There are many academic people in the world, and they all think that their knowledge has reached the peak. Where is the so-called Daoism in ancient times? The answer is: "Everywhere." Q: "Where does God come from? Where did Ming come from? " A: "Sacredness has its own origin, and Wang Ye has its own cause, all from one."

Never leave the root, called heaven and man. Never leave purity, that's called a man of god. Never deviate from the truth, it is human nature. Taking heaven as the slaughter, taking morality as the foundation, taking Tao as the door, can predict changes, so it is called a saint. Benevolence is given by benevolence, righteousness is truth, behavior is standardized, temperament is tempered, and gentleness and kindness are called gentlemen. Take the law as the criterion, the name as the symbol, the comparison as the verification, and the evaluation as the judgment. The official takes this as the order, takes the post as the foundation, takes food and clothing as the theme, produces and stores, takes care of the old, the weak and the widowed, and makes them all have a sense of security. This is the common sense of raising people.

Ancient saints are very complete! Comply with the gods, learn from nature, nurture all things, benefit the people, take heaven as the foundation, take statutes as the purpose, have access to six waters, and have smooth seasons, regardless of size, and its role is everywhere. Many ancient Taoism and laws and regulations are still preserved in the history books handed down from generation to generation. Most literati in Zou Lu know the preservation of poems, books, rituals and music. Poetry is used to express ambition, books are used to record things, and rituals are used to regulate behavior. Yue is used to reconcile, Yi is used to explain Yin and Yang, and Spring and Autumn is used to correct the name. It's all over the world. It was founded in China and is often cited by hundreds of scholars.

The world is in chaos, the wise king is not obvious, morality is falling apart, and everyone in the world has holes in their hearts and appreciates themselves. For example, eyes, ears, nose and mouth have their own functions, but they cannot be used universally. Just like a hundred schools of thought contend, each has its own strengths and uses it sometimes. Even so, they are incomplete, incomplete and ignorant. Divide the perfection of heaven and earth, divide the principle of everything, so that the perfect morality of the ancients is fragmented, and there is very little perfection of heaven and earth, which is commensurate with the capacity of the gods. Therefore, the way of inner saints and outer kings is dark and unknown, and the world does whatever it wants. Pathetic! If a hundred schools of thought contend, go its own way and don't look back, you will definitely not agree. Scholars of later generations, unfortunately, can't see the innocence of heaven and earth and the panorama of the ancients, and Taoism will be separated by the world!

It is one of the connotations of ancient Daoism not to influence future generations with luxury, not to waste everything, not to show off with manners and laws, and to motivate oneself with rules to cope with social crisis. Mo Zhai and Bird Slip like this kind of Taoism, but they go too far and have too many limitations. Advocate non-happiness, advocate frugality, live without happiness, and die without mourning. Mozi advocated universal love and mutual benefit against war and harmonious coexistence; He is studious and profound, not innovative, unlike the former king, destroying ancient rituals and music.

Huangdi has the joy of fairy pool, Yao has the joy, Shun has the joy of big Shao, Yu has the joy of big summer, Tang has the joy of big Yu, Bi Yong and Wu Zhi. In ancient times, there were ceremonies in funerals, and there were levels from top to bottom. The emperor's coffin has seven floors, the prince has five floors, the doctor has three floors and the scholar has two floors. Now Mozi is the only one who advocates that life is not fun for songs, and death is not sorrow. He only used a 3-inch thick paulownia coffin, and there was no coffin as a standard. Teaching people like this is probably not the way to love others; To carry out it by yourself is really not to cherish yourself. Although Mozi's theory is established, is it reasonable to sing without singing, cry without crying, and be happy without being happy? It is too harsh to advocate hard work and simple burial. It's hard to make people feel at ease and painful. I'm afraid it won't become a saint, and it goes against the will of the whole world, which the whole world can't bear. Although Mozi can be independent, he is helpless to everyone! Those who deviate from the world stay away from the king.

Mozi praised: "In the past, I was worried about controlling water, dredging different rivers, connecting Kyushu and four countries, with 300 big rivers, 3,000 tributaries and countless small rivers. Yu himself, with baskets and shovels, connected all the rivers in the world, so hard that even the hairs on his legs were polished, and the wind came and rained, and finally the world settled down. So the Great Sage is still working so hard for the world. " As a result, later generations of ink and wash writers often wear coarse clothes of animal skins and straw sandals, and take self-suffering as the criterion, saying, "Otherwise, it is not the only way to be an ink and wash writer."

Later Mohist scholar Xiang and his disciples, the Five Emperors, suffered a lot, and Nanmo, Deng and others who lost their teeth recited the Mohist Classics, but they all violated the purpose of Mohism and accused each other of being unorthodox Mohists. They argued and vilified each other on topics such as "being firm and white" and "being identical and different", and responded to each other with odd-even words. They regarded the temporarily elected leader as a saint, and everyone was willing to respect him as a leader, hoping to become the successor of Mohism. So far, they are still arguing among various factions.

Mo Zhai's intentions are good, but there are too many specific practices. This enables later Mohists to compete with each other in an extremely difficult way. This practice has both excessive chaos and lack of governance. Nevertheless, Mozi really loves the world, and such a person is really hard to find, even if he is too hard to describe and too haggard, he will not give up his ideas. What a talented person!

It is one of the connotations of ancient Taoism not to be bound by the secular, not to be pretentious with foreign things, not to be demanding of people, not to have conflicts with people, and to hope that the world will be peaceful, people will live and their lives will be satisfied with warmth. Song Shuo and Yin Wen liked this kind of Taoism very much, and made their hats in the shape of Huashan to show that everything is equal and everything is impartial first; Talking about inner thinking is called psychological activity, appealing to others' likes with a soft attitude in order to reconcile the world, hoping to establish the above ideas as the leading thought of action. There is no shame in being bullied, mediate people's struggles, prohibit attacks to pacify wars, and save the world from wars. With this idea, they traveled all over the world, but they kept persuading, so people hated it, and they insisted on promoting their ideas.

However, they think too much about others and too little about themselves, saying, "We only want 5 liters of rice." A gentleman is not only hungry, but his disciples are often hungry, but he still remembers the world and travels day and night, saying, "A gentleman doesn't care too much and doesn't make himself useful to foreign things." If you think it's bad for the world, it's better to ban it than to prompt it. Taking the prohibition of attacking soldiers as an external activity and abstinence as an internal cultivation, no matter how big or small, what they have done has come to an end.

It is one of the connotations of ancient Taoism to be impartial, simple and unbiased, to exclude subjective preconceptions, to change with things without being half-hearted, carefree, without wisdom, and to change with things by hook or by crook. Meng Peng, Tianpian and Shinto all like this kind of Taoism very much, and take harmony with all things as the first priority. They said, "the sky can cover everything but can't carry it, the earth can carry everything but can't cover it, and the avenue can contain everything but can't distinguish it." Knowing that everything can and can't be done, we say, "Choice is omnipotent, teaching is not enough, and avenue is everything."

Therefore, Shen Dao abandoned wisdom to get rid of his own opinions and let things become the truth. He said, "If you are eager to learn what you don't know, you will be hurt by what you know." Appoint people casually and laugh at the world's praise of sages; Let it be free, informal, and not criticize the Great Sage. The severity of punishment changes with the development of the situation. Only by abandoning right and wrong can we avoid punishment. Don't rely on clever thinking, don't look forward to the future, hold your head high and be independent. Push forward and drag backward, like going back and forth with the wind, like feathers dancing, like a millstone turning, perfect and error-free, moving moderately and error-free, and never guilty. What is the reason? Without consciousness, there will be no worries about flaunting yourself, and there will be no obstacles in the use of clever thinking. Exercise conforms to the principle of nature, so it will not discredit life. Therefore, it is enough to reach the unconscious. You don't need a sage, and the clods won't get lost. " The heroes smiled at each other and said, "It's strange that the Tao of Shen Dao is useless to the living and only applies to the dead."

Tian Pian also studied under Meng Peng and was taught without words. Meng Peng's teacher said, "In ancient times, people who got the Tao reached a state of distinguishing right from wrong. Their Taoism is as fast as the wind. How can they be expressed in words? " It is always against people's wishes and not respected, and it is inevitable to change with things. What they said is not correct. However, they all heard about it.

It is one of the connotations of ancient Taoism to take intangible inaction as implication and tangible promising as vulgarity. Because of some savings, it is easy to be dissatisfied and talk to the gods alone. Guanyin and Lao Dan like this kind of Daoism very much, arguing that it should be based on the common and vulgar, with the etheric one as the core, with a weak and modest appearance and an empty nature that does not harm everything.

Guanyin said: "I don't care about personal interests, tangible things show themselves." Moving like running water, static like a plane mirror, and responding like an echo. Trance is nothing, silence is empty. The same is harmony, there are gains and losses. Never rush others, always follow others. "

Lao Dan said: "Knowing that men are strong and keeping women soft is willing to be a gully for the world; Knowing the bright and keeping the dark, I hope to become the valley of the world. " Everyone is fighting for the first place, willing to fall behind and say that they have to bear the filth of the world; Everyone is pragmatic and willing to keep the emptiness alone, so there is more than enough everywhere, like a mountain. He goes his own way, takes his time, and laughs at cleverness by doing nothing; Everyone pursues happiness, and he is willing to compromise alone, saying that he will be free from pain. Take deep hiding as the foundation, frugality as the discipline, saying that hard is easy to destroy and sharp is easy to frustrate. Tolerance of things and never attacking others can be said to have reached its peak.

Guanyin and Lao Dan! It's really Gu Guang's real person!

Loneliness is invisible, fickle, dead and alive, coexisting with heaven and earth, and with the gods! It is one of the connotations of ancient Taoism to be lost and suddenly go away, including everything and not knowing where to belong. Zhuangzi likes this kind of Taoism very much. He is addicted to it, but he doesn't stick to it, because his theory can't grasp the model. His remarks are vast and unpredictable, and his words are irrelevant. I believe that people all over the world are troubled by material desires and don't know how to wake up. You can't talk to them seriously, but rely on natural and casual words to convince people and expand your mind and thoughts with accommodating words. Communicate with the spirit of heaven and earth alone without despising everything, not sticking to right and wrong, and get along with the secular. Although his books are wonderful, they are full of harmless intentions. Although his words are varied, they are strange and fascinating. His heart is full and his thoughts are unrestrained. He travels with the creator in the world and makes friends with people who forget the whole story of life and death. He talks about the root of Tao, which is broad and accessible, profound and smooth; He discussed the purpose of Tao and achieved God's purpose harmoniously and appropriately. But his reaction and explanation to the change of things are endless, inseparable from the Tao, at a loss and endless.

Hui Shi has a wide range of knowledge. His books are as many as five cars, his Taoism is confused, and his words are inappropriate. He analyzed one of the things and said, "Those that are extremely large and boundless are called' new students'; Small to the extreme without a kernel is called' Primary One'. Without thickness, it cannot be accumulated, but it can stretch thousands of miles. The sky is as low as the ground and the mountains are as flat as ze. The sun deflects as soon as it reaches the middle, and everything dies as soon as it is born. Similar, the same phase and small differences, known as' small similarities and differences'; Everything is exactly the same and completely different. This is called' similarity'. The south is neither tired nor tired. Today, it went to Vietnam, and yesterday has arrived. The chain can be opened. As far as I know, the center of the world is in the north of Yan State and the south of Yue State. Love everything, heaven and earth are one. "

Hui Shi thinks these are the great principles, showing off in the world and guiding debaters, and debaters all over the world are willing to argue with him. Eggs are hairy; A chicken has three feet; Keep the world; Dogs can become sheep; Horses have eggs; Frogs have tails; Fire is not hot; The mountain has a mouth; The wheels do not touch the ground; Eyes can't see things; The concept of object reference is disproportionate, and there is no end to proportionality; Turtles are longer than snakes; The moment is not square, and the plan is not round; The hole cannot enclose the tenon; The bird's shadow did not move; Sometimes the arrow doesn't go, sometimes it doesn't stop; Dogs are not dogs; Huang Ma and Niu Li are three; White dogs are black; The lonely pony never has a mother; A foot-long stick, cut in half every day, will never be finished. The debater used these arguments to argue with Hui Shi for life.

Huan Xuan and GongSunLong, argumentative people, demagogued people and changed their minds. They can beat people with their tongues, but they can't convince them. This is the limitation of debaters. Yi Hui argues with others with his wisdom every day, and talks strange ideas with debaters all over the world, which is their foundation.

Hui Shi, on the other hand, is eloquent and thinks he is the most capable, saying that heaven and earth are really great! Hui Shi has ambition but no magic. There is a strange man named Huang Qing in the south. He asked why the sky and the earth never fall or sink, and what is wind, rain and lightning. Hui Shi accepted questions without hesitation, responded without thinking, and explained everything in the world extensively. He talked endlessly, but he said too little and added some strange sentences. It is true to say that it is against human nature, and I want to gain fame by arguing with others, so I am different from others. He ignored moral cultivation, blindly pursued foreign things and took a crooked path. Judging from the way of heaven and earth, Hui Shi's talent is as futile as a mosquito. What is the use of everything! As a family, not bad. If we can further worship the avenue, it will be almost the same! Hui Shi was uneasy about Tao, distracted by everything, enjoying himself, and finally became famous for his eloquence. What a pity! Hui Shi's talent, dissolute and heartless, pursues everything without turning back, just like chasing back the sound with sound, walking in shadow. Pathetic!

Second, expand the scope of knowledge:

1. Introduction to the work:

Zapian, located in Zhuangzi, takes "The World" as the theme. The whole article is divided into seven sections, which records the historical origin and ins and outs of hundred schools of thought in the pre-Qin period. A summary paper that evaluates the main points and criticizes them. According to the research of scholars in the Republic of China, the author was a post-school student of Zhuangzi at the end of the Warring States Period.

2. Introduction to Zhuangzi:

Zhuangzi, also known as the South China Classic, is a Taoist classic written by Zhuangzi and his later scholars in the early Warring States Period. After the Han Dynasty, he was honored as a classic of the South China, and Zhuangzi was named as a true man of the South China. His books, Laozi and Zhouyi are called "San Xuan".

Zhuangzi's articles, with fantastic imagination, ingenious conception, rich and colorful ideological world and literary artistic conception, Wang Yang's wanton writing style, romantic artistic style and magnificent mystery, are typical works of pre-Qin philosophers. Zhuangzi's words seem to praise Wan Li with infinite imagination, but they are well-founded and more important than historical materials. Mr. Lu Xun said, "His style of writing is Wang Yang's, and his manners are all square. The works of the late Zhou philosophers should not be the first. " Known as "nine-flow pliers, bag a hundred bags."

Zhuangzi first put forward the idea of "sage inside and king outside", which had a far-reaching influence on Confucianism. Zhuangzi has a profound insight into Yi-ology, profoundly pointing out that "Yin and Yang are easy to use"; Zhuangzi's thought of "three tones" is consistent with the three talents in the Book of Changes.

Zhuangzi Miki first put forward the proposition of "harmony between man and nature".

Zhuangzi, Yijing, Four Classics of Huangdi, Laozi and The Analects of Confucius are several original classics of the Chinese nation. They are not only important carriers of morality and culture, but also the wisdom crystallization of ancient sages through self-cultivation, enlightenment and the unity of man and nature.