His mother's name is Maria Ivanovna Nikolai Nikolai Gogol Janovska (марияивановнаго). Nikolai. 182 1 ~ 1828 During my science study in Niren High School in Poltava Province, I read extensively and actively participated in the school's literary activities. He once played the leading role and other roles in Feng Weixin's satirical comedy dude, which was very successful (he later wrote satirical comedy). In this middle school, he was influenced by some The Decemberists poets and Alexander Pushkin's poems (which prompted him to want to be a poet at the beginning of his creation), and was also deeply influenced by the works of French enlightenment writers. All these laid the foundation for his later creation. Rural life is an important material for his creation, which prompted him to write some excellent works related to the countryside, such as Dikangka's Rural Nighttalk, Carriage, Dead Soul and so on.
1828, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol graduated from high school and went to Petersburg, hoping to get an official position in the judicial field. He also brought the manuscript of the pastoral poem Hans Kucher Jia Jian (long poem), which is his first work. From 1829 to 183 1 year, I worked in St. Petersburg State-owned Property Real Estate Bureau and Land Administration Bureau successively, and personally experienced the poor life of small staff. I also went to the Academy of Fine Arts to study painting.
In Petersburg, he was not appreciated, and then after many twists and turns, he became a scribe of St. Petersburg State-owned Property and Public Real Estate Bureau and Fieldhood Bureau. He made a living by this, and personally experienced the poor life of a small clerk (so he wrote the story of a scribe in Coat and Diary of a Madman, where there were memories of his own life). During this period, he studied painting in the Academy of Fine Arts. Later, in novellas such as Neva Street and Portrait, he wrote tragic stories or legendary stories of painters. 1829 published the long poem Hans Kucher Jia Jian under his real name. This long poem brought him into the Russian literary world, but it didn't get much attention. He soon realized that poetry writing was not his strong suit, so he turned to novels and comedies. 1830, he published the novel The Night Before St. John under the pen name "Nikolai Nikolai Gogol" (гоголь, half surname). This novel was appreciated by the poet Vasily Zhukovskiy and became his close friend.
183 1 September, the short story A Night in the Country was published, full of fantastic colors and Ukrainian folk customs. Most of the contents are written according to Ukrainian folklore, absorbing the nutrition of folk carnival culture, full of cheerful and humorous language, praising the working people's wisdom, courage and love of freedom, and mocking the ignorance of evil forces. In September, he published a collection of short stories named after the title of this work, which was well received by Pushkin and belinsky, who claimed that Russian literature had entered the period of Nikolai Nikolai Gogol. This year, he met Pushkin, and later Pushkin became his friend and provided him with many creative materials. This man's realistic works have a great influence on him. For example, Pushkin provided the material for "An Imperial Envoy" and "Dead Soul". 1834 Entered St. Petersburg University as an associate professor, teaching history. Ivan turgeneve is one of his students. From 65438 to 0836, according to the absurd story provided by Pushkin, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol created five comedies "An Imperial Envoy" in two months. In the process of creation, he has a clearer and deeper understanding of the social mission of drama. He asked to reflect the life and national characteristics of contemporary society on the stage: "Please show Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's Russian character, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol himself, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's liar and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's eccentric! Let Nikolai Nikolai Gogol take the stage and make everyone laugh! " To this end, he worked hard to study satirical comedies suitable for stage performances. "An Imperial Envoy" made him realize his desire to create a true, true and sharp social comedy for the first time. Nikolai Nikolai Gogol regards An Imperial Envoy as a turning point in his creation. He thinks: "Before the Imperial Envoy, the humor in Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's works was aimless and rash, but only in the Imperial Envoy and later works did Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's ridicule get the right direction.
In the same year, his book "An Imperial Envoy" was published, exposing the real dark scene in Russian bureaucracy. This comedy has a strong satirical tendency, extraordinary ideological depth and unique artistic style. His works have made outstanding achievements in details, authenticity of environment and characters, pungent satire, realistic portrait description, personalized language and appreciation of stage performances. This has made a major turning point in Russian comedy art. Herzen said: "The appalling confessions of contemporary Russia (written by imperial envoys) are the same as those revealed by Kotokhin in the17th century." At the same time as the publication, this comedy was also released, starring Mikhail Semenovich Shepkin. An Imperial Envoy has caused a lot of discussion. Most of the audience laughed at the movie, because it was no longer a farce written for entertainment, and even Nicholas I laughed at the movie, "laughing to death." However, the imperial envoys also caused many imperial scholars to attack them, calling them "slander against Russia", accusing Nikolai Nikolai Gogol of being "the enemy of Russia" and demanding that he be "sent to Siberia in chains", and so on.
Nikolai Nikolai Gogol was shocked by these allegations, but "not disturbed by them". However, the publication and performance of "An Imperial Envoy" quickly aroused the dissatisfaction of the Russian authorities. So, in June of 1836, he left Russia to travel abroad and began to live as an expatriate for six years. In the first year, he came to Rome 1837 65438+1On October 29th, his good friend Pushkin died in a conspiracy. After that, Nicola Nikolai Gogol lived in Italy and Germany for nearly five years, during which he wrote most of the contents of The Dead.
184 1 In September, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol returned to Russia with the manuscript of Dead Soul. When he sent the revised manuscript to the Moscow book censorship agency for examination, it was immediately rejected. So he trusted belinsky to enter through the back door, which made the book pass the exam in Petersburg. 1842 added imperial envoys, which strengthened its irony. It was also in this year that the first volume of Dead Soul was published, which caused a greater sensation than the Imperial Envoy. This novel is recognized as the cornerstone of "naturalism" and "an unparalleled work in the history of Russian literature". Herzen once recalled: "The publication of this novel shocked the whole of Russia."
Belinsky said: "Only by understanding the ideas and artistic techniques of the works and focusing on the content rather than the plot, people can fully appreciate Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's epic works." This novel lashed out at serfdom and the darkness of officialdom at that time, eager to find a way to solve domestic problems with the Orthodox Church. In the next few years, his time was spent in controversy, illness and poverty, and he gradually lost his creative passion. 1June, 845, he burned the first published manuscript of Dead Soul and continued to rewrite it.
The title page of the first edition of Dead Soul designed by Nikolai Gogol himself is a famous work of Nikolai Gogol. This book is full of cheerful melody and humorous banter. At that time, Pushkin realized the loneliness and sadness behind young Nikolai Gogol's laughter with the sensitivity of a poet, calling him a "happy melancholy". By his own admission, Nikolai Gogol's pleasure in his early works lies in venting his depression and melancholy through joy and romantic feelings. 1852 In February, he had a premonition that he would die soon, so he told his friend Count Tolstoy about the funeral (Nicola Nikolai Gogol was living in Moscow at that time) and asked him to take the manuscript away and give it to Archbishop Ferrarett after his death, but Count Tolstoy didn't take it away. On February 24th, he burned the second manuscript of Dead Soul, which was almost finished. Then he fell ill and refused to eat. After several painful days, he died in Moscow on March 4th, 1852. The second volume that people saw was edited by his publisher Chevelev according to his manuscript. I didn't write the third volume of Dead Soul.
Nikolai Nikolai Gogol was buried in Donskoi Monastery in Moscow. Donskoi Monastery was demolished in 193 1 year. At that time, the Soviet government decided to move it to Novodwich Cemetery. When it was moved, people found that Nikolai Nikolai Gogol was buried face down in the coffin, so there is a legend that Nikolai Nikolai Gogol was buried alive.
On April 1 2009, on the occasion of the bicentennial of Nikolai Gogol's birth, Russians are still searching for the mystery of his death and the whereabouts of his head.
The most controversial issue is whether Nikolai Gogol was buried in an immortal state. 193 1 year, the Soviet government decided to move Nikolai Gogol's cemetery from St. Denis Ann's Church to the cemetery of Notre Dame. As a result, when the coffin was opened, it was found that Nikolai Gogol's body changed its posture during burial. It was inferred that Nikolai Gogol was "buried alive" in an immortal state. Another reason for these people is that Nikolai Gogol had severe fainting symptoms before his death and often fell asleep on the sofa for several days.
However, scholars represented by Nikolai Gogol expert Marne hold a negative view. In an interview with the media a few days ago, Mann said that being buried alive would not happen, because the doctors who treated Nikolai Gogol at that time were the best. One of them, Tara Synkov, later recorded Nikolai Gogol's illness and treatment process in detail in his memoirs.