In Historical Records, Xiang Yu, the overlord of the Western Chu Dynasty, is the most tragic hero. Like Shun, Xiang Yu, as a "heavy pupil", was also "able to carry the tripod and outstanding in talent", but in the end he committed suicide in Wujiang River, ending his short and brilliant life, leaving people with endless melancholy and sadness. Today, we have entered Death of Xiang Yu, the last stage of Xiang Yu's life, and the inner world of Xiang Yu, so as to further improve our understanding of Xiang Yu and enrich the image of Xiang Yu in our hearts.
Two. learning target
1, taste the language to interpret the artistic image of Xiang Yu. 2. Compare the difference between poetry and creation.
3. Cooperative learning explores the value of Xiang Yu's death.
Three. teaching process
1, read the text and grab the pictures.
This paper describes the last stage of Xiang Yu's life, showing his helpless failure and tragic death, which is the most tragic scene in Xiang Yu's biography. Focusing on the tragic hero Xiang Yu, this paper describes three scenes: the siege of Gaixia, the quick battle in Dongcheng and the strangulation in Wujiang River. Please choose your favorite plot from three scenes, read it carefully and read out your feelings. What sentences do you think moved you in this clip, and what character does Xiang Yu show?
The first paragraph focuses on two consecutive events: "besieged on all sides" and "generous elegy". Elegy of Generosity, lamenting my bad luck and reluctant to part with my concubine, is full of sadness and helplessness. Xiang Yu is a brave and generous gentleman. At the moment when he expected the fate of failure, he sang "Heart Melody", adding a tender feeling to the image of Xiang Yu. Elegy of Generosity fully shows Xiang Yu's sentimental character. Men don't cry lightly, but Xiang Yu "cried a few lines" at this moment, rendering the sadness of a desperate hero. The hero of the earth burst into tears after singing, so that people around him could not bear to witness such a scene. Don't Look Up described the unbearable feelings of soldiers and the tragic situation of bullies.
Summary: the first paragraph: the dilemma of Gaixia's siege
Main plot: besieged on all sides-generous elegy
1, please find five verbs that indicate Xiang Yu's actions when he was besieged. (Startled-Up-Drinking-Singing-Crying)
2. This shows Xiang Yu's character: sentimental.
The second paragraph and the third paragraph say "east side fight quickly"
The second paragraph describes the process of Xiang Yu's successful breakthrough from Gaixia to being trapped in Dongcheng again. In the first half of this paragraph, the changes in the escape route and military strength are clearly explained, and the war situation and Xiang Yu's situation are clear at a glance. The second half is what Xiang Yu said in this desperate situation. Xiang Yu believes that "this pawn is trapped here. My death on this day is not a war crime. " Death is just around the corner, and he still doesn't objectively analyze his mistakes in using troops, but blames fate, which shows Xiang Yu's extreme conceit. Xiang Yu also said, "I swear to death today and I am willing to fight for you." Knowing that he was going to die, he didn't back down, and he was willing to fight well, which reflected his brave and strong manhood. "I am willing to fight for you" shows that Xiang Yu's decisive battle is not for the result of the war, but for being carefree, showing his bravery and invincibility to the fullest and protecting his reputation for life. Just like a performance before the curtain falls, it should end in perfection. If "quick war" is changed to "decisive battle", it will taste like a larger foe, and Xiang Yu's pleasure and satisfaction will be gone.
Summary: the second paragraph: Gaixia broke through and was trapped in Dongcheng.
Main plot: The siege of night-falling into osawa-determined to make a quick decision.
1. What Xiang Yu said to his subordinates in this paragraph accounts for a large part. Please read carefully and analyze the meaning expressed. Glorious past, failed today. Repeatedly stressed: "The death of this day is not a war crime." )
-
2. This shows Xiang Yu's character: conceited and brave.
The third paragraph describes Xiang Yu's encirclement and suppression of Dongcheng. A total of three movements of Xiang Yu were written: for the first time, the unstoppable momentum of Xiang Yu was rendered through "Wang Xiang shouted, galloped and invincible", and the "Sui" in Sui wrote that Xiang Yu easily chopped Jiang. In the second action, Xiang Yu did not start work. He only scared off the enemy soldiers with his eyes and voice. "Angry at his eyes, shocking his red spring, can make a few miles." It is difficult to distinguish between pursuers and deserters. Xiang Yu's thrilling power is vividly on the paper. In the third action, Xiang Yu beheaded a captain and killed hundreds of people, while "two riders died", which once again rendered Wang Xiang's bravery and invincibility through comparison. No wonder he proudly called his riding "He Ru", which once again showed his conceit.
Summary: the third paragraph: the battle of encirclement and suppression in Dongcheng
Three actions:
The first time: Xiang Yu-yelling, galloping down, beheading the generals/Han army-was invincible.
1. Does the word "sui" in "Jiang Yi, Han Jian" have any special ideographic function? (Explain that Xiang Yu is easy to "cut the Han generals", which shows Xiang Yu's bravery and good fighting skills. )
The second time; Xiang Yu-angry with him
Red spring Hou-people are surprised and easy to count (in contrast, it shows the bravery of Xiang Yu. )
The third time: Xiang Yu-Chi beheaded a captain of the Han Dynasty and killed hundreds of people; Killing two riders ("Killing a Hundred Men") shows Xiang Yu's brave and unstoppable battle scene, showing Xiang Yu's bravery and good fighting skills. )
2. Three movements, from different angles, show Xiang Yu's tiger-like momentum and fighting capacity, and Wu Ying's image is vivid. Very wonderful! After three moves, Xiang Yu and his men had a dialogue. What's the effect?
(Explain that Xiang Yu's heroic killing of the enemy just now was mainly to prove to his subordinates that his failure was "I am dead now, not a crime of war." )
Xiang Yu's character can be seen from this: brave and conceited.
In the last paragraph of the article, Xiang Yu committed suicide in Wujiang River. This paragraph describes two scenes. The first scene was that Wujiang refused to cross the river and gave it to Ma Tingchang. Xiang Yu originally wanted to cross the Wujiang River eastward, but when he really came to the bank of the Wujiang River, he denied his decision. Xiang Yu smiled and said, "What can I do if the sky dies?" ! Besides, 8,000 people crossed the river to the west with Jiangdong's children, and none of them came back today. How can I see them? If you don't say anything, is a person worth it? "These words are from the heart, showing Xiang Yu's sense of shame and righteousness. Choose calmly between life and righteousness, survival and maintaining dignity. The bloody man who once "cried a few lines" smiled instead. The smile of "Wang Xiang Abortion" is not a forced self-restraint, not a sad smile, but a strong person's contempt for death, a calm and serene smile. Xiang Yu and his party all dismounted and walked, rushed into the tight encirclement, and fought hand-to-hand with the Han army who came to kill them. This is undoubtedly a battle that is outnumbered, and it is also a battle of no help. However, if you give up fighting and surrender, it will not be Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu would rather die standing than kneeling in order to survive. The second scene is to give the head to an old friend and commit suicide. I met my old friend who abandoned Chu to Han, so I gave him my head and killed myself. The old friend chased it, recognized it, and killed it to take credit; Xiang Yu generously gave a head, "I am Ruode"; The worm is small, the mountain is high, and the contrast between the two is so sharp! We can see Xiang Yu's noble sense and heroic temperament, and this plot shows Xiang Yu's heroic character of dying.
Summary: Paragraph 4: Write about Wujiang River.
1. Why does Xiang Yu "want to cross the Wujiang River eastward", but he doesn't cross it when he has a boat to cross? (The words of Tingchang made Xiang Yu deeply ashamed of "seeing my father and brother in Jiangdong", so he decided not to cross the Wujiang River. )
2. This shows Xiang Yu's character: knowing shame and emphasizing righteousness.
Blackboard writing:
Language writing of the characters in the story
Gaixia's surroundings are full of sadness, shock, rising, drinking, singing, crying, language, and starting.
Dongcheng is brave and good at fighting, and conceit is not a war crime. The Action, Language and Scene of Sui
Wujiang's attitude, actions, language and the comparison between "I am a virtuous person" and "I commit suicide"
summary
Liu Xizai's "Art Outline" said: "Taishi Gongwen, vitality and blood, everything." This article describes Xiang Yu's "spiritual qi and blood": there is a sentimental feeling of bidding farewell to a beautiful woman's name, a feeling of self-satisfaction, a feeling of courage in the east, a feeling of shame in refusing to cross the Wujiang River, and a heroic spirit of giving a gift to Ma Ci. This article depicts many vivid details, such as Xiang Yu's tears when she bid farewell to a beautiful woman, her desperate declaration, the prestige of Dongcheng's breakthrough, the joke of Wujiang's refusal to cross the river, and the review before suicide, which is unforgettable. Reading through the full text, people are deeply moved by this legendary history and sigh and love for Xiang Yu, a tragic hero.
2. Creating images with different poetries.
We have grasped the image of Xiang Yu from the essay Death of Xiang Yu, and believe that every student should have a vivid image of tragic hero Xiang Yu in his heart. Let's read and appreciate Li Qingzhao's Ode to Xiang Yu, and see what image of Xiang Yu she created in her poems. What is the difference between Xiang Yu and Sima Qian?
"Life is a hero, and death is a hero" is not a subtle combination of words, but a concise essence, a verve bearing and a fearless attitude towards life. "I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong." A river is the dividing line between life and death, but there is only one thought, which is the difference between life and death. Xiang Yu, in order to live up to the hero's honor, an innocent seven-foot man and an innocent Jiangdong elder, paid his death. "no"! Not "can't", not "don't want to". A heroic spirit of "refusing", "killing without humiliation" and "dying without fear and humiliation" will spread all over the paper and penetrate the back of the paper, which is amazing! An honourable death is better than a disgraceful life. Its lofty integrity and lofty character make people respect. What is being a person with character and integrity? From Xiang Yu, we can find the most accurate answer!
The language of Ode to Xiang Yu is highly concise, with many jumps and omissions. It focuses on the spirit of Xiang Yu and his heroism, but does not describe the specific image of Xiang Yu. The essay "Death of Xiang Yu" portrays Xiang Yu as flesh and blood, lifelike and smiling like a flower, which can give us more concrete and realistic feelings.
Both China's ancient poems and essays attach great importance to images, but there are differences between them. China's ancient poetry is a highly concise art, which is often "a scene is difficult to write, such as the present, and the meaning is still unfinished". Therefore, the image beyond the image of poetry and the purport beyond the interest of poetry need to be carefully tasted.
Compared with poetry, China's ancient prose is a kind of stretching art, with flexible sentence patterns, long or short length, free expression and free expression, which makes the "meaning" in prose more clear. The language and images of poetry pay more attention to refinement and sublimation, jumping and omitting more, and the images displayed are far from concrete things; Prose is more concrete, more realistic and closer to the true colors of things. Poetry makes our imagination fly higher and farther, while prose gives us more concrete and realistic feelings.
Although both prose and poetry are vivid, they have their own characteristics. Wu Qiao, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, used cooking and brewing as metaphors for writing and writing poems respectively to illustrate the difference between them. He said: "The rice of metaphor, the cooking of metaphor is rice, and the brewing of poetry is wine. Rice does not change the shape of rice, but the shape and quality of wine have changed. "
3. Study the text and explore in cooperation.
Li Qingzhao said that "I miss Xiang Yu so far and refuse to cross Jiangdong" is an affirmation that Xiang Yu can't cross Jiangdong. There have always been different opinions about whether Xiang Yu wants to cross Jiangdong. Try to express your views on this problem. Discuss in groups of six, and naturally two opinions will be formed. List their reasons separately, try to demonstrate and convince each other, and try to find the basis to prove your point from the text.
There have always been many poems about whether Xiang Yu wants to cross Jiangdong. Please look at the five poems on page 76 of the textbook and see what their views are.
Du Mu's topic Wujiang Pavilion: Winning or losing is a common thing for military strategists, Bao is a person who is humiliated, and a gentleman can bend and stretch.
Hu Ceng's Wujiang River: The general trend has gone, and the sense of shame has resurfaced.
Wang Anshi's Wujiang Pavilion: The people's heart has gone, the defeat is hard to recover, and it is impossible to make a comeback.
Li Qingzhao's ode to Xiang Yu: A man should have dignity and backbone.
Mao Zedong's "People's Liberation Army occupied Nanking": We should seize the fighter plane and move from victory to victory.
Personality value of Xiang Yu s death;
History cannot be assumed. Xiang Yu is dead after all. But he died standing. In order to be worthy of the honor of the elders and heroes in Jiangdong, Xiang Yu thanked the villagers with his death, thanked the world with his death, and completed his brilliant performance on the historical stage with a fearless death. Character determines fate. If you are Xiang Yu, don't cross Jiangdong. If you cross Jiangdong, you will not be Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu is an indomitable hero. He would rather die standing than live kneeling. Die heroically, die heroically, die with backbone and die with dignity, which is the personality value of Xiang Yu's death. More than two thousand years later, Xiang Yu still lives in our hearts. Xiang Yu's personality, through the clouds of history, still shines brightly, shining the spiritual sky of the Chinese nation.
4. Homework writing training (time: 10 minutes)
Computer display: requirements: 1, 100 words or so; 2. Quote a famous saying;
3. (Mainly) Take the plot and details in Death of Xiang Yu as an example;
4. Comment on the case; 5. Get in touch with reality.
Second, student practice
Third, the example evaluation
Example 1: (Viewpoint) A person should have dignity. If a person has no dignity, it is meaningless to live in this world. Xiang Yu is on the edge of Wujiang River. Faced with the choice of surrender and suicide, he resolutely chose suicide. (Comment) Once caught, there will be countless humiliations and the dignity of life will be lost. There is an old saying: "There is gold under one's knee." The so-called "gold" is this precious and incomparable dignity. Therefore, in the face of choice, we must safeguard the dignity of our lives.
Example 2: (Famous saying) The people are like water, and the monarch is like a ship. The knife cuts bread and fingers. (For example) When Xiang Yu attacked Qin Cheng, he only wanted to burn the Qin Temple, celebrate the victory and reward the foot soldiers, but he forgot to appease the people! So that when he was lost in the encirclement, he was deceived by a father, strayed into osawa and went to despair. (Viewpoint) Since ancient times, those who win the hearts of the people have won the world. (Comment) Xiang Yu's hero lived all his life, but he didn't know that people's hearts were expensive and hard to buy. (Reality) It can be seen that those in power should be people-oriented when governing the country and doing things for the officials.
Example 3: (Famous saying) A scholar can be killed, but not humiliated. Dignity is more important than life. For example, when Xiang Yu was forced to retreat to the Wujiang River, he did not surrender-surrender would be humiliated; He chose death-he would rather die than defend his dignity! On the edge of the Wujiang River, he is extremely tall. (Comment) Putting human dignity in the highest position is a noble sentiment beyond material things.
Analysis of the problems in Example 3: the comments are not in place, and the examples and opinions can not be well combined to highlight the opinions.
Revision: (Famous saying) A scholar can be killed, but not humiliated. Dignity is more important than life. For example, when Xiang Yu was forced to retreat to the Wujiang River, he did not surrender-surrender would be humiliated; He chose death-he would rather die than defend his dignity! On the edge of the Wujiang River, he is extremely tall. (Comment) Xiang Yu put human dignity in the highest position and gave up his life, but he won an eternal reputation. (Reality) In real life, how many people will easily lose their dignity for a little fame and fortune that is far less precious than life? Although they are alive, they are more sad than death.
Supplementary introduction of relevant knowledge
1. Introduce the author-Sima Qian
Historians and writers in the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Qian 10 years old began to study ancient literature biographies. At the age of 20, he roamed south from Chang 'an, the capital, and traveled all over the Jianghuai Valley and the Central Plains, where he visited local customs and collected legends. Soon, he became a doctor, the bodyguard and attache of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and went to the Western Ocean with him many times. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Sima Tan, the stepfather of Sima Qian, was the official of Taishi, in charge of astronomical calendar and royal atlas, so it depends on the books collected by historians. From then on, Sima Qian began to write historical records. Later, he was convicted and imprisoned for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu. After he was released from prison, he worked as a secretary, continued to write angrily, and finally finished the writing of Historical Records. People call his book Taishi Gongshu.
2. Introduce historical records
Historical Records is the first biographical general history of China, which records the history of about 3000 years from the Yellow Emperor to the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Biography 12, table 10, 8 books, 30 aristocratic families and 70 biographies, totaling 130.
Chronicle: Emperors of past dynasties are discussed as the central figures of historical events, and their inheritance relationship is used to express the development of history.
Family: Describe the history of the vassal states and princes and nobles in the Han Dynasty since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Biography: It is to make those who are upright and upright and have made contributions to the world famous for future generations.
Table: According to the order of dynasties, divide history into several stages, and then write biographical memorabilia by generation, year and month respectively.
Book: it is a special exposition of the important laws and regulations in the society at that time, similar to the development history of later specialized disciplines.
Mr. Lu Xun's statement that "the historian sings a swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme" appropriately points out that Historical Records has great achievements in literature and history.