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Taoist series items

Basic teachings

Taoism, morality, Sanqing, cultivating

important people

Laozi, Zhuangzi, Zhang Daoling

Zhang Jiao, Ge Hong, Chen Tuan, Wang Zhongyang. The Eight Immortals

Taoist sects

are in the same line, Quanzhen Daoism

Taoist classics

Tao Te Ching, Nanhuajing

cave land

ten continents and three islands, ten caves

thirty-six caves and seventy-two caves

Wiki theme: religion

Tai Chi. Taoism, together with Confucianism and Buddhism, is considered as the three pillars of China's traditional culture. Taoism takes Tao as its pursuit goal, hence its name. Taoism was formed on the basis of China's ancient Taoist thought and theory, absorbing immortal magic, folk worship of ghosts and gods and witchcraft activities. It advocates quietism's immortality and immortality.

directory [hidden]

1 introduction

2 teachings and doctrines

3 history

3.1 origin

3.2 development course

3.3 modern Taoism

4 Taoist immortals

5 precepts

6 Daoism

7 main classics

8 sects

9 Taoist activities < Taoism and Taoism

12 Differences between Taoism and other religions

13 Relations between Taoism and Buddhism

14 References

15 External links

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Introduction

In the history of China, the word "Taoism" originally meant various theoretical theories that were enlightened by "Tao". Many people in hundred schools of thought used to call their theories and methods "Tao". Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, and even Buddhism have all claimed to be "Taoism" for various reasons. Confucianism first used the word "Taoism" and called the theories of Wang Zhidao and Confucius "Taoism". When Buddhism was first introduced into China, it translated "Bodhi" into "Tao", so it was also called "Taoism". At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there appeared the Daoism of Five Doors, which called itself "Taoism" and took the meaning of "Taoism with goodness". Since then, in order to show the difference, other schools have stopped calling themselves "Taoism" and become the special names of Wudou Rice Road.

Taoism now refers to a religion which is based on China's ancient religious beliefs, inherited some religious concepts and practice methods such as Fang Xiandao and Huang Laodao, and gradually formed, taking "Tao" as the highest belief, taking Laozi as the leader, taking Laozi's Tao Te Ching as the main classic, and pursuing cultivation as a fairy.

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Teaching Theory and Doctrine

From the very beginning of teaching, Taoism took Laozi's Tao Te Ching as its basic classic, and took "Tao" and "morality" as its basic beliefs. Taoism believes that "Tao" is the origin and master of all things in the universe, omnipresent and all-encompassing, and everything evolved from "Tao". And "virtue" is the embodiment of "Tao".

Taoism takes the old gentleman of Taishang as its leader, that is, Laozi. In addition, the supreme god of Taoism has other sayings in the Taoist scriptures. First, it is the highest god who respects the Jade Qing and the Yuan Dynasty; second, it is the highest god who respects the Qing Lingbao Buddha; and third, it is the highest god who respects the moral Buddha. Later, it evolved into a trinity of Laozi, one gasification and three cleanses.

Taoism is born again and hates death, and pursues immortality. It believes that human life can be decided by itself, without obeying heaven. It is believed that as long as people are good at cultivating health, they can live forever and become immortal. Therefore, there are many cultivation methods: alchemy, taking food, breathing, fetal interest, massage, guidance, room, avoiding the valley, thinking, serving symbols and chanting.

Taoist theology and Taoist thought may not be consistent, but should be detailed; The similarities and differences between them are worth pondering. However, Taoism, whose ancestors called Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, regarded Lao Zi and Zhuangzi as classics, after all, absorbed and inherited a lot of contents of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thoughts. In addition, it was also influenced by Yi and Yin and Yang School.

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History

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Origin

Although Taoism regards Laozi as its ancestor, its ideas are not completely consistent with those of Laozi and Zhuangzi, but more benefited from the Huang Lao Dao, which was popular in the early Han Dynasty and used Laozi's famous words to cultivate and raise longevity. Another source of Taoism is Fang Xiandao, which began in the Warring States and flourished in Qin and Han Dynasties. In addition, you can also pursue the worship of ghosts and gods in the Shang Dynasty.

in the process of Taoism's gradual formation, the interaction between Taoism and Buddhism that was entering China at that time (the influence of Buddhism on Taoism and the influence of Taoism on the China of Buddhism) is also worth noting.

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Development course

The development of Taoism is generally divided into four periods: the origin of Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, the prosperity of Tang and Song Dynasties, the emergence of Quanzhen religion during Yuan and Ming Dynasties and the decline after Qing Dynasty.

the formation of Taoism is a slow development process. As two landmark events in the final formation of Taoism, one is the spread of Taiping Jing, and the other is Zhang Daoling's Five Dou Mi Dao. When the Eastern Han Dynasty was in the reign of Emperor Shun (126 -144), The Book of Taiping Qing (later called Taiping Jing) spread widely. When he arrived at Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Jiao preached in the Book of Taiping Qing Dynasty, nicknamed Taiping Road, claiming to be a great virtuous teacher, and his followers were all over Kyushu, which was already quite influential. Later, the Yellow turban insurrectionary failed, and Taiping Road declined day by day. Also in the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Emperor Shundi was in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Ling learned Daoism in Guiming Mountain, Shu County, and recruited disciples to preach, so the believers gave rice and five buckets, so it was called five buckets of rice. Zhang Lu, his grandson, defended Hanzhong for many years, and later cooperated with the highest ruling authorities, so that the influence of Wudou Mi Dao was spread in the sea from the southwest corner, and it became an authentic Taoism.

During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, Taoism gained great development with the prevalence of alchemy and the deepening of related theories. At the same time, Taoism also absorbed the popular metaphysics at that time and enriched its own theory. In the first year of Jianwu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Ge Hong systematically discussed the theory of immortals since the Warring States Period and wrote Bao Puzi, which was the first systematization of Taoist theory and enriched the ideological content of Taoism. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Kou Qianzhi established the "Northern Tianshi Daoism" with the support of the Northern Wei Emperor Taizu, and Lu Xiujing established the "Southern Tianshi Daoism".

In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Tang Gaozu Li Yuan recognized Laozi Li Er as his ancestor, and Song Zhenzong and Song Huizong also believed in Taoism, so Taoism was highly respected and became the state religion. At this time, Maoshan, Gezao and other factions appeared, and Tianshi Road also re-emerged. In theory, the theory of Inner Dan expounded by Chen Tuan and Zhang Boduan is very popular.

during the Jin dynasty, the quan Zhen Dao initiated by Wang Zhongyang appeared in the north. Later, Qiu Chuji, a disciple of Wang Zhongyang, preached for Genghis Khan in Mongolia, and was trusted, and was granted the power to be in charge of Taoism in the world by the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty. At the same time, in order to cope with the rapid rise of Quanzhen Taoism, the original Longhu Mountain Tianshi Taoism, Maoshan Shangqing School and Gezaoshan Lingbao School were merged into one, and Zhang Tianshi was regarded as the founder of Zhengyi, thus formally forming a pattern of Taoism with Quanzhen in the north and Zhengyi or two schools in the south.

In the Ming Dynasty, Yongle Emperor Zhu Di claimed to be the incarnation of Zhenwu Emperor, and gave great support to Zhang Sanfeng and wu-tang clan who sacrificed Zhenwu. At this time, Taoism still occupies a dominant position in various religions in China.

since the Qing dynasty, Manchu rulers believed in Tibetan Buddhism and suppressed Taoism, which was mainly believed by Han people. Taoism has since declined.

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Modern Taoism

After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Taoism basically stopped developing. After entering modern society, Taoism declined even more. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the implementation of the new religious policy of the China government, some previous Taoist rules and regulations were invalidated because they violated the current laws. In 1957, the Chinese Taoist Association was established to manage the internal affairs of Taoism in China. By the Cultural Revolution, Taoism, like other religions in China, had suffered a catastrophe. It was not until the end of the Cultural Revolution that Taoism began to resume normal religious activities.

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Taoist Immortals

See Taoist Immortals

Taoist figures in the British Museum, like Taoism, are polytheists, and the highest deities are the Sanqing deities derived from Taoism, that is, Yuanshi Tianzun, Lingbao Tianzun and Moral Tianzun, among which the moral Tianzun is Taishang Laojun. In addition, Taoism created Heaven and its Emperor Jade Emperor and a series of officials according to the human order, and absorbed the concepts of Buddhist hell and the world in the sea. As a subsidiary of Heaven, it also created a series of immortal officials in Yamaraja Temple and Crystal Palace, plus local immortal series such as four-valued meritorious deeds, mountain gods, city gods, land and kitchen kings. It also absorbed the Queen Mother of the West and the Eight Immortals from many ancient China myths as "scattered immortals" outside the heavenly order. Therefore, there are many immortals in Taoism, and any immortals created by local people and celebrities worshipped by them, such as Mazu and Guandi, can be absorbed into the Taoist immortal system at any time. However, in general, temples only worship Sanqing gods, and other gods can build their own temples.

In addition, Taoism believes that the human body is also a small world, so there are gods stationed in various organs of the human body, such as hair, facial features and so on. And there are corresponding practice methods.

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precepts

Taoist precepts are some principles that restrict Taoist thoughts and words. Taoist precepts have different contents according to different sects. Generally speaking, the precepts of Quanzhen school are stricter than those of Fuzuo school. The main contents of the commandments are not to kill, not to drink and eat meat, not to steal, not to commit adultery and so on. Commandments must be observed by believers, and a Taoist priest must have a bar mitzvah ceremony to be counted as a believer. According to the strictness of the rules, precepts can be divided into top-grade precepts, middle-grade precepts and lower-grade precepts. According to the number of rhythms, there are three precepts, five precepts, eight precepts, ten precepts and twenty-seven precepts of Laojun.

in addition to the precepts, there are Taoist rules, which are the punishment means for Taoist priests who break the precepts. Different factions of specific regulations have different regulations.

Taoist precepts, on the basis of absorbing some contents of Buddhism and the requirements of Confucianism, such as the Three Cardinals and the Five Permanent Principles, have formed a set of their own unique contents. Taoist rules and regulations also change with time, and when they conflict with the laws of the regime, appropriate adjustments will be made.

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Daoism

The old gentleman's entering the mountain symbol in "Bao Pu Zi" thinks that Taoist religious activities can be avoided by using it, which are very complicated and mainly divided into two categories: Taoist self-cultivation (called Daoism) and Taoist rituals, including Taoist classics, confessions, fasting, rituals, spells and curses.

Taoist self-cultivation has become Taoism, including inner alchemy, outer alchemy, taking food, room and so on. External alchemy refers to burning minerals such as lead and mercury in alchemy sand and drugs to make pills that can make people live forever. Modern science thought that most of these pills were poisonous, and there were many cases of death in ancient times. Therefore, Taoism later realized that it was dangerous to take and prepare Inner Dan, so later generations turned to the safer Inner Dan practice. Waidan is also considered as a pioneer of modern chemistry.

Inner alchemy refers to the process of breathing, guiding, breathing and breathing, and refining alchemy in the body to achieve the goal of immortality. The terms of external Dan and internal Dan are the same, but the meanings they refer to are completely different. For example, the human body is likened to a furnace pot burning an alchemy pill, but it is still interlinked in theory. In ancient times, the teaching of alchemy was mostly inherited from master and apprentice, and it was difficult for outsiders to understand.

In addition, there are many Daoism. For example, introspection, keeping quiet, thinking, and breaking through the valley. These modern times are mostly classified as qigong. In addition, many Taoists of Quanzhen Taoism practice martial arts. Chinese medicine theory also comes from Taoism.

Taoist rituals are collectively referred to as "ritual fasting", which means cleanliness, while ritual fasting refers to prayer, also known as Dojo. Taoist sacrifices to immortals, because they think that immortals are quiet and noble, so they need to bathe and change clothes before sacrifice, do not drink or eat meat, and fast. Sacrificial activities are called "Li", and Taoism has absorbed many Buddhist contents in its development, with various names. Taoism believes that through these rituals, we can get rid of disasters and seek happiness. Divination is also a part of Daoism, including divination, drawing lots and measuring characters. In addition, Taoism is characterized by the use of symbols and reeds. Fu is some symbols painted on yellow paper with vermilion. Taoism thinks it can be used to cure diseases, while Ru is thought to drive the gods. In addition, Taoism believes that oral incantations can cure diseases, drive ghosts and gods and drive away wild animals. These are mainly the same spells.

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Main classics

See Taoist Scriptures

Taoism regards Laozi's Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi's Nanhuajing as the two most important classics. In addition, Taoism imitated the Buddhist Tripitaka to create a Taoist collection, collecting Taoist works of past dynasties, including not only philosophy and Taoist theory, but also works on alchemy, health preservation, medical treatment and qigong. There are mainly orthodox Taoist scriptures, a collection of Taoist scriptures, and the continuation of Taoist scriptures in Wanli. At present, only the orthodox Taoist scriptures in the Ming Dynasty have been circulated, and other versions have been lost. Most of the existing Taoist classics are included here. The number of Taoist scriptures is very large, and the main classics of various factions are also different.

Zhouyi Shentongqi is the earliest Danjing, which is called the ancestor of Danjing. In addition, Baopuzi is also the basic classic of the Danding School of Taoism. Taiping Jing and Lao Zi Xiang Er Zhu are also the main classics of early Taoism. Huang Tingjing and The True Sutra of the Great Hole in Shangqing are the main classics of the Shangqing Sutra School, and the Maoshan School also attaches great importance to them. Du Ren Jing and San Huang Wen are the main classics of Lingbao School and san huang School. Yin Fu Jing and Chang Qing Jing Jing are also two very important Taoist scriptures, which Taoist priests must recite. In addition, the Jade Emperor Sutra and the Heart Seal Wonderful Sutra are also one of the daily lessons of Taoists.

Although the Southern Sect of Taoism mainly focuses on Fu Yong, Zhai Zhi and Keyi, after the Northern Song Dynasty, it also advocated three religions and one principle, and cultivated Inner alchemy, resulting in the emergence of such classics as Wu Zhen Jing and 4 words of then alchemy. The Quanzhen Sect of the Northern Sect of Taoism advocates the unity of the three religions, refining the spirit and concentrating on the spirit, understanding the nature, and integrating Confucianism, focusing on the three classics of the Tao Te Ching, the Filial Piety Classic and the Prajna Heart Classic, and advocating "filial piety and purity, honesty and simplicity".

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Sect

See Taoist School

A Taoist on Mount Tai, in terms of practice, Taoism is mainly divided into two factions-the Fuofu School and the Danding School. The former advocates using magic spells to cure diseases and exorcise ghosts, while the latter advocates refining the elixir to seek immortality, which is different from the outer and inner veins.

Generally speaking, the distribution of Taoism began in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. There are five influential schools in the history of Taoism:

Zhengyi School: there are Lingbao School, Zhengyi School and Jing Ming School Quanzhen Road: there are also southern schools and northern schools. There are also many tribes, such as Dragon Sect, Encounter Fairy Sect, Namo pie Sect, Suishan Sect, Lushan Sect, Huashan Sect and Quiet Sect.

True Taoism: It was founded in the Jin Dynasty and gradually declined after the Yuan Dynasty.

taiyi road: it was founded in the Jin dynasty and gradually declined after the end of the yuan dynasty.

Jingmingdao: It was founded in the Southern Song Dynasty and declined after the Ming Dynasty.

After the Ming Dynasty, Taoism was divided into two major schools, namely Zhengyi and Quanzhen, and all other schools were classified into these two schools.