Song Renzong Zhao was the sixth son of Song Zhenzong and the fourth emperor of the Song Dynasty. He ascended the throne at the age of thirteen and reigned for forty-two years. He is generous and kind by nature, and forgives the world with benevolence. Under his rule, the style of writing in the Song Dynasty was at its peak, and there were many talented people. Almost all famous ministers were born in this period. Therefore, the history of Song Dynasty called it "the policy of loyalty to the monarch, which has been the foundation of cultivating Song San for more than a hundred years". In addition, it is said that during the Jingkang period at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, after occupying the Central Plains, Nomads dug up the imperial tombs and plundered rare treasures, but they did not attack the Yongzhaoling in Song Renzong.
Renzong period was the overall situation of Song Renzong's governance of the country, even far exceeding the Wenjing period in the Han Dynasty and Zhenguan period in the Tang Dynasty. The economy, science and technology, culture, education, military and other aspects of the Song Dynasty reached their peak in the Song Renzong period.
In the Song Dynasty, the four seas were peaceful, there was no wind in eight droughts, scholars were happy and hardworking, and civil servants were loyal. Moreover, Emperor Injong was generous, not extravagant, and could restrain himself. It was praised by later generations as "the wise man has Tang Yu's world, the sun and the moon are selfless" and praised by historians and politicians of past dynasties!
Zhao of Song Renzong was the longest reigning emperor in the Northern Song Dynasty, and he reigned for 42 years, reaching the peak of social economy and culture in the Northern Song Dynasty and even in the feudal dynasty of China. Because he changed the Yuan Dynasty many times, later generations called this whole period "the rule of Ren Zongsheng". Compared with the powerful Han Dynasty and the prosperous Tang Dynasty, this enlightened rule left a unique mark on Zhao Zhen. In addition, Zhao Zhen was a teenager when he ascended the throne, and only after he became a weak official did he truly realize the unparalleled "Renzong era" different from the prosperous times of the strong Han Dynasty!
Renzong is famous for his kindness. For example, one year after the earthquake in Shi Jing, there was a plague. He ordered the only two rhinoceros horns in the palace to be broken and ground into powder for people to eat. The minister advised him not to say that it was the emperor's favorite treasure. How can it be broken for the people below? Zhao Zhen said that my people are in disaster. What is the use of my baby?
Renzong's pragmatic style is also praised by later generations. He took the lead in breaking the boundary between the "square" where people live and the "city" where they trade, making Kaifeng, Tokyo the first city in the world. On the question of which is more important, people's livelihood or imperial power, he and his ministers not only agreed on the unification of houses and cities, but also abolished the curfew system, gradually forming night markets and small markets. A fire watch building and a fire brigade were set up in the capital. When Bao Zheng was in charge of Kaifeng, he personally dealt with the phenomenon that powerful people built indiscriminately in the river. In addition, in the Qingli New Deal, he firmly supported the reform plans of Fan Zhongyan, Fu Bi, Han Qi and others, such as "public appeal, restraining transportation, respecting tribute, selecting officials, dividing public land, cultivating agriculture and mulberry, repairing military equipment, reducing corvee, loyal to Qin Enxin and re-ordering", and successively promulgated and implemented them in the form of imperial edicts throughout the country. Later, although Fan Zhongyan, Fu Bi and others were removed from Beijing because of the obstruction of the old school, Emperor Injong did not stop the reform, but re-enabled Wen Yanbo who could abide by the imperial edict and pushed Wang Anshi to the center of political rights with a more pragmatic attitude.
"Imperial edict of Renzong" is mainly manifested in:
Population and finance and taxation are comparable to Han and Tang dynasties. Jia? In eight years, the national population reached12.46 million, with 26.42 million males. In 42 years, the national population increased by 3.79 million, equivalent to the total number of households during the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong. Because the imperial court implemented the policy of "hiding wealth in the county and cultivating and protecting the roots", Jia? 198 The national tax revenue increased to more than 36.8 million tons, four times that of the Tang Dynasty. In addition, the people's country's tax on imperial grain is not a dime a dozen.
Renzong attaches great importance to the cultivation and selection of talents. He named Confucius the Duke of Feast and encouraged all counties to set up schools. There used to be many sages and gentlemen. Kou Zhun, Wang Zeng, Yan Shu and Lu Zongdao, as well as Fan Zhongyan, Bao Zheng, Fu Bi, Di Qing, Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi, as well as "Su San", Shen Kuo and Mi Fei who were promoted or admitted to the imperial examination by Ren Zongchao, are outstanding figures and models of scholars in history.
Culture has achieved prosperity. Among the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties" circulating all over the world, except Han and Liu in Tang Dynasty, the other six were active in Renzong period. As the end of poetry, Song Ci developed under the impetus of a large number of poets such as Yan Shu, Liu Yong, Fan Zhongyan and Su Shi, which established the leading position of Song Ci in the history of China literature. In addition, literary forms such as storytelling, novels and zaju have sprouted and developed.
In terms of science and technology, three of China's four great inventions were applied in Renzong Dynasty and transformed into productive forces. The invention of gunpowder promoted rockets, muskets, cannons, mines and fire? Shortage? Mom and mom? What's the matter with you? Crabs ⒒ ⒒ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ ⒈ Add frankincense #? Gu Wei? The dedication of pen lang gadolinium? 6. Seal 1 Fairy? After the advent of movable type printing, a large number of ancient books and records of the Song Dynasty were preserved. There is also the acupuncture bronze man invented by Wang, which perfected the acupuncture system of traditional Chinese medicine. The imperial court issued the world's first paper money "Guanjiaozi", and its contribution to the world economic and financial history cannot be underestimated.
There are many schools of philosophy, which have laid a solid foundation for modern Chinese studies. The proposition of "natural justice" put forward by Cheng Er brought a breeze to the dull philosophical circle, and also provided theoretical support for why Zhao and Song Dynasties were subject to Zhou Chan and established the feudal ruling order. Wang Anshi put forward the theory of practical learning, trained a large number of students, provided theoretical guidance for his later political reform and reserved cadres.
Evaluation:
At that time, people praised Ren Zongsheng Zhi in this way: "Forty-two years here can be described as the great governance of the home country. Before stealing Huang Xi? Negative? Why are you jealous? Hey? Jealous? Hey? Fight? ⒄ Baba disease! ? /p & gt；
The novel Dongpo Poetry written anonymously in the Qing Dynasty describes Renzong's rule in this way: "In the heyday of the Song Dynasty, Renzong was the emperor of the world. This generation of kings, humble and inaction, tolerant and wise, all over the world, eight barren and calm, scholars, farmers, businessmen and people, civil and military loyalty. The truth is: saints have the way of Tang Shiyu, and the sun and the moon are selfless. " At the same time, it also represents the position of "benevolent government" in the minds of the people for hundreds of years.
Qu You, a writer in the Ming Dynasty, said in the poem "Returning to the Field": Song Renzong reigned for forty-two years, and the people enjoyed prosperity and the world was ruled. When Zhao Ling was buried, the person who wrote the poem said, "Agriculture and mulberry don't disturb people who are always on the mountain, and there is nothing the officials on the sidelines can do. Forty-two years is like a dream, and the spring breeze blows tears and sprinkles Zhaoling. "
"Benevolence" is the highest evaluation of the emperor! "A gentleman stops at benevolence." "History of Song Dynasty" commented on Renzong and his prosperous rule: "(Renzong) was in office for forty-two years, and if the official was lazy, he was allowed to despise the disabled; The criminal law seems lenient, but there are many lenient people in the prison. The country has no disadvantages, but it is not enough to rule the world; There are no villains in the DPRK, but it is not enough to win the good. The hearts of monarchs and subjects are filled with awe and loyalty, which has been the foundation for cultivating Song San for more than 100 years. Children and grandchildren will be tamed into chaos if they correct their behavior. "Biography" said: "Being a gentleman stops at benevolence." The emperor is sincere and innocent.
Before the Tang Dynasty, the merits and demerits of emperors were mainly evaluated by posthumous title. At that time, posthumous title could basically objectively evaluate the merits and demerits of the emperor. In the Tang Dynasty, the emperor's posthumous title became longer and longer, and posthumous title became better and better. It's basically a bunch of beautiful posthumous title. For example, posthumous title of Taizong was an emperor with both civil and military skills. From the point of view that Taizong bullied Gaozu, it was really not a word of "filial piety".
Royal ancestral hall
According to the law of inheritance, it is benevolence to save righteousness and make contributions; Caring for the people and loving things, saying benevolence; Self-denial, courtesy and benevolence; Gui Xian kissed Ren Yue; Kill oneself to death; Can make the country benevolent; Li Ze is always kind; Be patient and kind; Merit gives people, benevolence; QuJi arrested Ren Yue; Work hard, different people have different opinions; Kuanxin Minhui Ren Yue; Love benevolence, establish things and say benevolence; The voxel stands upright and says benevolence; If the weather is good, then the benevolent; Educate Pu Zun and Ren Yue; Kindness is quality and benevolence; Hui Aipu talks about benevolence. Visible "benevolence" this posthumous title is quite good. In the history of China, four emperors were honored as "Renzong", namely, four Renzong in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. In my mind, among the four benevolent sects, Song Renzong is the most worthy of the word "benevolence".
Statue of Song Renzong
Zhao Zhen, Song Renzong, the fourth emperor of the Song Dynasty, is a prince in the folklore "Civet cats for princes". Zhao Zhen was gentle, and during his reign, he was quite tolerant of officials, people and servants.
Replace the crown prince with a raccoon
According to the biography of Su Zhe in the Song Dynasty, Su Zhe wrote: "There are thousands of beautiful women in the palace, singing and dancing all day, drinking and indulging in money. The emperor doesn't care about the sufferings of ordinary people, nor does he discuss with ministers the plan of governing the country and safeguarding the country. " Su Hu, the examiner, thought it was disrespectful and asked Su Zhe to be expelled. Su Zhe thought he would be punished, but Zhao Zhen said, "What will the world think of me now?" So, Su Zhe was admitted.
Su Zhe
One day, Zhao Zhen was playing in the palace, but he walked in front of the crowd and turned around from time to time. He hurriedly finished playing and went back to the bedroom to ask for water. The concubines asked Zhao Zhen why he didn't drink water outside. Zhao Zhen explained that he often came back without seeing anyone holding a water bottle. If he wants water but can't drink it, someone will be punished for it, so he can't bear to ask questions, so he comes back to drink water with thirst.
While eating, Zhao Zhen suddenly ate a grain of sand, which caused a sharp pain in his teeth. He spit it out quickly, and did not forget to say to the maid-in-waiting, "Don't tell anyone that I have eaten sand. This is a capital crime." One night, Zhao Zhen heard orchestral music, silk and bamboo, singing and dancing, laughing and laughing in the palace, and could not help but ask curiously, where did this joy come from? The concubines in the palace replied that this is a folk restaurant for pleasure. Then I couldn't help blaming Zhao Zhen, the emperor. It's as happy as a fairy outside, not as lonely as our palace. Zhao Zhen said seriously, it is because I am cold and cheerless that they are so happy. If I dance like them and have fun, then they will be lonely and cold.
Zhao Zhen is not only tolerant to his own people, but also very open-minded to Liao. According to "After Listening to Shao", Jia? In the autumn of two years, the Liao Dynasty sent messengers to pick up the portrait of Zhao Zhen. Courtiers are worried that this portrait will be used in winning art. Zhao Zhen said: "I am sincere to the people, and they will definitely not do this." So the messenger dedicated his portrait to the Liao Dynasty. Yeluhongji, the king of Liao, personally held a ceremony to welcome the portrait of Zhao Zhen. When Yeluhongji saw the portrait, he said, "I was shocked, bowed again and said,' If I was born in China, I would whip it with it and cover it with fear! In the eighth year of Jiayou, Zhao Zhen died of illness. According to the Song History, after the news came out, "Shi Jing went on strike and cried for several days. Although beggars and children burn paper money and cry in front of ouchi. " When the news reached Luoyang, the citizens stopped to mourn, and the smoke burning paper money filled the sky of Luoyang City, so that it was "dark". After the obituary was sent to Liao, Hongji was also surprised that "the border people of Yan cried all over the world". He rushed up to grab the hand of the messenger of the Song Dynasty and said with tears, "I didn't know about the military revolution for forty-two years." He added, "I want to build a monument for him to show my condolences."
Statue of Song Renzong
Zhao Zhen is not only generous and gentle, but also has made many achievements in politics. During his reign, there were many famous ministers, the country was stable and peaceful, the economy was prosperous, and science, technology and culture developed greatly. During the reign of Zhao Zhen, in the Song Dynasty, the four seas were peaceful, the famine subsided, the scholars were happy, and the civil servants were loyal. Historically, there have been "Jia"? During the reign of Zhao Zhen, famous ministers with high reputation in history appeared, such as Bao Zheng, Ouyang Xiu, Fan Zhongyan, Sima Guang, Fu Bi and Wen Yanbo. It can be said that it was the joint efforts of Zhao Zhen, a kind and generous monarch, and these famous ministers that made the Song Dynasty the most prosperous and politically enlightened dynasty in the history of China. Zhao Zhen of Song Renzong became a famous priest.
Nowadays, people often mention the prosperity and glory of the Tang Dynasty, but little is known about the former dynasty. After all, there were only two short emperors in that dynasty, and there was not much ink left in the history books. But in fact, that dynasty is of great historical significance, because its founder, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, left immortal feats in history. Although little is known, historical facts cannot be erased by time.
First of all, the Sui Dynasty ended a great division in China's history and achieved reunification again. This achievement cannot be denied. The Five Outlooks of Tao Wen in this dynasty is not bad. At that time, the Turks flourished and wanted to enter the Central Plains. However, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, with his talent and ingenious strategy, broke the prosperity of Turks under years of deployment and laid the foundation for the peace of the next dynasty. As the Sui Dynasty is a unified dynasty inherited from the Northern and Southern Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty in the history of China, the cultural, institutional and social characteristics of the Tang Dynasty come down in one continuous line, so historians often refer to these two dynasties as Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Moreover, the emperor also made achievements in the country's culture. At that time, the culture of the Han Dynasty flourished, and then it accumulated. Until the hundred years of chaos, many books were burned and nowhere to be found. If you don't take the time to collect them, they may disappear soon. In 583 AD, Emperor Wendi of Sui ordered the people to give books, and each book was given a silk, so that the culture was preserved. Although the chaos after the Tang Dynasty led to the burning of these books, his contribution is indelible.
He also reformed the coin system and unified the weights and measures again, which was the second unified measurement after Qin Huang. In addition, he also reduced the torture of the former dynasty and lightened the heavy burden of the people. It can be said that these measures are similar to the various reforms of Qin Shihuang. Although their achievements are not comparable to those of the first emperor who unified the world, they are also top-notch among all previous emperors!
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty can be said to be a wise emperor. Facing the chaos of the imperial court, he resolutely chose three provinces and six departments handed down from the previous dynasty, instead of six official systems. In addition to changing the court situation, he also carried out drastic reforms at the local level. In the past, the local bureaucracy was chaotic and there were many counties, which were difficult to manage and not conducive to social stability, so he cancelled more than 500 counties. To make the local form clear, he also abolished a large number of redundant staff, which not only improved efficiency, but also reduced the financial burden of the court, killing two birds with one stone.
Officials are the foundation of national political affairs. There are no good officials and honest officials, only some corrupt officials who plunder the people. This country will certainly not last forever. He deeply realized this and established a strict assessment system to prevent mediocre people from being confused. Moreover, the change in the way of selecting officials has made the official source excellent and the court prosperous.
He conducted a census of the population, forbade local officials and powerful rural gentry to gang up and rob people for personal gain, and found out many "black households", which increased the country's labor force and tax revenue. However, he is not a fool who blindly demands the people, and has introduced a series of measures to reduce the burden on the people, so that the whole country presents a prosperous scene.
When he first ascended the throne, the population of this country was only over 4 million, but when his son became emperor, the population of this country had increased to over 50 million. What does this mean?
Unfortunately, the inheritance of this dynasty is too short. If there can be a ruler like him, then the Sui Dynasty will certainly become a world power at that time. Under the strong national strength and healthy social environment, Emperor Wendi of Sui started several major projects.
He ordered people to build Luoyang City and Chang 'an City at that time, which shows the level of urban planning in China. The design and architectural capabilities of these two cities were top in the world at that time, and they became national treasures, which also deeply influenced neighboring countries. After that, Cao Canal and Tong Canal were built, which was the beginning of the Grand Canal. The Grand Canal has been flowing for thousands of years, bringing endless convenience to people around it, and its contribution can even be comparable to that of the Great Wall!
During his reign, the people of this country were very happy because they were able to support themselves and live and work in peace and contentment without being harassed by war. Historically, this period was called "the rule of the emperor". At the same time, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty resisted the attacks of many nationalities, grasped their marching steps and left a peaceful foundation for future generations. Now people only talk about the prosperous times of the Tang Dynasty. In fact, many systems of the Tang Dynasty came from the Sui Dynasty, and the stability of Lian Gang when he was in charge of the world was also given by the Sui Dynasty. Sui Wendi is not bad.
It is natural to study historical figures from many aspects. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty made outstanding contributions to China in politics, economy and culture, and the imperial examination system adopted by later generations seems to have the Sui system. We have to admit that the emperor is really good at all kinds of political achievements.