In feudal society, the most willing means for those in power to deal with the intellectual class is the literary inquisition. As long as one or two dissident scholars are eliminated, they can play the role of killing chickens and showing them to other restless intellectuals. For feudal emperors, this was a ruling behavior with less input and more output. It only takes a long time to achieve the effect of cleaning ears, and almost no state funds are needed. Why not do it? In this respect, Cao Cao, who has never been an emperor in his life, can be regarded as an outstanding one.
Chen, a modern scholar, said: "Those who marry are all heroes. At the end of the Han Dynasty, if you want to take the Liu emperor system instead, you must first destroy the spiritual fortress of your sworn enemy-Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. " . Therefore, Mi Fei, Kong Rong, Yang Xiu and Cui Yan, the four elite intellectuals who really refused to submit to him, were also very popular and had excellent literary talent when they expressed their intention to cooperate on the surface. Later, I stuck my neck, insisted on dissent, and fought with him. Sorry, so I took drastic measures. From the beginning, the knife fell, and the streets were full of bodies. Therefore, no matter how big the head and mouth are, it is impossible to shout out "the spiritual fortress of the literati class." What will be the meaningless impact?
Therefore, the emperors of later generations basically followed Cao Cao's method and ruled the literati.
To be fair, Cao Cao was indeed a scholar among the emperors of China. His articles are heroic and his poems are forceful, at least better than those four elites who feel good about themselves. "There is a Jieshi legacy in the East", which has been praised by * * *, and it is quite appreciated by each other, both ancient and modern.
A Shun's works can still be circulated today, while the works of Mi Fei, Kong Rong and Yang Xiu can only be found in the library. In China, there are many emperors who like dancing and writing ink. However, in Qing Dynasty, Qianlong wrote 40,000 poems in his life, none of which was remembered by later generations. Cao Cao's poems, such as "When drinking, life is geometric", "How to solve worries, only Du Kang" and "Riding an old horse, aiming at a thousand miles", are still often mentioned by people.
Cao Cao is a real scholar, because he has real works, not arty, and only the master who writes lyrics can compare with him. He even took out foreign exchange from the National Bank and redeemed Cai Wenji who wrote Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia from Xiongnu Khan. Among them, there are not only the generosity of the hero, but also the romance of the poet, the feeling of knowing an old friend, and the leaders of past dynasties, all of whom may not have an investment culture. After Cai Wenji came back, the first task he gave her was to sort out her father Cai Yong's books and words destroyed by the war so as not to lose them.
Although he is used to beheading literati who don't agree with him, he understands culture, values culture and cares about cultural achievements, which is remarkable.
During the Jian 'an period, Xu Du's literary activities under his rule were quite enthusiastic. He not only supported it, but also personally participated in it. Liu Xie, the author of Wen Xin Diao Long, once wrote: "Since moving from Xian Di, literature has flourished. At the end of Jian 'an, it was edited by Yu Fang, Wu Weizun and Wang Aishi; Emperor Wen attached importance to the deputy monarch, and Miao Shan wrote ci and fu; Chen Si wrote a beautiful book with his son's pride. And the appearance is heroic, so the talents are thriving. "This is, of course, the achievement of cao cao.
In Cao Zhi's Book with Yang Dezu, when it comes to this bustling scene, he can't help but feel conceited for his father's demeanor: "In the past, Kong Zhangying went to Hanan alone, and Wei Chang was famous for his green land. Here Wei made a fortune in business and climbed Wangjing first ... So my king (Cao Cao) set up Skynet to hide it. Today, it seems that Cao Cao is the founder of a generation of literary style, and Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are the advocates who spare no effort. Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Serina Liu, Xu Gan, Chloe Nguyen, Ying, and Cai Yan, a poetess redeemed from the Huns, are all responders to the battle for talents. Liu Xie is about 200 years away from Jian 'an, and this literary event he wrote should be credible and accurate.
The development of literature, the turmoil and stability of the times are of great significance. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was the Yellow Scarf Uprising, the Kyushu Uprising, followed by Dong Zhuo's tossing and turning, and the war was endless. Cao Cao has a poem "Artemisia", "Bones are exposed in the wild, and there are no crows thousands of miles away. There are hundreds of people left behind, which makes people feel sad. " Luoyang was razed to the ground, the Central Plains was in dire straits, and everything was destroyed, all of which were written by poets. What literati can sing without crowing chickens? Literature is naturally in a desperate situation.
Although the peasant revolution has the function of promoting the progress of the times, its extremely negative side of destroying civilized culture and social wealth is even more terrible. Warlord Dong Zhuo is just a farmer in a shirt in the west. Therefore, what he has done naturally bears the hatred of peasant revolutionaries for cultural knowledge and civilization progress. In the war, literature can only crow, it has only silence and struggle.
Therefore, the prosperity of Jian 'an literature is largely due to Cao Cao's pacification of Yuan Shao, the northern expedition to Wu Huan, the unification of the Central Plains, and the rest and recuperation, which formed a stable situation. If we continue to fight endlessly with Lu Bu, Liang Yuan and Liu, just as we fought endlessly during the Cultural Revolution, we have no other tricks except model operas. In addition, he himself "loves poetry and elegance" and is well versed in literary laws. Dong Zhuo, who only knows how to kill people, used a knife to force Cai Yong, a great writer, to come out of the mountain. Soon there was a situation of "five words leap forward at the beginning of Jian 'an".
In the eyes of the rulers, these famous writers and poets are good or bad, long or short, but their political attitudes fall into three categories: those who support the emperor; Those who oppose the emperor; Between the two, there is a difference between neither supporting nor opposing, more supporting and less opposing, or more opposing and less supporting. The first kind, easy to handle, is to be a docile and obedient royal scholar, seduce him with interests, reward him with fame, sing with the class and decorate him with gentleness; The second kind, easy to deal with, guilty words, imprisoned words, burning books to bury Confucianism and being tongue-tied, however, these two kinds of people together do not account for the majority of all intellectuals.
The so-called "small at both ends and big in the middle" refers to the majority of this intermediate state, which has always been the biggest headache for rulers. Neither heavy nor light, except * * *, all were killed, and the situation of "beyond redemption" in the whole society has always been an abnormal political phenomenon. The intellectuals in China have a strong sense of hardship, which naturally connects the hearts of most ordinary people between the ruler and the ruled. If they are more than modest, there will be many things that make the emperor scratch his head.
Although since Qin Shihuang, every emperor who killed intellectuals has been accused by thousands of people, it seems that no one has ever put down his knife and become a Buddha. Cao Cao is a literati, and of course he knows that literati can't be killed. However, when his rule in Cao Shi is threatened, the writer's Cao Cao will give way to the politician's Cao Cao. By this time, he can't be soft, and he still has to complain about beheading. Therefore, in the game of teasing the cat with the ruler, it is doomed that the literati will lose the card.
1, meter constant
Cao Cao is suspicious by nature and particularly prone to murder. The famous saying "I'd rather teach me to lose to the world than to teach the world to lose to me" in "Catch and Release" is also quite scary, but at first I tried to avoid taking an iron-blooded policy towards those literati who annoyed him. For example, Mi Fei, who was killed in A.D. 198, would rather use "impeded" than kill.
Mi Heng is a rather ridiculous figure. He was only 25 when he died. He is a young man, in a state of adolescent agitation. From the perspective of modern medicine, I'm afraid this new literary talent still has some symptoms of madness. Probably a writer, conceited, not as good as he wants, depressed for a long time, it will inevitably suppress this evil fire. He came to Xuchang for Wenda. He thought that the crown of Beijing would be crowned and everyone would take off their hats to him. As a result, I was disappointed. After disappointment, I was instigated and refused to pick up things. I didn't want to find fault, and the platform began to scold, forcing the ruler to sacrifice the knife.