1. Verses describing the ancient supervisory system
During the Warring States Period, the censors in charge of documents and historical records already had obvious supervisory functions.
Qin The system began to form in the Qin Dynasty, and it later became an important political system in all dynasties. After long-term development, this system has gradually become sound and complete.
In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang, the first emperor in Chinese history, unified China, established a centralized system of feudal absolutism, and created a relatively independent supervisory system. A censor doctor was established in the central government, ranking among the three princes. With the second prime minister and the censor's office as his official office, he controlled the world's documents and supervision.
At the local level, the emperor sent censors to reside in counties and counties, called "supervising censors", who were responsible for supervising various tasks in the counties. [1] Folding the Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, but it was stricter than the Qin system.
In the Western Han Dynasty, the central government still had the imperial censor as the chief executive, and the censor Zhongcheng as the deputy, who was also responsible for the emperor's confidential secretary and central supervisory duties. At the local level, in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial censors were abolished, and the prime minister appointed "prime ministers" at any time to attack various states.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the central government's control over local areas, the country was divided into 13 supervisory areas, called prefectures. Each prefecture had a governor for full-time supervision. Officials, with "six questions", supervise the counties under the state department. The prime minister's office has a director-general, who is in charge of assisting the prime minister in committing crimes.
All court officials, such as those who admonished officials and assigned officials to officials, had the power to supervise and impeach officials. At the county level, there is a postal inspector, who represents the prefect and oversees counties and townships.
During the reign of Emperor Xuan, the two censors were in charge of legal documents and had the power to judge the rights and wrongs of prison sentences. The Censor of Fuxi, the Censor of Governance, the Censor of the Army, and the Censor of Xiuyi (also known as the Censor of Xiuyi (also known as the Censor of Xiuyi)) were established for special missions and exercised the powers of the Censor respectively.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial censor's official name was changed to Da Sikong, and the censor's office was renamed the censor's station, with the censor Zhongcheng in charge of supervision affairs. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yushitai was called Xiantai, and Yushi Zhongcheng was still the chief, but his powers were expanded.
The Yushitai was nominally transferred to the Shaofu, but in fact it was the highest specialized supervisory agency. It is called the "Three Platforms" together with the prestigious Shangshu Terrace and the Visitor Terrace in charge of court communication.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, he served on the censor and was in charge of pickets; he served on the censor in charge of writing and inspected suspicious prisons. The country is divided into 13 supervisory regions, including 1 Sili (region directly under the central government) and 12 states.
There is one Sili Xiaowei in the Si Li, whose status is extremely prominent. During the court meeting, he sits on an equal footing with Shangshu Tai and Yu Shi Zhongcheng, and is known as "Three Independent Sitting". The Sili Xiaowei is responsible for supervising all officials of the imperial court except the Three Dukes and those who break the law in nearby counties of the capital.
Each state has a governor to monitor local political conditions, accept cases, and evaluate officials. Due to the mixed powers, the governor gradually became the chief executive at the local level above the county. He lost his role in supervising the local area, so he was renamed the prefecture. The prefecture also changed from a supervisory district to an administrative district, and the local supervisory system was simplified. Basically disintegrated.
During the Folding Dynasty, this period was basically in a state of feudal separatism. The names of the supervisory agencies in each dynasty were different, but the system was the same as that of the Han Dynasty, with some changes.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Yushitai was no longer affiliated with the Shaofu, but became a national supervisory agency directly controlled by the emperor. The Yushitai (also known as Nantai) in the Southern Liang, Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties and the Xiantai in the Later Zhou Dynasty still had Yushi Zhongcheng as the chief official, and the Northern Wei Dynasty was called Yushi Lieutenant.
As the power of the inspector general grows, regulations have emerged to prevent inspection officials from committing crimes and dereliction of duty. If a group of ministers commits a crime, and if the censor among them fails to correct himself, he will also be dismissed from office.
After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, in order to prevent the supervisory agencies from practicing favoritism and malpractice and to exert their supervision effectiveness, it was clearly stipulated that nobility members were not allowed to serve as censors and Zhongcheng. After the Jin Dynasty, the censor Zhongcheng established the censor in the palace, the censor of the school, the censor of the transportation, etc., and divided the power of internal and external supervision.
At this time, there was no longer a fixed local supervisory agency, and the imperial court would dispatch censors from time to time to supervise local officials. In addition, the system of censors "reporting affairs upon hearing the news" was also formed during this period.
[2] Folding the Sui and Tang Dynasties During the Sui Dynasty, the central supervisory agency was still the Yushitai, and the chief censor Zhongcheng was changed to the censor doctor, with two deputy censors under him; it was changed to the censorship censor. Shi is the supervisory censor, with 12 people in charge, who is responsible for outbound inspections. The Tang Dynasty developed the supervisory system of the Sui Dynasty, making the supervisory institutions more complete.
In the early Tang Dynasty, the Censorship Station was set up in the central government, headed by a third-rank censorship official, and assisted by two Zhongcheng, a fourth-rank censorship official. The Yushitai is called Xiantai, and the doctor is called Dasi Xian.
During the reign of Wu Zetian, the Yushitai was changed into the Left and Right Suzhengtai. After Zhongzong, it was changed to the Left and Right Yushitai.
The function of the Yushitai is to "preside over the state's criminal constitution and the political orders of the state, in order to correct the dynasty" (Volume 13 of "Liu Dian of the Tang Dynasty"). There are three courtyards under the Yushitai: ① Taiyuan, to which the imperial censor belongs, "in charge of correcting hundreds of officials and promoting prison litigation"; 2. Palace courtyard, to which the imperial censor belongs, and "in charge of the rituals of worship in the palace" ; ③ The Procuratorate, under which the Supervisory Censor belongs, "is responsible for supervising hundreds of officials, patrolling prefectures and counties, inspecting prisons, and cleaning up court rituals" (ibid.).
In the early Tang Dynasty, the country was divided into 10 supervisory areas, called 10 roads (later increased to 15 roads). Each zone had a supervisory censor (successfully called the censor, the interviewer, and the observation and disposal envoy). etc.), specializing in touring prefectures and counties. The Tang Dynasty further expanded the powers of supervisory agencies and censors.
Yushitai enjoys part of the judicial power and has the right to supervise the judicial trials of Dali Temple and the Ministry of Punishment. The admonishment system also became more complete in the Tang Dynasty.
The establishment of admonishment officers existed in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and developed greatly in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. By the Tang Dynasty, the central court implemented a three-province system. Among them, the main responsibility of the Menxia Province was to rectify political gains and losses, and to take charge of admonishment and criticism.
Under the sect, the province appoints regular attendants of casual cavalry, admonishes the officials, makes up for ques and collects relics (among them, you bu que and right Supplementary relics belong to Zhongshu Province), and gives them medium-level positions. , all received correct advice. Among them, the power of issuing an imperial edict for sealing and refuting (that is, the meaning of review) is even more important.
Folding the Song Dynasty Supervisory agencies in the Song Dynasty were strengthened with the development of feudal absolutism. The central government followed the Tang system, and the Yushitai still had three courtyards.
If a local government has a general magistrate, it is on par with the magistrate and is called a prison state. It has the right to report to the emperor at any time and become the emperor's local eyes and ears. In addition, road-level transfer envoys, criminal and prison officials, etc. also have the responsibility of supervising prefectures and counties.
In order to ensure that the supervisory censor had more political experience, the Song Dynasty clearly stipulated that no one who had not served as a county magistrate for two terms could hold the post of censor. According to regulations, the censor has the power to "expose people after hearing the news", and must report to the superiors once a month, which is called the "monthly lesson"; he must impeach people within 100 days after taking office, otherwise he will be dismissed as a foreign official or be punished with a salary. "Insulting Taiwan's money".
From then on, there was an example of the censor abusing his power. The censor can directly impeach the prime minister, and also has the responsibility of admonishing him.
The Yushitai also has the right to assign censors to participate in the trial of major criminal cases. Folding the Yuan Dynasty In the Yuan Dynasty, there was a censor's desk in the center, and the censor's official rank was from the first rank. 2. Seeking ancient texts
Han Feizi is the founder of the Legalist school, and it is mentioned in "The Thirtieth of the Seven Techniques of Han Feizi's Theory of Internal Storage". Seven skills: the first is to visit with everyone, the second is to punish the Mingwei, the third is to trust and reward as much as possible, the fourth is to listen to the rebuke, the fifth is to doubt the edict, the sixth is to ask questions based on what you know, and the seventh is to tell the truth. . These seven are used by the Lord.
The two classics must be punished. Those who love more will not be able to establish the law, and those who fear the few will invade from below. Therefore, if punishment is not necessary, prohibition will not work. It is said that during Dong Zi's trip to Shiyi, he traveled to Ji with Zi Chan's teaching. Therefore, Zhongni talks about falling frost, but Yin Fa punishes and abandons ashes; he is about to go to Lechi, but Gongsun Martingale commits a serious and minor crime. Therefore, the gold of Lishui cannot be kept, and the fire of accumulated lake cannot be saved. Cheng Huan weakened the state of Qi with his kindness, and Bu Pi defeated the king of Wei with his kindness. Guan Zhong knew it, so he killed the dead man; Si Gong knew it, so he bought Xu Mi.
If the monarch is too benevolent, the legal system cannot be established; if the monarch is not majestic enough, he will be violated by his subordinates. Therefore, if the punishment is not implemented resolutely, the ban cannot be implemented. The relevant explanation is in "Shuo 2". Dong Clan inspected Shiyi and Zichan to teach You Ji. So Confucius wanted to talk about the frost, Yin Fa wanted to punish severely and pour ashes into the streets, the leader wanted to say goodbye to the orchestra pit, and Shang Yang wanted to punish lightly for minor crimes. Therefore, the gold in Lishui cannot be kept, and the fire in Jize cannot be saved. Cheng Huan believed that King Tairen of Qi would weaken the state of Qi, and Bupi believed that King Cihui of Wei would be destroyed. Guan Zhong knew that punishment was inevitable, so he cut the bodies into pieces to prevent generous burials; Wei Sijun knew that punishment was inevitable, so he wanted to buy back fugitives. 3. Words used to describe supervision
Ten eyes can see that an individual’s speech and actions are always under the supervision of the masses. They are not allowed to do bad things, and it is impossible to hide them if they are done. Same as "what the ten eyes see, what the ten hands point to".
Ten Thousand Eyes of Sui Sui Sui Sui: The look of staring with open eyes. Under the gaze and supervision of everyone.
Source: "Preface to the Poems of Yunzhou Xitang" by Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty: "The public and private affairs are swept away and the old and the new are not maintained. All eyes can see. At this time, the public can be in peace and order."
Everyone's speech and actions are always under the supervision of the masses. They are not allowed to do bad things, and it is impossible to hide them if they are done.
Source: "Book of Rites·University": "Zengzi said: 'What the ten eyes look at and the ten hands point to are extremely strict.'" 4. Words about supervision
Words about supervision:
Ten eyes and ten hands: Ten people are looking at you and ten fingers are pointing at you. Describes a person's words and deeds, which cannot be separated from the supervision of everyone.
Ten eyes can see: It means that personal speech and actions are always under the supervision of the masses. Doing bad things is not allowed, and it is impossible to hide it if you do it. Same as "what the ten eyes see, what the ten hands point to".
Ten eyes see, ten hands point: Many eyes look, many hands point. It means that an individual's speech and actions are always under the supervision of the masses, and they are not allowed to do bad things, and it is impossible to hide them if they are done.
Thousands of eyes can be seen: 睽睽: the look of eyes wide open. Under the gaze and supervision of everyone. 5. Does anyone know some ancient poems, allusions, and idioms about classified management and establishment of systems?
Hello, let me answer your questions: 1. Rat: A big rat talks about a rat, and there is no food for me.
"The Book of Songs" 2. Ox: On that day the cows and horses neighed, and the bride entered the green hut. "Peacock Flies Southeast" 3. Tiger: If two tigers fight, one of them will be injured.
"The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" 4. Rabbit; the cunning rabbit dies and the lackeys cook it. "Wu Yue Chun Qiu" 5. Dragon: tigers roar and dragons sing. Yin Yanquan's "Sleepwalking Tian Mu Yin Liu Farewell" 6. Snakes: fighting and folding snakes, the light and death can be seen.
"The Story of Little Rock Pond" 7. Horse: There is a place for horses to walk in the sky above the snow. "Bai Xuege Sends Judge Wu Back to the Capital" 8. Sheep: sharpen your knife to the pigs and sheep.
"Poetry of Mulan" 9. Monkey: The golden monkey rises up with a mighty stick - *** "Seven Rhythms" 10. Chicken: The sound of the rooster makes the world white - Li He's "Wine Tour" 11. Dog : Dogs eat human food - Sima Guang's "Exercise thrift and show kindness" 12. Pig: sharpen the knife to the pig and sheep. "Mulan Poetry". 6. Use a proverb, idiom, or ancient poem to describe the importance of mechanism construction
Common saying:
1. Jumping into the Yellow River will not wash you away.
2. You will never give up until you reach the Yellow River.
3. The Yellow River is rich in Ningxia, and the richest is Wuzhong.
4. The Yellow River still has a clear day, so how can people have no luck.
< p> 5. The Yellow River in the world is rich in Ningxia. You will not give up until you reach the Yellow River, and you will not shed tears until you see the coffinIdiom:
The mainstay flows in the middle, the sea is clear, the river is clear, the sea is clear, the river is in the mountain belt Li, the water of the Yellow River is clear, the Li mountain leads to the river, the carp jumps over the dragon gate, the river is clear, the mainstay Wang Changling's "Looking at the capital from the white flower wall, the Yellow River flows endlessly. In the autumn, there are no people walking in the wilderness, and the horse's head comes east to know who it is", "When I return home after crossing the Yellow River, the dogwood trees will grow new after a few days away from home."
Du Fu's "Two Poems on the Yellow River" The Haixi Army on the north bank of the Yellow River is heard all over the world. The iron horses roared endlessly, and the barbarians moved in groups with their high noses. On the south bank of the Yellow River is Shu. If you want to supply your family, there is no millet. I would like to drive the common people to wear the king, and throw away gold and jade with a cart full of books.
He Jingzhi's "Sanmenxia - Dressing Table": "Looking at the three gates, the three gates are open, the Yellow River will not come back if it goes eastward", "Order Li Bai to change the poem, the water of the Yellow River will come in!".
"Crossing the Ancient Yellow River Embankment" by Sadura, a poet of the Yuan Dynasty: "The Yellow River used to flow in ancient times, but now it is used as cultivated land. All roads are connected to Tianjin, and the sea turns into dust."
Liu Yuxi of the Tang Dynasty He wrote "The Yellow River has nine bends and thousands of miles of sand, and the waves and winds are blowing from the end of the world"
Li Bai "The water of the Yellow River comes up from the sky, and rushes to the sea and never returns", "The Yellow River falls from the sky and travels to the East China Sea, and the thousands of miles are written in the mind ”, “The Yellow River can be blocked with earth, but the north wind, rain and snow can’t stop it”, “The Yellow River comes from the west to conquer Kunlun, and roars thousands of miles to touch the Dragon Gate”, “If you want to cross the Yellow River, it will be blocked by ice, but you will climb to Taihang in the dark sky of snow” “How majestic is the West Mountain? , the Yellow River comes like silk from the sky." "Let's explore the tiger's den towards the desert, whip the horse and ride across the Yellow River."
Wang Wei's "The single tree is closing the door, the Yellow River is facing the sky."
Li Shangyin's "The desert is full of earthy flowers and blue clouds are vast, and the Yellow River is about to end and the sky is pale and yellow."
Bai Juyi's "The water of the Yellow River is white and the clouds are yellow in autumn, and pedestrians by the river are relatively sad."
In Song Dynasty Qiu Wei's "Yellow River Qing" Gujiao Qingxiong occupied Yunxi. Happy to be surrounded by dust, it’s still quiet today. A new thread is added, and the emperor's state will last forever. Outside the building, Chong Ya's shadow is turning, surrounded by thousands of riders and thousands of cheers. When people from the Taiping government met for the first time, Meng Xiong had three good views. Huang En comes out of the sky at night, and the clouds and phoenixes fly to reflect each other. A treasure belt with thousands of nails, for a happy occasion today. With such meritorious deeds achieved, the situation is rectified and the Jianghuai River is settled. This time it is just right to return to the court and adjust the golden tripod.
Liu Zhongyong's "The Complaints of Conquest" Every year, the golden river returns to the Jade Pass, and the horses and swords are ringed. In the third spring, the white snow returns to the green tombs, and the thousands of miles of Yellow River circles the Black Mountains.