them, his profound literary knowledge occupies an important position in the history of China's literary theory. The practical value he emphasized. Oppose "inaction" and "recklessness" in order to achieve the purpose of "persuading good and punishing evil"; Advocating that literature should conform to reality, and "writing carries feelings", that is, the unity of content and form; Emphasize originality and individuality, and oppose imitation; It advocates that language should be comprehensive and colloquial, and opposes pretending to be abstruse. These opinions are aimed at the serious shortcomings in literature since the end of the Western Han Dynasty, which are of progressive significance and have a great influence on later literary criticism. However, due to his ignorance of literature and art, some of his expositions are biased. Lun Heng is simple and natural in style and easy to understand, but its literary talent is slightly insufficient. There are four volumes and four episodes. Today, people hope to write Lun Heng Jie and Lun Heng Zhu written by the History Department of Peking University for reference.
Self-discipline (excerpt)
Notes on the title or background of a book.
Ji Zi is the last article of Lun Heng. This paper expounds the purpose of Wang Chong's writing Lun Heng and puts forward his view on literary creation.
original text
Fill in the sick customs and make a book of "ridiculous customs". I also care about the people's government, but I want to rule the people. I don't know what it is, I don't know what it is, I worry about it, I don't see its potential, and I pretend to be a book of "government affairs." It also hurts a lot of fake books and popular works, so it is the book of Lun Heng. The husband is virtuous and virtuous, but the righteousness is to open the door. Look at the whole person, not the whole person Before you 100 years old, listen and teach, write and listen. After a long time, I feel that what I said in the past is very close and convinced, and I can't explain it myself. Pretend to be realistic. Its prosperity, its tone, flashy and hypocritical words are all clear. There is no vain writing, unpretentious; Pull out the wind of loss and fight against drama customs.
Full of books, easy to read. Or: "eloquence is deep, and the pen is sharp. The text, the sage's words, is heavy and elegant, and difficult to see. Those who read the world learn from the past. Mr. Gai's materials are brilliant, so his writing and language are different from the secular. Between the jade and the stone, the pearl hides the belly of the fish. Unless you are a jade craftsman, you can't get it. Treasure is hidden and invisible, and the truth is deep and difficult. The book "Ridiculous Vulgarity" wants to understand the laity, so it shows its meaning and is a separate article; What book is Lun Heng? Is it really that the material is shallow and the cover is not deep? He Wen's examination is different from his art? "A: Jade hides stones and pearls hide fish bellies, so it is a deep cover. And the jade color is cut in the stone heart, and the pearl comes out of the fish belly. Are you still hiding? My articles are not collected on bamboo slips, but hidden in my mind and jade. And out of the nuclear dew, jade is broken! If it is as bad as astronomical photos and as good as geographical knowledge, the suspicion is hidden. And it's called white, and it's up to you. " "Theory of balance, theory of level. Mouth in plain words, pen in revealing words. Gao Shi's elegance can be seen in every word. People who read the Bible can hear even if they are blind and deaf. I was blind for three years, but I saw my parents and I didn't know them. Is Anken happy? There are huge trees along the road and long ditches along the cutting edge. Everyone knows where they live. Make the tree not huge and hidden, the ditch not long and hidden, to show people, Yao and Shun are still confused. People's faces are over 70 years old, their cheeks are smooth, their five colors are different, and they are slightly worried and happy, and they can all be observed. Make your face black and ugly, and if you hit it again, you will lose nine. Who is the debater? Is her husband's prose mainly language, or is it simple or elegant? So the words are very clear, and the words are afraid of extinction, so I wrote the words. Words and characters are a trend, so why hide your meaning? When a prison is disrespectful, it is doubtful that it is chaotic. Who is a good official from him? The husband's oral theory is open, the pen debate is open, and the official study is good. Deep elegance, hard to see, just for praise. Classics, sages' words, ancient and modern words are different, and the four sides read them differently. When talking about something, it is difficult to know unless it is something, so the meaning is closed and hidden. Future generations don't know, the world is far away. This name is called a foreign language, not Cai Hong. A shallow text is difficult to read, but it is called misfortune, not knowing it. Qin Shihuang read Han Fei's book and sighed, "I am still alone, but I can't have this person at the same time." "The text can be solved, so you can think. If you are elegant, you must learn from your teacher and throw it on the ground. Why sigh? The author of Husband's Pen wants to make it easy to understand and difficult to understand, and it is easy to do if it is not expensive and difficult to understand; You can hear arguments from your mouth, but you can't see them from deep pedantry. Mencius has a bright eye; Judging the text, we can know by the righteousness.
It is against custom to fill in books. Or it's hard to say, "Wen Guifu obeys the unity of the people and does not go against their wishes. It is not surprising that hundreds of people read it and thousands of people smell it. Therefore, Guanzi said: "The speech room is full, and the speech hall is full. "Today is almost different from the world, so the article hits the nail on the head and is out of touch with the public." Answer: You don't serve China, but the things are not high. How can we feel at ease whether we argue or not? When people are not obedient, they lose their falsehood and keep their truth. For example, if you follow the crowd and obey the wishes of the people, you will stick to the old ways and remain elegant, and you will only mock it. Why argue? Confucius sat in Lu Aigong and got peaches and millet. Confucius eats millet first, and then spits peaches. This is a good order. However, both sides covered their mouths and smiled for a long time. Today, I'm still eating according to Confucius' instructions, but the layman has violated it and I'm still covering my mouth. Good songs make people sad; Ritual dancing is not good for Zhao. Wu Bo refused to view the book of Yao and Shun; Ji Meng refused to read the works of Confucius and Mohism. Ning Wei's plan is to stay in the alley; Put aside worldly words and indulge in customs. There is delicious food in Sri Lanka, but laymen don't like it, and Diaken eats it, so there is Baoyu, which laymen cast and Bian He adores. Right or wrong? Who can be trusted? Etiquette and custom run counter to each other. Why not? Ruben disobeyed the sacrifice and there were three people beside him. Gai Jude is the language of words, noble people are reluctant to give up, and vulgar people are not good; A deceptive book is praised by sages, but escaped by fools.
Books cannot be pure and beautiful. Or: "There is no choice in words, and there is no choice in words. Wen is good, and his words are clever. Words are said in the ear and things are tasted in the heart; What you see in your eyes is an article. Put your hands down. Therefore, all the arguments were heard, and Wen Li wrote everything. Today's new book is not only about analogy, but also about lust, beauty and unhappiness. Cover the Shi Kuang tune, the songs are all sad; Diya and rice and vegetables are not light. It's just a man-made book with impeccable writing. " "Lushi" and "Huainan" are hung at the city gate, and the people watching them have nothing to say. Today, neither book is beautiful. Although literature is prosperous, it is still abandoned. "A: A husband can only fix China if he is pragmatic, and a mediator can't modify his words. There are many flowers in the grass and many dead branches in the forest. If you want to show what you are doing, can you make a text without destroying it? It is not good to put out the fire to save the drowning person; It is not clever to argue about right and wrong. I followed the turtle when I entered Ze, and my feet couldn't be adjusted. Catch jiaozi in the abyss, too busy to stop. The word for rape, the word for Jane, meaning better and better; The language is sweet and profound, and the service meaning is shallow and insignificant. A thousand meters old, chaff is too half; Reading money is full of memories, and wearing it determines everything. Soup must have a light taste, and treasures must have flaws; There must be greatness in big slips and misfortune in good works. But there must be some mistakes in the argument, and the full text is still embarrassing. Money comes from your home, shit comes from the base house. Huainan and Lushi are not without harm, because the family is rich and the official is expensive. The husband is expensive and has to hang in the city; If you are rich, you have a daughter. People who read this book are afraid and jealous. Although they disagree with each other, how dare they condemn them?
Supplement books or collect ancient ones, unlike our predecessors. Or: "It is said that the decoration is uniform, or the path is awkward, or the buckling is comfortable. The theory of speaking, the fact of the matter, the text is sweet and sour, the harmony is not tested, the collection is inconsistent, the son of Ji is not long, and the son is not in the clouds. The text is not as good as before, and the name is skillful. " Answer: the strong appearance is out of shape, and the tone like something is not love. Centurion's son, born to different parents, is not the same, there is no need to be similar, just take care of yourself. Literature must have harmony to be called good, and if it is, it is called coincidence without hurting the hands of craftsmen. The affairs of the scribes, each from its own things, or rhetoric, with rhetoric, or argue with reason, with actual things as empty. There must be a combination of consideration and words, so the five emperors are the same and the three kings are the same. Different aspects of beauty are better than eyes; The sound of sadness is faster than the ear. Wine is very strange, and you get drunk after drinking it; A hundred grains are delicious, and everyone is full. It is said that words should be combined with the former, that is to say, Shun's eyebrows should be picked after eight times, and Yu's eyes are binocular.
Full of books and articles. Or: "Wen Gui refers to it, but it is still economical, and (go+more) is clear. Debaters' words are important, but scholars' words are few and far between. The new book written today has a lot of words, and the readers can't finish reading it; If the article is not one, the correspondent cannot receive it. In the name of being angered, it is not good to be angry. It's easy to say, but few words. Jade is not as precious as stone; There are fewer dragons and more fish, and those who are less are solid. " Answer: Yes. Guy is quiet, but China people are rich. For the world, a hundred are harmless; If it weren't for the users, a chapter wouldn't help. If you use them all, so much is the best, and less is the best. Accumulate thousands of dollars, compare with one hundred, who has money? Gavin is better than the poor, and the poor are getting poorer and poorer. There are no volumes in the world, and I have a hundred articles; People don't say a word, I have a million words, which one is virtuous? Today, I don't say what I said, but there are more Yuntai; Don't say that the world is not good, the cloud can't be obtained and can't be saved. There are many houses, and the land is definitely not small. There are many accounts, and books are indispensable. Today, many things are untrue, and there are many empty words, which show that the reason is appropriate and the argument is safe. The same is true of Han Fei's books, ten and tens of thousands. Husband is big, clothes are not allowed; There are many things, and Wen can't be embarrassed. There are many things to spare, as well as a lot of water and big fish. Emperor Gu Duo, Wang Shishoumo. Although the book is heavy, it tells a hundred kinds. According to the ancient King Taigong, there are more than 100 books written by Dong Zhongshu recently, and only 100 books are written by me, but there are many Yuntai, which means readers can't help but blame. There are abundant rivers, which is bigger than the river? Cocoons are heavy and thick, which one is more?
Translation and introduction
Wang Chong hated secular emotions and wrote a book, Ridiculous Vulgarity. I'm also worried that politicians just want to rule others, but they don't get to the point. They don't know anything about world events, think hard and can't see the direction of their efforts, so they wrote the book "Government Affairs". Most deceptive books and inferior books are not true and credible, so I wrote the book Lun Heng. After the death of the sage, the truth is also divided. After a period of time, they parted ways, and after reading it, knowledgeable people were not sure whether it was true or not. According to the long-standing sense of hearing, some write with a pen and some listen with their ears. What happened a hundred years ago has been circulating for a long time. I think most of the stories told in ancient times are correct, and I am convinced. I couldn't get rid of it, so I wrote this book. There are long-winded, controversial and false statements that cannot be corrected. Get rid of the gorgeous and hypocritical style of writing, keep the essence of sincerity, correct the popular unhealthy trend, and restore the simple customs of the Mi Opera era.
Wang Chong's books are easy to understand. Some people say, "People who are eloquent speak profoundly, while those who are good at writing write implicitly. Scriptures are all words spoken by sages, which are profound, beautiful and elegant and difficult to understand at first glance. People who read classics in society need annotations to read on. Sages have great talents, so the language written has nothing to do with laity. Jade is hidden among stones, and pearls are hidden in the belly of fish. If you are not a professional jade worker, you can't pick it. Precious things are hidden, and wise words should be profound and unpredictable. The book "Ridiculous Vulgarity" aims to make people realize it, so it expresses its meaning directly and uses popular words. Why is the book Lun Heng so popular? Is it because the talent is extremely shallow and you can't write anything subtle and profound? Otherwise, why is it so simple and completely different from those scriptures? " A: Among the stones hidden by Baoyu, pearls were buried in the fish's stomach, so they were hidden. When Baoyu was chiseled out of the stone and pearls were dug out of the fish's stomach, was it still subtle? Mine is not written on bamboo slips, but it is still hidden on my chest, just like Baoyuzhu. Speaking of topless breasts, it is also like the exposure of Baoyu pearls. Glory is like astronomical illumination, and fluency is like geographical dawn. Everything that is unclear can be seen clearly. And justified, things can be settled naturally. Lun Heng is the standard to measure theory. Try to make things clear when you speak and try to make things clear when you write. People with high knowledge write elegantly, and there is nothing between the lines that can't be seen, and there is nothing that can't be seen. People who read these books understand the truth, just as the blind see the light again, and listening to instruction is just like the deaf are hard of hearing. How can a child who has been blind for three years be happy when he suddenly sees his parents and doesn't understand them carefully? The big trees by the roadside and the long ditch by the city wall are clearly located, and everyone knows them. If the tree is not big, it grows in a hidden place, the ditch is not long, and it is in a remote place, even Yao Shun will feel confused if these things are shown to others. The face has more than 70 color parts. If the face is clean and the five colors are distinct, even a small color change can be observed, and people who look at it can be accurate and rarely make mistakes. If the face is very dark and dirt is covered on the face layer by layer, it is difficult for people who look at it to see clearly, and most of them are inaccurate. Like language, some are simple and clear, and some are obscure and tortuous. Which is more convincing? Oral expression of ideas, for fear that the language will be forgotten and disappear, so it is recorded as words. The purpose of writing and language is the same, so why hide the purpose of writing? The prison officer hears the case and the judge dispels doubts. If they are confused and hard to know, who is a good official compared with that kind of clear knowledge? It is better to speak clearly, write in a popular way and understand official documents. Implicit and elegant, obscure thoughts, only praise. Classics and biographies are written in a mirage, which is difficult to understand because of the different languages in ancient and modern times and the different opinions in the four directions. When they say something, they don't seek to make people unable to understand it, but hide their meaning. Later generations don't know that generations are far apart, which is called language difference, not talent. Shallow and difficult to read, that is not smart, not smart. Qin Shihuang read Han Fei's book and sighed, "Why can't I be in the same era in my life?" This shows that Han Fei can understand, so he can think about what he said. If you are profound and elegant, there must be a teacher to teach you to learn, and you throw it on the ground. How can you sigh? Writing with a pen is difficult to understand, but it is not recommended that it is difficult to read and easy to edit. The oral statement should be explained as clearly as possible, so that people can understand it, and it is difficult to understand it without pursuing abstruse twists and turns. Mencius judged sages by whether their eyes were clear or not, and judged pros and cons by whether they were easy to understand.
Wang Chong's book runs counter to the common customs. Some people criticized: "It is valuable to conform to the hearts of all people and not to go against their wishes. One hundred people don't feel strange after reading it, and one thousand people don't feel strange after reading it. So Guanzi said, "Everyone agrees to talk indoors, and everyone agrees to talk in a main room. "Now what you say is different from the secular, so yours violates the secular and does not meet everyone's wishes." Answer: It is important that the content of the comments is correct, not to pursue rhetoric, and to be reasonable in doing things instead of blindly admiring and catering. How can the debate between right and wrong not go against the ideas of ordinary people and their hearing? Everyone's ideas are wrong, and I refuse to accept them, so as to discard the false and retain the true. If we all want to obey people's ideas, we can only do things as usual, follow the old rules, learn dogma and argue about why. Confucius and Lu Aigong sat together, and Lu Aigong gave Confucius peaches and millet. Confucius ate millet first, then peaches, so he knew the order of eating. However, people around me kept their mouths shut, because this custom has a long history. What I'm doing now is actually like Confucius eating in the right order. Vulgarians oppose me, and people around me laugh at Confucius. Song of Songs can't be exciting in Zheng State. Serious dancing used in etiquette is not popular in Zhao State. Yao Shun's classics were not read by his contemporaries, and Confucius and Mozi's books were not read by his contemporaries. The plan that can turn the country from danger to safety is rejected by the people, and the speech that corrects the secular is vilified by the secular. There is delicious food here, which laity doesn't want to eat, but dia likes to eat. Baoyu is here, and the laity abandons it, so why wear it? Who is right and who is wrong? Who is more credible? Etiquette goes against the world, which era is not like this? Duke Wen of Lu violated the order of ancestor worship and the three left. Lu worshiped his ancestors in sequence, and five people opposed it. Have original opinions, high-level people can't put it down, and vulgar people don't like it. Touched by ling, saints appreciate it especially, and fools escape.
Wang Chong's book can't be perfect. Some people say that "there is no language to be picky when speaking, and there is no text to be picky when writing. It must be gorgeous and beautiful, and the language must be reasonable and clever. What you said sounds good, and what you said reminds you of it. When you look at it, you will hold it tightly. Therefore, there is nothing eloquent that you don't like to hear, and there is nothing gorgeous that you don't copy. Now the new book (Lun Heng) is reasonable, criticizing the common customs and unreasonable, and it is not a particularly beautiful work, which makes readers uncomfortable. Shi Kuang plays music, and there are no elegant tunes; Diego cooks, and nothing tastes bad. Books written by knowledgeable people have no shortcomings in the text. " "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" and "Huainan" are hung on the city gate, and no one who reads them criticizes them. Now (your Lun Heng is not as good as those two books, and it is very long, but it still needs to be condemned and slandered by many people. Answer: The nourishment of fruit trees can't produce flowers if the fruit is raised, and people don't pay attention to modifying words when they pay attention to cultivation and conduct. There are many petals in the lush grass and many dry branches in the dense forest. If you want to express your views publicly, how can you avoid being condemned and vilified by others? We can't all be so elegant when fighting fires and saving lives, and we can't all be so smart when debating right and wrong. Chasing turtles in the swamp, neglecting to adjust the pace; When catching dragons in the abyss, there is no time to think about which hand to use. The language is simple and profound; Gorgeous language and superficial thoughts. More than a thousand meters, sugar skin accounted for more than half; It accounts for 1 100 million, and the number of people who wear money holes exceeds 1 10000. The highest banquet also has unpalatable dishes, the best Baoyu must have stains, important classics must have shortcomings, and excellent craftsmen must have unskilled skills. In this case, there must be some thoughtlessness in the eloquent speech, and some places can be attributed to understanding. In a word, because it comes from a powerful family, in a word, because it comes from the hands of civilians, in a word. Lie Hong and Lv Chunqiu in Huainan were not blamed because they came from wealthy families. Because the official is big, books can be hung in the market, and because the family has money, only one daughter can be used as a reward. The viewer is afraid, even if he sees something that doesn't agree with his own ideas, how dare he accuse him of a word?
Wang Chong wrote a book, and some people compared it with ancient times, thinking that it was not similar to its predecessors. Some said, "Say that you are showing off your rhetoric, some are straightforward, some are circuitous, some are circuitous, and some are straightforward; Say you are talking about the truth, but you are talking about the actual trivial matters, which are full of messy contents, and have nothing to do with Confucianism, calligraphy, Sima Qian's books and Yang Xiong's books. If it is not similar to its predecessors, how can it be said to be excellent and ingenious? "Answer: If you are barely similar to others in appearance, you will lose your image. If you change your language to be similar to others, you will lose your true feelings. Many children are not the same parents; Children born in different families are not necessarily similar; We all have different experiences and strengths. If you must have a talent similar to that of your predecessors, applaud it. It's like cutting someone who doesn't hurt his hand instead of a carpenter. Scholars pursue different things, some change words to make them clever, and some argue the truth. Think the same, and use the same words, so the five emperors all walk with each other, and the three kings have no different merits. Beautiful women don't have the same face, they all look beautiful. Wonderful music is not the same sound, it all sounds sweet. All kinds of wine have different smells, which will make you intoxicate. All kinds of whole grains have different tastes and will be full after eating. It should be the same as the predecessors, that is to say, Shun's eyebrows should have eight colors like Yao, and Yu's eyes should have double pupils like Shun.
Chong Wang's books are very heavy. Some people say: "We advocate simple and reasonable thinking, economic clarity in language, concise and clear speech by eloquent people, and short and pithy words by literati. Now the new book you wrote (referring to Lun Heng) is more than 10,000 words, which is rather complicated and will not be omitted. Then, the reader can't finish reading. There are too many articles for people who recite them to understand. You have a reputation as a snorkeling person, because it is not good to write too much. The language is simple and easy to say, but it is difficult to speak too much. Jade is more than stone, and more is not precious. There are more dragons and fewer fish, and less is magical. " Answer: There is a saying that there should not be too many rich remarks and too few flashy ones. There are social benefits, and one hundred items are harmless; Without social benefits, a chapter has no benefits. If they are all beneficial, it is that more is superior and less is inferior. Accumulate thousands of dollars, compared with hundreds of gold, who has money? Education is more than less, and wealth is more than poverty. There is no volume in the world. I have a hundred articles. No one else can leave a word. I have 10,000 words. Who is the sage? Now I don't say that my comments are wrong, but I just say too much in general, that the world doesn't like good, and that my works are not understood by them. That's why my book can't be too brief. If there are many houses, the floor space should not be too small. The number of households and population is large, and the household registration cannot be less. There are so many untrue things and so many flashy remarks now. How can we point out the truth, judge right and wrong and have a short debate? Han Fei's book has only one purpose, nothing else, but he has written dozens of articles and tens of thousands of words. Tall, clothes should not be too narrow; There are many things, and you can't be less. There are many things and rich contents, just like there are many fish in the water. The capital where the emperor lived was rich in food. How crowded the market in the capital is. Although my book is heavy, it discusses hundreds of problems. There are more than 100 books written by Dong Zhongshu, the ancient Taihe modern. I only published a hundred books, but I talked too much. This is because the author's position is humble, and the researchers can't help reprimanding him. The Yellow River is surging. Compared with many rivers, which river is bigger? Cocoons are heavy and thick. Weigh the silk. Compared with light cocoon, which one is more?
Comment and analysis
Wang Chong's book Lun Heng adopts the form of subject-object questioning and repeated argument, and Ji Zi is no exception. Generally, people who have always been eloquent like and make good use of this form, such as Song Yu's Ask the King of Chu, Dong Fangshuo's Difficult to Answer a Guest, Yang Xiong's A proverb, and Ban Gu's Answer a Guest Play. Therefore, Zhang Xuecheng said, "If you ask a difficult question, you should bow your head to answer it ... Wang Chong's Lun Heng is modeled after all the difficult texts ..." (Literature and History Justice) However, comparing Ji Zi with the above difficult texts, we know that Wang Chong's use of this body has its own characteristics.
In Lun Heng Ji Zi, Wang Chong showed a strong critical spirit. Six branches of the Tang Dynasty once said: "Confucian books, rich but insufficient, get their dross and lose their essence;" However, vulgarity and vulgarity, nobility and remoteness, arrogance and arrogance, self-deception: thus, Wang Chong's On Balance was born. " (Autobiography of Stone) In this way, Wang Chong also had it in Ji Zi. He said: "It is even more insincere to hurt the vulgar writing, so it is the book of Lun Heng. "Criticizing the falsehood of reality and seeking the balance of truth is the purpose of his writing Lun Heng. However, if it violates the custom, it will be destroyed. But it always holds a consistent purpose, so it shows its warrior spirit when refuting other people's difficulties. He said, "What is wrong with you? What is wrong with you?". How can we feel at ease whether we argue or not? When people are not obedient, they lose their falsehood and keep their truth. For example, if you go with the flow, conform to public opinion, stick to the old ways and remain elegant, it's just irony. Why argue? " Speak loudly and firmly. In literature, he opposed tradition and made an excellent theoretical demonstration of Wen Gui's originality. He said, "The son of a centurion is different from his parents; Different origins are not necessarily similar; It is better to take care of yourself. "He also said:" Different aspects of beauty are better than eyes, and sad sounds are different and faster than ears. Wine is strange, drunk, delicious and full. "That is to say, different writers must write different styles, and all kinds of styles can meet the diverse needs of readers. So on, you are original, not the same; Imitation is not good for beauty, but bad for truth. The sufficiency of his theory and the clarity of his views have had a great influence on later generations.
Linguistically, the language of this article is popular, but it does not hinder its theoretical breakthrough. Wang Chong once said: "There are (Jude) words in the text." Advocating that "words are in cahoots with words." The purpose of language is to "know its meaning", while obscurity refers to its meaning. Therefore, it is emphasized that "the husband and the author want to be easy but difficult, and it is not expensive but difficult to know and easy to make; Oral explanations should be audible, not deep and difficult to see. " Wang Chong not only refuted the fallacy that "saints are rich in products, so their words are not vulgar" with historical facts, but also tried to practice his own ideas in words. Wang Chong claimed to be "telling the truth and collecting common sayings" and "rotten as astronomical photos and slippery as geographical dawn". He is also good at taking analogies nearby, which increases his popularity and persuasiveness. This has enabled him to better play the role of "understanding the common people", thus better implementing the spirit of "serving the world" and "the combination of reality and reality". This article shows the idea of filling with facts.
Read the full text, fill it with a simple pen and shape its style. Moreover, it is meaningful and chewy, and it is worth writing.