Marie Curie(1867-1934), a Polish scientist of French nationality, studied radioactive phenomena and discovered radium and polonium, two radioactive elements, and won the Nobel Prize twice in her life.

Madame Curie, formerly known as Marie Sklodowska, was born in a teacher's family in Warsaw, Poland, on November 7th, 1867.

As an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie has social influence that ordinary scientists do not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her model has inspired many people. Many people heard her story in childhood, but what they got was a simplified and incomplete impression.

people's understanding of Madame Curie. To a great extent, it was influenced by Madame Curie, a biography published by my second daughter in 1937. This book beautifies Madame Curie's life and deals with all the twists and turns she encountered in her life.

Susan Quinn, an American biographer, spent seven years collecting unpublished diaries and biographical materials including Curie's family members and friends. A new book, Maria Curie: A Life, was published last year, which painted a more detailed and in-depth picture of her

hard, bitter and struggling life.

In the history of world science, Marie Curie is an immortal name. This great female scientist, with her diligence and talent, has made outstanding contributions in the fields of

physics and chemistry, and thus became the only famous scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice in two different disciplines. When evaluating Madame Curie's life, Einstein said:

"The greatest achievement in her life-the existence of positive radioactive elements and their separation-was achieved not only by her bold intuition, but also by her enthusiasm and tenacity in unimaginable and extremely difficult situations. Such difficulties are rare in the history of experimental science < P >. Even if only a small part of Madame Curie's moral strength and enthusiasm exists among European intellectuals, Europe < P > will face a brighter future. "

I entered the University of Paris by self-study

Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland. She was the youngest of five children. Her father is a middle school math and science teacher with very limited income < P >, and her mother is also a middle school teacher. Mary's childhood was unhappy. Her mother had a serious infectious disease, and her elder sister took care of her. Later,

, mother and elder sister died when she was under 1 years old. Her life is full of difficulties. Such a living environment not only cultivated her ability to live independently, but also tempered her very strong character from an early age.

Mary has been studying very hard since she was a child. She has a strong interest in learning and a special hobby. She never misses any learning opportunity easily.

She shows a tenacious enterprising spirit everywhere. Since primary school, she has been the first in every subject. At the age of 15, he graduated from middle school with a gold medal. Her father had studied physics at St. Petersburg University earlier, and his hunger for scientific knowledge and < P > strong enterprising spirit also deeply influenced little Mary. She loved all kinds of instruments in her father's laboratory since she was a child. When she grew up, she read many books on natural science, which made her full of fantasies. She was eager to explore the scientific world. But the family circumstances at that time did not allow her to

go to college. At the age of 19, she began to be a tutor for a long time, and at the same time, she taught herself various subjects to prepare for her future studies. So

, until the age of 24, she finally came to study in the Faculty of Science of Paris University. With a strong desire for knowledge, she listened attentively to every class. Hard study made her worse and worse, but her academic performance was always among the best, which not only envied her classmates, but also surprised the teachers. After two years of enrollment, she took the bachelor's degree exam in physics with confidence, and she won the first place among 3 candidates.

in the following year, she got a bachelor's degree in mathematics with the excellent result of second place.

At the beginning of p>1894, Mary accepted a magnetic research project on various steels proposed by the French National Council for the Promotion of Industry. In the process of completing this scientific research project, she met Pierre Curie, a teacher of physics and chemistry school, who was a very successful young scientist. The * * * who used science to benefit mankind agreed to combine them. After Mary got married, people called her Madame Curie respectfully. In 1896, Madame Curie < P > finished the post examination for college graduates with the first place. The following year, she completed the magnetic research on various steels. But

yes, she is not satisfied with the achievements she has made, and she is determined to take the PhD exam and determine her own research direction. Standing on a new starting line.

second, the light of radium

In p>1896, French physicist Bekkerel published a work report, which introduced in detail the element uranium

discovered by him through many experiments. Uranium and its compounds have a special ability, which can automatically and continuously emit a kind of invisible ray, which is different from ordinary light and can pass through. Uranium and its compounds constantly emit rays and radiate < P > energy. This aroused great interest in Madame Curie. Where does this energy come from? What is the nature of this unusual ray? Madame Curie was determined to uncover its secret. In 1897, Madame Curie chose her own research topic-the study of radioactive substances.

This research topic has brought her into a new world of science. She worked hard to cultivate a virgin land, and finally completed one of the most important discoveries in the modern history of science-the discovery of radioactive element radium, which laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry and made great contributions to mankind.

In the experimental research, Madame Curie designed a measuring instrument, which can not only measure whether a substance has rays, but also measure the intensity of rays

. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is proportional to the uranium content in the material, but has nothing to do with the state of uranium existence and the outer boundary conditions.

Madame Curie made a comprehensive examination of known chemical elements and all compounds, and made an important discovery: a kind of elemental element called thorium can automatically emit invisible rays, which shows that the phenomenon that elements can emit rays is not just the characteristics of uranium, but the

* * characteristics of some elements. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and called elements with this property radioactive elements. The rays they emit are called "emitting

rays". According to the experimental results, she also predicted that minerals containing uranium and thorium must be radioactive; Minerals that do not contain uranium and thorium must be radioactive < P >. The instrument inspection completely verified her prediction. She excluded those minerals that did not contain radioactive elements, focused on those that were radioactive < P >, and accurately measured the radioactive intensity of elements. In the experiment, she found that the radioactive intensity of a pitchblende is much greater than expected < P >, which shows that the mineral in the experiment contains a new radioactive element unknown to people, and the content of this element must be very small, because this mineral < P > has been accurately analyzed by many chemists. She resolutely announced her discovery in the experimental report and tried to prove it through experiments. At this critical moment, her husband, Pierre Curie, also realized the importance of his wife's discovery and stopped his research on crystal < P > to study this new element with her. After several months' efforts, they separated a substance < P > mixed with bismuth from the ore, and its radioactive intensity far exceeded that of uranium, which was later listed as the 84th polonium in the periodic table of elements. A few months later, they

discovered another new element and named it radium. However, the Curies did not immediately get the joy of success. When they got a little

compounds of new elements, they found that the original estimate was too optimistic. In fact, the content of radium in ore is less than one millionth < P >. Just because this mixture is extremely radioactive, substances containing trace radium salts show hundreds of times stronger radioactivity than uranium.

the road to science has never been smooth. The discovery of polonium and radium and the characteristics of these new radioactive elements have shaken some basic theories and concepts for centuries. Scientists have always believed that atoms of various elements are the smallest unit of matter, and atoms are inseparable and unchangeable. According to the traditional view, it is impossible to explain the radiation emitted by radioactive elements such as polonium and radium. Therefore, no matter whether it is a matter of physics < P > or a chemist, although they are interested in Madame Curie's research work, they all have doubts in their hearts. In particular, the attitude of chemists < P > is more rigorous. In order to finally confirm this scientific discovery and further study the properties of radium, the Curies must separate more and pure radium salts from asphalt < P > ore.

all the unknown worlds are mysterious. At the beginning of the research on separating new elements, they didn't know any chemical properties of the new elements.

the only clue to find a new element is that it is highly radioactive. Based on this, they created a new chemical analysis method. But they have no money < P >, no real laboratory, only some simple instruments bought or designed by themselves. For the sake of work efficiency, they carried out research separately. The characteristics of radium are determined by Mr. Curie's experiment; Madame Curie continued to refine pure radium salt.

where there is a will, there is a way! Any mystery of nature will be uncovered by those who tackle it tenaciously. At the end of 192, Madame Curie refined one-tenth gram of extremely pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. Since then, the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a kind of natural radioactive substance which is extremely difficult to obtain. Its shape is shiny and white crystals like fine salt. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral line of any known element. Radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by human beings, but it is the most radioactive element. Li

With its powerful radioactivity, we can further find out many new properties of radiation. So that many elements can be further applied in practice. Medical research

has found that laser rays have different effects on different cells and tissues, and those cells that reproduce rapidly are

destroyed soon after being irradiated by radium. This discovery makes radium a powerful means to treat cancer. Cancer is made up of cells that multiply extremely rapidly, and the damage of laser rays to it is far greater than that of surrounding healthy tissues. This new treatment method was quickly developed all over the world. In France, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium has fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, which is of great significance for promoting the development of scientific theory and its practical application.

Third, the mind is as golden as gold

Due to the amazing discovery of the Curie couple, in December 193, they won the Nobel Prize in Physics together with Bekkerel. Their scientific < P > contributions are outstanding, but they are extremely contemptuous of fame and fortune, and most tired of those boring social parties. They devoted everything they had to the cause of science,

without any personal gain. After the successful extraction of radium, they were advised to apply for a patent right from the government to monopolize the manufacture of radium so as to make a fortune. Madame Curie said: "That is against the scientific spirit. Scientists' research results should be published publicly, and others should develop them without any restrictions.". Besides, radium is good for patients, so we shouldn't use it for profit. The curies also gave away the Nobel Prize < P > to others in large quantities.

In p>196, Mr. Curie died in a car accident, and Madame Curie suffered greatly. She was determined to redouble her efforts to fulfill the scientific aspirations of two people. Paris University decided that Madame Curie would take over from Mr. Curie to teach physics. Madame Curie became the first female professor in the history of the famous Paris University, or when the couple separated the first batch of radium salts, they began to study various properties of radiation. Only

from p>1889 to 194, they published 32 academic reports, recording their exploration footprints in radiation science. In 191,

Madame Curie finished the book Monograph on Radioactivity. She also cooperated with others to successfully prepare metal radium. In 1911, Madame Curie won the < P > Nobel Prize in chemistry. A female scientist, in less than 1 years, won the highest prize in world science twice in two different scientific fields, which is unique in the history of world science!

In p>1914, the Institute of Radium Science was established in Paris, and Madame Curie served as the research director of the Institute. After that, she continued to teach in universities and engaged in the research of < P > radioactive elements. She spread scientific knowledge to all who want to learn without stint. She has been studying and working for 5 years since she was 16 years old. But she still doesn't change that strict lifestyle. She has a high spirit of self-sacrifice since she was a child. In her early years, < P > she was willing to work as a servant in other people's homes in order to provide for her sister's school. During her study in Paris, in order to save lamp oil and heating expenses, she studied in the library every night until the library closed. The pitchblende needed to extract pure radium was very valuable at that time. They saved it bit by bit from their living expenses and bought 8 or 9 tons successively. After the death of Mr. Curie, Mrs. Curie gave the radium < P >, which was painstakingly extracted and valued at more than 1 million gold francs, to the laboratory for cancer research and treatment for free.

in p>1932, 65-year-old Madame Curie returned to China to attend the opening ceremony of Warsaw Radium Institute. Madame Curie has been away from

the motherland since her youth, and went to France to study. But she has never forgotten her motherland. When she was a child, her motherland Poland was invaded by Russia, and

she hated the invaders very much. When the couple separated a new element from the mineral, she named it polonium. This is because the word

of polonium has the same root as the name of Poland. She expressed her deep nostalgia for the motherland enslaved by Russia.

On July 14th, 1937, Madame Curie died of illness. She finally died of pernicious anemia. She created and developed the radiation science all her life, and fearlessly studied intense radioactive substances for a long time, until she finally contributed her life to this science. In her life, * * * won 1