Hakka customs-production customs. Every year, after visiting relatives and friends on the 15th day of the first month, Hakka people in Liangjiang hold a grand family dinner, and the family members, old and young, and the brothers who have been separated from the kitchen get together. The older and experienced family members make an analysis and estimation according to the situation of the past years and the next year, and make a production arrangement for one year, with younger family members as supplements. Then concentrate on digging, raking and planting corn. After finishing these tasks, the busy spring ploughing is ushered in. On the day of "February Kitchen" (the second day of the second lunar month), it was white at first, and people (mainly women) rushed to worship the "Kitchen King" with candles, incense, meat dishes and glutinous rice, praying for the gods to bless the good weather and good harvest in the coming year. Later, sugarcane was planted and rice seeds were sown. When the seedlings grow evenly, hurry up and do spring ploughing. Because the spring ploughing work is heavy and tense, people mostly help each other to complete the transplanting. Management is everyone's business. When the crops are about to mature, the old people usually decide when to harvest, and the children are not allowed to say anything. During the summer harvest, all kinds of livestock and poultry industries have grown up, and fishing can also be done in the pond. Hakka people are happy to put on the most abundant meal on a table and have to "wash their eyes once". After the Mid-Yuan Dynasty, people were busy planting autumn crops and harvesting autumn crops. Later, they concentrated on selling some of the crops they planted and listing the pigs, ducks, geese and fish they raised. [Edit this paragraph] Hakka customs-living customs Hakka people in Guangxi have maintained the characteristics of thrift and living in groups. The Hakkas of the guests are still poor, eating porridge in the morning and noon, and eating at night. The staple food, rice and rice porridge, is cooked by women in the morning, cooled and put in the cupboard. The porridge is eaten during the day and at night. Rice is made by pouring out rice soup and braising it. They don't like rotten rice, so they cook in this way. When eating porridge, I like to mix porridge with cooked salt. Its non-staple food is pork and all kinds of vegetables, and it eats beef and other meat from time to time. Generally, pork is sliced, boiled in water, fried, and served with seasoning. Vegetables are fried in oil, then put in the ingredients and put into a bowl. Hakka seasoning is nothing more than ginger, garlic, onion, sauce, five-spice powder and monosodium glutamate. Their traditional dishes are braised pork, boiled chicken, vinegar ribs, vinegar large intestine and fried duck in vinegar sauce. Flavor foods are winter rice sugar, sour bean and pepper. When dried to a semi-dry degree, they can be opened and eaten in an acid jar when they are bright yellow. On the second, fifteenth and Dragon Boat Festival of the first month, Hakka people always make zongzi, including meat zongzi and mung bean powder zongzi. The stuffing used for zongzi is prepared with star anise powder, pepper, sauce and salt in advance. Dumpling leaves for wrapping rice dumplings. On the second day of the second lunar month, Qingming Festival, glutinous rice is cooked, sugar is added, and leaves are dyed in different colors, which is sweet and delicious. Winter solstice. Everyone should eat boiled buns made of glutinous rice flour and meat stuffing. They don't have the habit of drinking boiled water. When they are thirsty, they use porridge water and rice soup instead. They rarely drink tea, and most of them drink rice wine brewed by themselves.

Hakkas' houses are all big tile roofs. The traditional houses are bungalows. The hall is divided into an upper hall and a lower hall, with a patio in the middle, and a storage room behind the upper hall. The upper hall is authentic with a square table and a mirror screen, on which is the ancestral tablet. Eating is in the lower hall, and the fire in winter is also in the lower hall. On both sides of the upper hall are large bedrooms for the elderly and married couples, while on one side of the lower hall is a small bedroom for unmarried young people, on the other side is a kitchen, and pigsty is on the left and right sides of the house. According to traditional customs, old houses are mostly reserved for the eldest son. [Edit this paragraph] Hakka customs-family customs Because Hakka people live in many ethnic groups, they often have several clan houses in one surname. The whole family name, the tradition has unwritten clan rules. Any major event that damages the reputation of the surname shall be resolved through consultation by the whole surname. If there is a fight with a foreign surname, each household will go out to solve it, in order to prevent losses. Generally, Hakkas don't do it without authorization. If they are reasonable, they will argue with each other. If they are unreasonable, they will solve it amicably. If anyone dares to offend the clan rules, they will be isolated by their clansmen. Whenever pigs are slaughtered, Hakka people hold a banquet to entertain their clansmen. In small villages, one person is invited to each household, while in big villages, prestigious old people and brothers who live in the house are invited. Once someone in the family is admitted to a technical secondary school or university, or joins the army or goes out to work, Hakkas will hold a banquet for the brothers who come to congratulate them. In order to maintain the unity of the patriarchal clan, after the woman has passed the house, it is generally that three generations and four generations live together, if there are siblings below the south. The bride and groom must live together with the elderly for a period of time before they can divide the kitchen. Even if you don't live in the same kitchen with the elderly, you must bear the obligation to support the elderly and raise your siblings. Otherwise, it is regarded as the inverse son. After the kitchen is divided, whenever there is good wine and good food, we should call the old people to eat together or give them a dish.

Because they value family, the elderly are highly respected. It is the custom of Hakka guests that when eating, the seat of the elderly faces the gate to show respect. Adults sit on both sides, and children can only sit on the side facing the elderly. If there are too many people in the family, men sit at a table and women sit at a table. When eating, children should take the initiative to help the elderly carry vegetables. When children help the elderly to add rice, they must serve the bowls with both hands. When the old man is talking, children can't interrupt or make noise. After the meal, the child has to say "eat slowly".

in family customs, the birth of a child is highly valued. The children of Hakka guests were born in three dynasties. Grandma, sister-in-law, brother-in-law (sister-in-law) and married women packed eggs with bamboo radish and came to the new maternity home to do the "three dynasties". Half a month later, grandma invited more women to take sweet wine, eggs, rice, hens and carry them to her nephew for "half a month", commonly known as "eating ginger wine". This banquet was the most lively. After the child's full moon, grandma invited women to make a "full moon" for her nephew. Hakkas generally don't live for one year.

Fubo Temple, Adult Temple and Female Temple are visited by Hakkas every year. Even during the "Cultural Revolution", superstitious activities were forbidden repeatedly, but Hakkas still secretly visited them. Fubo Temple, a temple built to commemorate Ma Yuan, a general of the Han Dynasty, was held on the sixth day of the first month. The Temple of Adults was built in memory of Chen Hongmou, the prime minister (university student) of the Qing Dynasty, who pleaded for the people of Guangxi to avoid paying food. The temple fair was held on the 19th day of the first month. The Women's Temple was built in memory of Sanjie Liu. The temple site was in a cave, and a temple fair was held on the 29th of the first month.

Hakka ancestor worship is an important event. During the Qingming Festival in March, the whole family name became lively, and they jointly went to the ancestral graves to make ancestor worship activities. Every year during the Qingming Festival, Hakka surnames in Liangjiang Township were concentrated in Binyang for ancestor worship, and generally one person from each family was sent to attend. During the solar term or the end of the year, Hakkas always worship their ancestors with meat dishes before eating. In the first month, the offerings must be placed on the fifteenth day before they can be removed. Most of the offerings in the first month are zongzi, pig's head meat (whole piece) and popcorn.

Hakkas used to gather in the ancestral hall before spring ploughing, after summer harvest and after autumn harvest. First, they listened to people with higher education and continued to write genealogies. Second, discuss the major issues that need to be resolved within the surname, such as disputes with foreign surnames, construction, production, etc.

supplementary answer: Hakka customs-Hakka wedding customs Huizhou folk traditional wedding customs, based on feudal ethics and customs, are mostly red tape, wasting people's money, which can be said to be a lot of vulgar customs. Confucian classic Book of Rites? Faint instrument "said:" The husband's power begins with the crown, which is based on fainting (marriage), more important than funeral sacrifice, specializing in the recruitment of the DPRK and shooting the hometown. This gift is also general. ..... Those who are stunned (married) are also the foundation of the ceremony. " It can be seen that Confucianism attaches great importance to marriage customs. China's traditional culture has always attached importance to Confucianism, and under the influence of this thought, it has formed a colorful wedding custom culture with many rituals. Huizhou's traditional marriage customs are generally the concrete expression of China's traditional culture in one place.

There were several marriage forms in feudal society, such as arranged marriage, buying and selling marriage, hiring marriage, referring marriage, child bride marriage, famine marriage, prosperous marriage and power marriage. Among them, engagement marriage is particularly popular, and betrothal gifts and money are indispensable, and its legacy can still be seen in Huizhou today.

The engagement marriage has a long history in Huizhou. Guangxu's "Huizhou Fuzhi" recorded: "In marriage, betel nut is commonly used as the employment, and more is more expensive ... Its engagement ceremony and dowry are called the richness of the family." In the old days, betel nut was sold in Chinese medicine shops. In the betrothal ceremony, it was symbolic, while the real betrothal ceremony tradition was mainly about money and food. "Official Records" said that the betrothal gifts were "about the abundance of the family", but in fact, the number of betrothal gifts was also considerable.

Huizhou's traditional wedding etiquette is very complicated, from the beginning of the matchmaker's proposal to the last custom of returning home in three dynasties, during which it experienced various pre-marital ceremonies such as buji, settling the ceremony, reporting the day, giving a big gift, and grand wedding ceremonies such as paving the house, welcoming the bride, paying homage to the bride, and delaying the bride.

The complicated folk wedding customs in Huizhou evolved from the "Six Rites" of feudal wedding etiquette. "Six Rites" originated in the Zhou Dynasty. The Book of Rites records that the marriage procedures that should be followed at that time were "accepting the bride" (the matchmaker proposed the marriage), "asking the name", "Naji" (the man buji, the woman formally acknowledged the marriage), "accepting the certificate" (the ceremony was concluded), "inviting the wedding date" and "welcoming the bride" (welcoming the bride). These six links are the so-called "Six Rites" and the earliest marriage etiquette in feudal ethics. After more than two thousand years, although there were variations in the Six Rites, they remained the same, and their shadows can still be seen in wedding ceremonies all over the world today.

Huizhou's traditional wedding customs are generally carried out according to the following procedures.

(1) proposing marriage

At the beginning of Huizhou's traditional marriage, proposing marriage is the first step. Generally, the man invites the matchmaker to the woman's house to make peace. Proposing marriage is a variation of "accepting gifts" in the Six Rites. "Yili? In the book "Shi Hunli", it is said: "The wedding ceremony is issued, and the geese are adopted." That is to say, before Qin and Han dynasties, the proposal of marriage was generally to raise live geese as gifts. This is to take the meaning that it is suitable for yin and yang exchanges. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, cake sheep, acacia, golden harvest, glue paint and other things were used as gifts. Later, there were more than 3 kinds of gifts, which generally symbolized the firmness and harmony of the couple. In Huizhou traditional wedding ceremony, most of the wedding gifts are made of live chickens or cloth. This kind of chicken is called "leading the way chicken" by the people, which means auspiciousness.

in the marriage proposal, the matchmaker is entrusted by the male family and communicates with the female family with a golden tongue. Because most of Huizhou's former matchmakers were women, Huizhou used to call them matchmakers.

Matchmakers have existed in China since ancient times, and there is a poem in The Book of Songs, "When I was robbed, my son had no good matchmaker". The matchmakers in Huizhou traditional wedding ceremonies are generally divided into two types: professional and non-professional. Professional matchmakers make a living as matchmakers and are mercenary, so they don't hesitate to talk, tell lies and lie, exaggerate the superior conditions of the other family to the individual, and conceal the shortcomings of the other family, which often leads to some abnormal marriages. Because of this, in people's minds, matchmakers often give people an ugly image of "deceiving gods and ghosts and seeking money for others."

(2) Gift-giving

Nothing is more grand and important than the "gift-giving" on the eve of the wedding. In the traditional engagement marriage, the bride price, dowry and dowry mutually agreed by the two families are to be fulfilled on this day. On this day, the man's family filled all kinds of betrothal gifts prepared in advance with food boxes, boxes and reeds, stuck red cypresses, or picked or carried them, and the man's aunt and sisters sent them to the woman's family in a mighty way. It is common for a man to send a whole pig and whole sheep in a "gift", so there is a lyric of "giving a gift to a pig" in folk songs. Cake food is also a must-have. It is the custom in Huizhou to prepare "big cakes". There are more than a dozen kinds of big cakes, ranging from one to several kinds according to the conditions of each family and the degree of extravagance. However, it is not uncommon to prepare all ten kinds of cakes. In addition, there are necessary roast pork, chicken, goose, duck, fish, steamed cakes and so on.

when the woman receives the gift from the man, she immediately sends the dowry that was originally scheduled to the man. The dowry standing in Huizhou traditional wedding customs is mainly daily necessities, such as clothes, quilts, pillows, mats, curtains and other furniture, such as wardrobes, dressing tables, suitcases and Eight Immortals tables. Nowadays, besides the main bedding, sewing machines, refrigerators, televisions and rice cookers are often found in dowry.

Generally, on the day before the wedding ceremony, the festive atmosphere is very strong. Those aunts and sisters who send gifts are usually dressed up, dressed up and dressed up, smeared with powder and oil, and paraded through the city. Huizhou customs, gift-giving teams choose crowded roads to tell each other happy events along the way.

the custom of "lavishing gifts" is close to "accepting gifts" in the traditional "six gifts". "Yili" said: "levy, success, so that the messenger can pay money to become a wedding." In other words, the bride price and dowry are paid before the woman can be married. In ancient times, the levy was also a very important part, and the bride price used was different from generation to generation. Before Qin Dynasty, expensive Xuan Xun, silk binding and skin tying were often used. Gold and silver were used in Han dynasty. Since then, customs have become more and more popular, and gifts have become more and more important. People of insight in the past dynasties mostly regarded it as a malpractice and wanted to put an end to it, but this trend has flourished throughout the ages. Among the "Six Rites", "collecting the levy" is before "inviting the date" and "reporting the day", while benefiting the customs is after reporting the day. There are some differences between them in time. After the "big gift", it is particularly lively to get married immediately, which is probably one reason why this custom is still popular in Huizhou.

(3) Receiving the bride

Receiving the bride is the "pro-welcoming" in the traditional "six rites". Kissing is the end of "Six Rites" and the conclusion of "Six Rites". What modern people call a wedding or what ancient people call a wedding ceremony is marked by the ceremony of receiving the bride.

In ancient times, the wedding ceremony generally included three links, namely, building the house or warming the house, welcoming the guests and returning to the house, which lasted for three days. Shop or warm house on the first day, welcome the guests on the second day, and return to the door on the third day. The customs in Huizhou are different. The wedding basically refers to welcoming the bride and delaying the bride. As for welcoming the bride (that is, receiving the bride), it mainly includes several main customs such as paving the house, welcoming the bride in a sedan chair, sprinkling salt rice, crossing the fire and stepping on the concave column.

1. bunking: bunking is an old custom that has continued to this day. It is a custom for a woman's sister-in-law to help decorate her new house when she sends her dowry to her husband. According to Huizhou's custom, there are two points to pay attention to when laying a room. First, pay attention to the orientation and geomantic omen of the beds, cabinets and dressing tables. The most important thing is that the wardrobe mirror cannot face the bed. In Huizhou custom, mirror is synonymous with shining a demon, but it is obviously unlucky to shine a demon mirror on the bed. Second, people who shop houses should have a "good life". People believe that the standard of a good life is mainly "many children and many blessings". Therefore, widows, infertile or infertile women are not allowed to participate in the shop, and those who have many children and many blessings are naturally the main participants in the shop.

2. Flower Night: On the day before the bride's wedding, the sisters-in-law (who must choose the so-called lucky ones) in the clan should specially dress and dress for the bride, which is called "flower arranging" by the people. This night, the folk custom is also called "Flower Night", which is a very solemn ceremony before the bride's wedding. When performing this ceremony, the bride is often accompanied by crying and singing. At that time, the bride is facing a major turning point in her life and is generally very emotional. However, according to the old custom, after arranging flowers, the bride should sit in the pavilion and cry and sing until dawn, which is called "vigil at five o'clock". On the night of flowers, the bride cries sadly and stays up all night, which shows a traditional wedding atmosphere of "happiness and sadness".

3. sedan chairs welcome the new: Huizhou traditionally uses sedan chairs to greet the wedding. In the 195s, there was a sedan chair shop that rented sedan chairs. Most of them carry big sedan chairs with two, four or eight handles, embroidered with "phoenix peony" and "mandarin ducks with rich flowers", decorated with "four-colored lanterns" and covered with "big red silk", so they are called "sedan chairs". When picking up the bride, the matchmaker leads the way, and the bride leads the sedan chair, drumming all the way. After arriving at the girl's home, the girl's sisters refused to leave the door, and the groom quickly sent "Li Li". After passing through the sisters, the bride could be taken out. The bride cried and refused to leave, and the men used both hard and soft methods to coax her out of the boudoir and get on the sedan chair. The groom had to give the sedan chair bearer a "profit" before getting on the sedan chair. After several "struggles", the groom is often exhausted.

4. Sprinkle salted rice: When picking up the bride, there was a habit of sprinkling salted rice in some places in Huizhou in the old days.