Li Bai (70 1-762), whose name is Taibai, is a violet layman. The most outstanding poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is also a great romantic poet after Qu Yuan in the history of China literature, and he is known as the "Poet Fairy". He had a rough experience and complicated thoughts. He is not only a brilliant poet, but also a ranger, assassin, hermit, Taoist and counselor. Confucianism, Taoism and Rangers are all reflected in him. "Retire after success" is the dominant thought that dominated his life.
Li Bai left more than 900 poems to later generations. These brilliant poems show his mental journey all his life, and they are artistic portraiture of social reality and spiritual life in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai was ambitious all his life, and he expressed his yearning for fame and fortune unabashedly. This is vividly expressed in Fu Liangyin, Reading Biography of Zhuge Wuhou, and Love Cai Sheren Bear. Li Bai liked Ren Xia since he was a teenager, and wrote many ranger poems, among which Knight Rider is the representative work. Three years of political life in Chang 'an had a profound influence on Li Bai's creation. There is a sharp contradiction between his political ideal and the dark reality, and unspeakable pain and resentment accumulate in his chest. Angry wrote good poems, so he wrote a series of nostalgic people, such as "Difficult to Go", "Antique" and "Answering the King for Twelve Nights". A famous sentence that is sad for a person's life and difficult to send away. Li Bai lived a wandering life for most of his life, traveled to many famous mountains and rivers all over the country, and wrote a lot of beautiful poems praising the great rivers and mountains of the motherland to express his feelings of loving freedom and yearning for liberation. In this kind of poetry, the strange mountains and rivers complement his rebellious and unruly character. This kind of poetry occupies a large number in Li Bai's poetry works, and has been passed down through the ages, among which "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" is the most outstanding masterpiece. With dripping and carefree poems, the poet freely spread the wings of imagination, wrote all kinds of spiritual adventures and pursuits, and truly liberated the repressed soul in his dreams. And "Oh, how can I seriously bow and scrape to high-ranking people and people in high positions? They will never stand being shown an honest face!" His poems show the poet's lofty sentiments and become an important basis for future generations to examine Li Bai's great personality.
As a great poet who loves the motherland, cares about the people and never forgets the reality, Li Bai is also very concerned about the important issue of war. Enthusiastic praise is given to the soldiers guarding the border (such as "Xia Sai Qu"), and the wariness of the rulers is mercilessly lashed (such as "Battle of the South of the City" and "Song of Ding Du"). Li Bai also wrote many Yuefu poems, describing the hard life of laborers and expressing their concern and sympathy (such as Long March and Midnight Wu Ge). ).
Li Bai's poems and songs have the artistic charm of "the pen falls and shakes the wind and rain, and the poem makes the gods cry", which is also the most distinctive artistic feature of his poems. As a romantic poet, Li Bai mobilized all romantic skills and realized the perfect unity of poetry content and form. Li Bai's poems are full of self-expression and subjective lyricism, and the expression of feelings is overwhelming. For example, when he entered Beijing as an official, he said, "Laugh to the sky. Are we Artemisia people? " When I miss Chang 'an, "the wind blows my heart and hangs Xianyang trees in the west." Such poems are very infectious.
Extreme exaggeration, apt metaphor and amazing fantasy make people feel highly real. Reading these poems, such as "But since the water is still flowing, even though it is cut with a sword, it is even more worrying to raise a glass to dispel the sorrow" and "The white hair is three thousands of feet, and the sorrow is as long as long", readers can't help being infected by the poet's long sorrow and endless melancholy. Li Bai's artistic expression is particularly prominent in his poems, such as Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream, Difficult Road to Shu, etc.
In Li Bai's poems, imagination, exaggeration, metaphor and personification are often used comprehensively to produce a fantastic, magnificent and moving artistic conception, which is why Li Bai's romantic poems give people a heroic, unrestrained and elegant charm. His language is clear, lively and meaningful, just as two of his poems say, "clear water gives birth to hibiscus, and it is naturally carved."
Li Bai's poems and songs had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Han Yu, Meng Jiao and Li He in the middle Tang Dynasty, Su Shi, Lu You and Xin Qiji in the Song Dynasty, Gao Qi, Yang Shen and Gong Zizhen in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all greatly influenced by Li Bai's poems.
[Notes]
Smell: I heard.
Wang Changling (698-757? ): Tang Dynasty poet. "I heard that Wang Changling moved to Longbiao kiln to the left and sent this short message" is a good poem to express his anger and comfort at his friend Wang Changling's demotion. Wang Changling is also a brilliant star in the poetry circle of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, famous for writing frontier fortress themes, especially for his seven wonders. In the early days of Tianbao, Li Bai had close contact with Hanlin when he offered sacrifices to him in Chang 'an. Wang Changling had a rough life and his personality was similar to that of Li Bai. The time when Wang Changling was reduced to the Dragon Mark is uncertain. Some people speculate that it was1Tianbao period in 978. Li Bai left Beijing for three years from Tianbao, and now he is in Yangzhou. Hearing the sad news, he wrote a poem to express his feelings and sent it to friends far away.
Move to the left: the ancients respected the right and belittled the left, which was customarily called relegation to the left. That is, demoted officials.
Long Biao: In Qianyang, Hunan, Wang Changling was demoted to Long Biao this time. This poem refers to Wang Changling. The ancients used to call a person by the name of the state or county where he was an official.
Yao: It's far away.
Sub-regulation: cuckoo, also known as cuckoo.
Five streams: The five streams mentioned by the Tang people refer to Chenxi, Youxi, Wuxi, Wuxi and Yuanxi, which belonged to Qianzhong Road at that time, and are in today's Xiangxi and Qiandong areas.
And: here.
Sui Jun: A person works with the wind.
Yelang: In the Han Dynasty, southwest ethnic minorities established political power in western and northern Guizhou, northeastern Yunnan and parts of southern Sichuan, which was called Yelang. Yelang County was established in Tongzi, Guizhou and Yuanling, Hunan in the Tang Dynasty. This refers to Yelang in Hunan (in today's xinhuang dong autonomous county, adjacent to Qianyang). Li Bai was in the southeast at that time, so he said, "Go with the wind until Yelangxi".
[Poetry translation, poetry]
The flowers are gone, and the birds are singing.
I heard that you were demoted to the Dragon Label, passing through Chenxi, Xixi, Wuxi, Wuxi and Yuanxi.
Let me entrust my sad heart for you to the bright moon in the sky.
Accompany the gentleman, you go all the way to Yelangxi!
[Appreciation]
Enjoy 1
Wang Changling moved Longbiao (now Qianyang County, Hunan Province) in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty (the ancients were still right, so they called demoted officials moving to the left) because of "carelessness", that is to say, he offended demoted officials, not because of any big problems, but because his life was not enough. When leaving Xin Qiji in Furong Building, Wang Changling also said to his good friend: "Luoyang's relatives and friends are like asking each other, and a piece of ice is in the jade pot." That is to say, Bao Zhao's innocence is expressed by the metaphor of "as clear as a jade pot and ice" in "The Ballad of the White Head". After hearing about his unfortunate experience, Li Bai wrote this poem full of sympathy and care and sent it to him from far away, which is completely understandable.
The first sentence describes the scenery, points out the seasons, and takes the fallen flowers in the scenery alone, which is called the sub-rule of "it is better to go home", that is, it contains the love of falling flowers and the hate of leaving flowers, which conforms to the situation at that time and is also integrated into the scenery. So the sentence has seen the situation in the scene, so the second sentence will tell the story directly. "Smelling the Tao" means surprise and regret. "Crossing the Five Rivers" shows that the migration road is long and the road is difficult. Wuxi, Xiong Xi, Suixi and Youxi? Xixi and Chenxi are in the west of Hunan Province today. ) There is no sad language, but the meaning of sadness is self-evident.
The last two sentences are very lyrical. People are separated by two places, and it is difficult to follow each other, but the bright moon shines in the sky, and thousands of miles are beautiful. You should send your heart to the bright moon and float with the wind. Yelang here does not refer to the ancient Yelang country in Tongzi County, Guizhou Province, but Yelang County in Yuanling County, Hunan Province. Yuanling is just south of Qianyang, slightly west. It is wrong for someone to mistake Yelang's position, so it is assumed that this poem was written when Yelang was around.
The artistic conception expressed in these two poems has been seen in some famous works before. For example, Xie Zhuang's Yue Fu says, "Beauty is full of sound and dust, and there is a bright moon thousands of miles away. The wind will sigh and rest, and the road is long. " Cao Zhi's Miscellaneous Poems: "Looking south to see my king." Zhang Chunjiang Moonlight: "I don't know each other at this time, and I hope the moon will shine on you." Everything is similar to it. And careful analysis, there are three meanings in two sentences. One is to say that you are full of worries, have nothing to say and no one understands. Only this kind of worry is entrusted to the bright moon; Second, only the bright moon shines in two places, and my friends and I can see her; The third is that, therefore, only by relying on her can we get rid of our worries, and there is no other way.
Through the poet's rich imagination, he turned the original ignorant and heartless moon into a bosom friend, full of sympathy. She was able and willing to accept her request and came to the distant west of Yelang with nostalgia and sympathy for her friends and gave it to the unfortunate immigrant. How affectionate she is!
Giving objective things their own feelings and making them have feelings, that is, personalization, is a major feature and advantage of image thinking. When poets need to express strong or profound feelings, they often use such means to achieve the expected results. (Shen Zufen)
Appreciate II
"I worry about my heart, and I worry about the bright moon."
-simply say Li Bai's quatrain "I heard that Wang Changling moved to Longbiao Yao with this news".
The above four-line poem was written by Li Bai to his good friend Wang Changling, entitled "I heard that Wang Changling moved to Longbiao Kiln and sent it here". Wang Changling is also a brilliant star in the poetry circle of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, famous for writing frontier fortress themes, especially for his seven wonders. In the early days of Tianbao, Li Bai had close contact with Hanlin when he sacrificed to him in Chang 'an, which can be inferred from the title of Li Bai's other two poems, Seeing My Brother Off and Wang Changling Returning to Guiyang. Wang Changling had a rough life. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty (Volume 203) and Biography of Literature and Art say that he was "careless and degenerated into a captain of the Dragon", which shows that his character is similar to Li Bai's arrogance. Longbiao is today Zhijiang County, Hunan Province. The time when Wang Changling was reduced to the Dragon Mark is uncertain. Some people speculate that it was1Tianbao period in 978. Li Bai left Beijing for three years from Tianbao, and now he is in Yangzhou. Hearing the sad news, he wrote a poem to express his feelings and sent it to friends far away.
This is a lyric short chapter of just four sentences, but it has a heavy emotional component. From the beginning, it chose two things with local characteristics, depicting the scene of late spring in the south, which set off a sad atmosphere. Yang Shuhua is catkin. Zigui is another name for cuckoo. According to legend, this kind of bird is transformed from the soul of Du Yu, the king of Shu, and its song is extremely sad and moving. Long Biao refers to Wang Changling here, and it has been a common practice among scholars since the Tang Dynasty to call him by his official name. Wuxi is Chenxi, Youxi, Wuxi, Wuxi and Yuanxi at the junction of Hunan and Guizhou. In the Tang dynasty, this area was also regarded as a remote and barren land, and it was also the place where Wang Changling was to be relegated. After reading these two poems, we can easily imagine that the poet who traveled abroad was in the late spring of March in the south, with catkins falling in front of him and cuckoos singing in his ears. This situation is sad enough, not to mention the unfortunate news that a friend has left his hometown. The first two sentences seem dull, but they actually contain rich contents, and their functions are various: they not only write about the season, but also write about the atmosphere, which not only points out the topic, but also proves the lyricism of the last two sentences.
The sentence "I am worried about the bright moon in my heart, and I will follow you to Yelangxi" closely follows the above and focuses on expressing the poet's feelings here and now. The word "Jun" is called "Feng". The so-called "Yelang" here does not refer to Yelang Kingdom in the Han Dynasty, but Yelang County in the Sui Dynasty, which is located in Chenxi, Hunan Province today (see the Jade Emperor Ji Sheng, Volume 71). Longbiao is just to the west of Chenxi, so there is a saying that it is "until Yelangxi". The word "sad" in the sentence is also rich in content and worth pondering. Why are poets full of melancholy? It can be said that there is deep concern for the old friend, indignation at the reality at that time, sincere thoughts and sincere care. Before Wang Changling was demoted, he was Jiangning Cheng, and from Jiangning to Jiangzhong, he was Long Biao (see Fu Xuancong's poem in Tang Dynasty). Poets in Yangzhou can't say goodbye to their old friends face to face, so they have to entrust a deep affection to the bright moon and worry about missing them in the distance.
Expressing homesickness through the bright moon, this kind of association and expression technique has appeared more than once in Li Bai's previous poems. Bao: "3528, thousands of miles are with you." Tang Huixiu's poem of resentment: "The bright moon shines on tall buildings, including a thousand miles." There is also a saying in the Song of Four o'clock at Midnight written by Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties, "Look up at the bright moon and send your feelings for thousands of miles". But compared with Li Bai's two poems, Shi Li is shine on you and better than Lan. After seeing the bright moon, the previous generation of poets only thought of relatives and friends in different places, or wanted to invite the bright moon to send their feelings, but Li Bai not only wanted to invite the bright moon to send his feelings here, but also wanted the bright moon to be his body body double and accompany his unfortunate friends to the remote and desolate place west of Yelang.
The genre of China's ancient poems was ready in the Tang Dynasty. As a master, Li Bai is handy no matter what genre. But among them, the exquisite achievements of Gexing and the Four Wonders are talked about by later generations. In Li Bai's anthology, there are dozens of poems with the theme of farewell to others and the genre of the four wonders, but none of them have the same idea or expression. "At night, I miss you in the Three Gorges of Qingxi River" (Yuege of Emei Mountain), "Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun" (for Wang Lun), "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou by the Yellow Crane Tower", and the bright moon is in the sky. No matter which way is adopted, the author's sincerity can be truly and vividly conveyed to friends, which makes people memorable; However, this article is unique among similar poems with its imaginative and unique ideas. The poet's ingenuity and skillful skills can also be seen here. (Wang Wei)