Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) was a famous German philosopher and one of the main representatives of voluntarism. He held a pessimistic view on life.

1. The ability that makes humans different from animals, the ability to achieve concepts, has always been called rationality.

2. From the perspective of its composition, the representations we have examined can be reduced to time, space, and matter from the perspective of the object; from the perspective of the subject, they can be reduced to pure sensibility and understanding (i.e. awareness of causality).

3. Human thinking power is what distinguishes humans from animal consciousness. Humans surpass them in power and surpass them in pain to the same extent. They live only in the present, while humans live in both the future and the past.

4. Everyone thinks a priori that they are free and have freedom in their individual actions; and they think that they can start another life at any moment, that is to say, become another person. people. But through experience and a posteriori, he was surprised to find that he was not free, but obeyed necessity.

5. Desires always deceive us by treating their satisfaction as the final goal of human desire. However, once it is achieved, the desire no longer becomes a desire, and is forgotten and regarded as an antique. It is a non-stop process from desire to fulfillment to new desire.

6. The past life of an individual, except for having some kind of consequences on the present, and except for the evidence about the individual's will engraved in the past, has been completely ended, died, and disappeared; then , under reasonable circumstances, individuals must leave the past indifferent, regardless of whether the content of the past is painful or happy.

7. Desire and struggle are the entire nature of human beings, and they can be compared with unquenchable thirst. The base of all desires is need, and the defect is pain. If, on the contrary, man lacks the object of desire because his easily obtained gratification immediately eliminates his desirable things, then a terrible emptiness and boredom will attack him, that is to say, man's existence and existence will become An unbearable burden for him.

8. Once sleepiness and pain are over, emptiness and boredom will immediately surround you, so people will inevitably need entertainment. The reason why emptiness and boredom should not be underestimated is that in the end it will portray real despair on people's faces. It makes creatures like humans who don't love each other so eager to pursue each other, so it becomes the source of people's love for social interaction.

9. Sleepiness is a daily disaster for the common people, and similarly, emptiness and boredom are a daily disaster for the upper class. In civil life, Sunday represents emptiness and boredom, while the six working days represent sleepiness.

10. Desire is painful by its nature, and the arrival of the desire will soon lead to saturation. The goal is like a fictitious thing, occupying something makes it lose its excitement; then the desire and need come back in a new form. Otherwise, loneliness, emptiness and boredom will follow.

11. Every individual, every face and the lifetime experience of this face is just a short dream, a short dream of the endless natural spirit, a short dream of the permanent will to life. .

12. Generally speaking, what a person is has a greater impact on his happiness than what he has and how others evaluate him. Happiness and distress in life do not depend on whether the things that happen to us are painful or pleasant, but on how we face these things, that is, the impact of some events on us and our views on it, and the intensity of our sensibilities.

13. We can tolerate misfortune that comes entirely from the outside world, but we cannot tolerate the suffering caused by our own personality; just because luck may change, personality is difficult to change.

14. Spiritual emptiness is the root of boredom.

15. The more a person has within himself, the less he wants from others - the less others can give him. Therefore, the higher the intelligence of ordinary people, the less gregarious they are.

16. We must know that what each person can do for others is originally limited. In the end, everyone is isolated. The important thing is to know that the one who is isolated is not others, but himself.

17. There are originally more things that cause pain than happiness in the world. Talents are often ignored by others, just because what they have is more than enough, and they don’t need and can’t get anything from others. Things that others take pleasure in, he only finds boring. In contrast, what she finds happy There will be fewer things. This is another example of "lost in the east and reaped in the east". We call this situation the "Law of Compensation", which means that everything gained in the world must be lost, and vice versa.

18. Except for life, sex is the most powerful and active of all impulses. It occupies half of the thoughts and energy in the golden age of mankind (adolescence).

19. The more completely two individuals are compatible with each other, the stronger the passion for each other will be. Educated young men and women, if their minds, personalities, and spiritual directions are consistent, can establish friendships that are completely free of sexual intercourse.

20. Men tend to be fickle in nature when it comes to love, while women tend to remain unchanged.

21. The most masculine men pursue the most feminine women, whereas unmanly men seek virile girls.

22. For love, you don’t have to spend too much time and too much thought on considering and choosing. It only needs a certain kind of adaptation and consistency to cater to each other in the first moment, which is what is usually called "Telepathy".

23. It is not the love that cannot be achieved that leads to the tragic ending. The love that has been completed may end in misfortune than happiness. This is because what passion requires often conflicts sharply with the person's personal happiness, is inconsistent with all his things, and destroys his life plan established by these things.

24. With a murderous bow, blindness and wings, these are the characteristics of Cupid. Wings symbolize the uncertainty of love, but the uncertainty here usually manifests itself when feelings of disillusionment arise after satisfying love.

25. Love marriage is for the benefit of the race, not for the individual. Of course, the person involved in this situation is ignorant and always thinks that he is pursuing his own happiness.

26. Whoever does not have the spirit of his time will experience all the misfortunes of his time.

27. Throughout our entire lives, all we have is now and nothing else. The only exception is that at the beginning of life, we see a magnificent future before our eyes; but at the end of life, what we see is a long past.

28. Although a person’s youth has many advantages over the second half of his life, there are also things that make him restless and hinder his happiness. That is, young people in this period firmly believe that this is the case. An assumption: happiness is bound to be obtained in one's life, which gives rise to countless self-deceptive hopes, and of course disappointment and dissatisfaction.

29. From the perspective of young people, life is like an endless distant future; from the perspective of old people, life is like a very short past. One has to wait until old age or live to a considerable age to see how short life is. In our youth, time moves very slowly; therefore, the first quarter of our lives is not only the happiest, but also the longest. So it leaves a lot of unforgettable memories. If we want to reminisce about the past, then anyone can tell a lot more in this stage than in the next two stages.

30. The longer we live, the less we will consider those events that once seemed important and valuable to us. Time often passes without leaving a trace.

31. In youth, intuitive feelings are overwhelmingly dominant; in old age, introspective thinking is dominant.

32. Surprisingly, it is only at the end of life that we truly hear and understand ourselves, our true purpose and goals, especially our relationship with the world and others.

33. People who are captured by selfishness only know individual things and their relationship with themselves, but they are still surprisingly innovative and often become the motivation of desire.

34. The stronger the desire, the more greedy a person is for the satisfaction of my desire, the more and deeper the pain he will feel, because the desire is attached to him and constantly gnaws at him, making his soul full of distress. , after such a long-term habit, once all the objects of desire disappear, he almost takes pleasure in watching other people's pain.

35. The satisfaction of worldly desires is like giving alms to a beggar, which keeps him alive today, but also prolongs his suffering until tomorrow.

36. Before ordinary people experience incomparable pain and before their will denies themselves, they must first destroy their will and gradually go through various stages of pain. After a fierce struggle, when on the verge of despair, those who suddenly return to themselves can recognize themselves and the world, and then change all their own nature, transcend themselves and all pain, and enter a state of incomparable nobility, peace, and happiness.

37. The issue of life and death is not only affected by very slight chance, but the existence of general organisms is also transient. Whether animals or humans, they may be born today and die tomorrow, and birth and death alternate rapidly.

38. Brahmanism or Buddhism believes that the existence after death is connected with the existence before death, and living things have life to repay the sins of previous lives.

39. Buying good books and having time to read is the best phenomenon. But most people tend to buy it without reading it, and read it without reading it carefully.

40. People live by what they eat, just as the spirit develops and becomes what it is now by what it reads and thinks. But a scholar can only remember what interests him, that is, what suits his ideological system and purpose.

41. Our lifestyle is like an oil painting. From a close look, we cannot see why. To appreciate its beauty, you have to stand a little further away. Therefore, when something you love is handed into your hands, you feel that it is nothing more than that, and you cannot find its value.

42. Experience tells us that once a catastrophic misfortune that is terrifying even to imagine comes to real life, from the time it occurs to the time it is overcome, our overall atmosphere will not change at all. Change; on the contrary, after getting the happiness that you have been eagerly waiting for for a long time, you will not feel any special joy and relief.

43. The true meaning of tragedy is a profound understanding that what the tragic protagonist is atone for is not his personal sin, but the original sin, that is, the sin of existence itself

44. Destiny mixes the cards and we play.

45. There is nothing more difficult than to express a great idea so that everyone must understand it.

46. If we suspect a person of lying, we should pretend to believe him, Because he will become more and more brave and confident, lie more boldly, and finally unmask himself.

47. If desire is too violent and strong, it will no longer just affirm one's own existence, but will on the contrary deny or cancel the existence of others.

48. The two enemies of human happiness are pain and boredom.

49. A kind of truth learned purely by reading is as relevant to us as artificial limbs, dentures, wax noses or even artificial skin grafts. And the truth gained by independent thinking is like our natural limbs: they alone belong to us.

50. When we read, others are thinking for us. We just repeat the process of his thought activities, just like when children learn calligraphy, they use a pen to follow the strokes written by the teacher in pencil. Just like a gourd. A large part of our mental activity is relieved when we read. Therefore, when we stop thinking for ourselves and read a book, we feel very relaxed. However, when reading, our minds actually become a playground for other people's thoughts. Therefore, a person who reads more, or who is immersed in reading all day, can rest and refresh his mind, but his thinking ability will gradually lose, just like a person who often rides a horse will have poor walking ability. The same reason is true.

51. Fundamentally speaking, only our independent thinking can truly have truth and life. Because they are the only things we understand repeatedly. Other people's thoughts are like scraps added to someone else's table, like clothes removed by a stranger.

52. The first forty years of life will give us textbooks, and the next thirty years will give us annotations on the textbooks.

53. The most powerful obstacle that hinders people from discovering the truth is not the illusory illusions displayed by things that lead people astray, nor is it even directly the flaw in people's reasoning ability. Rather, it lies in previously accepted ideas and prejudices. These false a priori things --- against the truth. They are like headwinds that blow the ship in the opposite direction from the only land. In this regard, the oars and sails are powerless!

54. Reputation is the conscience expressed on the outside; conscience is the reputation hidden on the inside.

55. Things themselves remain unchanged, only people’s feelings change!

56. A wise man always enjoys his own life and his leisure time; and Those stupid and impatient people are always afraid of leisure and the boredom that leisure will bring to themselves, so they always find themselves some low-level games to give themselves a little temporary pleasure.

57. Style is the appearance of the soul.

58. Trivial things in daily life often make us excited, anxious, troubled, and enthusiastic, just because they are in front of our eyes, making us feel how huge and important they are when we look at them. And severe. However, once they all disappear in the long river of time, they lose any value of their own. As long as we no longer think about it, it gradually disappears in our memory. The reason why they are so huge is because they are so close to us.

59. On the same stage, some people are emperors, some are ministers, some are generals, soldiers or servants and so on. Their differences are only external. They are just different, but the inner core reality of the various characters is indeed the same. Everyone is a poor actor, full of desire and anxiety about his own destiny.

60. Every plan has endless difficulties and hardships to oppose it. After every step, there are obstacles ahead. Even the last obstacle has been overcome and the goal achieved. Then, what is won is nothing but liberation from a certain kind of pain or a certain desire, that is, except the return to the state before this pain and this desire arose.

61. Any epic or dramatic work can only express a struggle, effort and struggle for happiness, but it can never express permanent and complete happiness. Dramatic writing directs its protagonist through a thousand difficulties and dangers to achieve his goal, and then quickly lets the stage curtain fall (the end of the play) as soon as the goal is achieved. This is because after the goal is achieved, there is nothing left except pointing out the brilliant goal, which is just a joke to the protagonist, pointing out that he is no better than before after achieving the goal (it can be performed).

62. Will is a struggle with no goal and no end, and the objectification of will is human life and any phenomenon.

63. How much happiness you can get from various pleasures varies from person to person. This is true for physical pleasure, and it is also true for spiritual pleasure.

64. Plato divided people into two categories, those with easy-going personalities and those with bad tempers. He pointed out that different people have different tolerances for the impression of pleasure and pain, so the same thing can make one person miserable and despairing, while another person laughs it off. Presumably people who are more tolerant of unhappiness will be less tolerant of happy impressions, and vice versa.

65. Life presents two states, that is, external or objective, internal or subjective. Pain and boredom are opposites in these two states, so life itself can be said to swing between pain and boredom. Poverty and deprivation bring pain; when one is too proud, one becomes bored.

66. Everything that is beneficial in the world also has its drawbacks, and vice versa. For example, most of the hardships and sufferings that gloomy and melancholic people suffer and must overcome are imaginary, while the sufferings suffered by happy and careless people are real; therefore, people who think about the worst in everything are less likely to be disappointed. , On the contrary, people who only see the bright side of everything often fail to achieve their wishes.

67. A person’s natural temperament determines the type of suffering he suffers, and the objective environment is also affected by subjective tendencies. The methods a person adopts always deal with the suffering he is susceptible to, so some objective environments are special to him. Meaning, some have no special meaning, which is determined by talent and temperament.

68. The highest limit of what a person can do and achieve will not exceed himself. The more people can discover this, the more they can discover that they are the source of all happiness, and the more they can make themselves happy. Therefore, other sources of happiness are inherently uncertain and unstable. They are all fleeting, dependent on chance, and cannot be grasped. Therefore, it is inevitable that even when you are extremely proud, you may disappear easily.

69. The fate of an individual is cruel, but the entire human race is pitiful. Since the world is like this, only those with inner richness are happy. This is just like when we are in a bright, warm, and laughter-filled room at Christmas; those who lack inner life are as miserable as at twilight. In the snow and ice late at night in winter. Therefore, people with good fortune in the world undoubtedly refer to those who have talents, talents, and rich personalities. Although the life of such a person may not necessarily be a glorious life, it is indeed the happiest life.

70. Generally speaking, if people find that they have nothing to do, they will inevitably find an appropriate entertainment for the remaining energy, such as bowling, playing chess, hunting, painting, music, poetry, etc. Engraving, philosophy or other hobbies.

71. Daily life that is not touched by passion is long and boring. Once there is passion, life is full of pain.

72. A person with high spiritual abilities, who has rich thoughts and a fulfilling and meaningful life. Once he is independent, he immediately devotes himself to the pursuit of valuable and interesting objects - such as the pursuit of nature. Observation, thinking about human affairs, understanding and understanding of great achievements in history (a deep and thorough understanding of the significance of great deeds is the unique talent of such people), so he has the noblest source of happiness in himself.

73. So-called geniuses with extremely high intelligence put the focus entirely on themselves. Therefore, although such people are very few, no matter how outstanding their personalities are, they will never care about their friends, family or Societies show great enthusiasm or interest; as long as they have their true selves, it doesn't matter if they lose everything else. In short, such a person just wants to be himself every moment throughout his life.

74. When people are in love, they often show funny or tragic phenomena. This is because the person involved has been occupied and dominated by the spirit of race, and is no longer his original appearance. Love goes deeper. Human thoughts are not only very poetic and sublime, but also have transcendent and supernatural tendencies.

75. In childhood, we are completely immersed in the surrounding environment and have a profound grasp of the external world intuitively. We regard everything in front of us as if it is the only representative of this kind of thing. Even the only thing that exists, nothing can make us half-hearted. Later, as we gradually realize the fact that many objects exist, we lose the courage and patience of childhood.

76. Although history often tells different stories, its actions and sufferings are usually the same. In short, history is like a kaleidoscope. Every time it turns, we see new shapes, but in fact, no matter when, what we see is the same thing. Therefore, such arising and passing away does not affect its essence, which is immortal.

77. If you are often immersed in books, your eyes will be separated from the real world, and the opportunities and atmosphere for thinking will not be inspired by books as much as in the real world, because the real world and the things in front of you are not as diverse as the real world. With its originality and power, it is the best object for spiritual thinking and the easiest way to promote its spiritual activities.

78. The spiritual characteristic of first-rate writers is that all their judgments are direct. The works they produce are also the result of their own thinking. After it is published, everyone can recognize it as first-rate stuff no matter where it is.

79. No matter what era, there are two different kinds of literature and art, which seem to go hand in hand without conflict.

One is real, the other is just a semblance. The former has become immortal literature and art. The author writes purely for literature. Their progress is serious and silent, but very slow.

80. There are two kinds of history in the literary world; one is political, and the other is literature and art. The former is the history of will, the latter is the history of wisdom. The content of the former is terrible, and it describes nothing more than fear, suffering, deceit, and horrific killings; the content of the latter is fresh and pleasant, even when describing people's mistakes.

81. Discovering general forms in individual things is the fundamental quality of genius. What ordinary people see is only the individual things themselves, because these individual things only belong to things that are of interest to them in reality. Great men understand themselves from the whole. They live in the vast universe rather than the small universe like ordinary people.

82. Happiness should be based on the essence of the body, so physical health is an element of happiness. The second most important thing is the ability to live independently and be free from worries.

83. When humility becomes a recognized good virtue, the stupid people in the world will undoubtedly take advantage of it; because everyone should be humble and not express themselves, then everyone in the world will be similar. It’s true flat-headed equality. It is a process of suppression, because then it seems that there are only stupid people in the world.

84. The cheapest kind of pride is national pride; because when a person is proud of his motherland, it means that he himself does not have the character to be proud of, otherwise he would not put his pride there. What millions of our compatriots enjoy has been achieved. People who are more gifted than qualified can see through their country's shortcomings at a glance. Only a fool who has nothing to gain has to rely on the pride of his motherland; he happily defends any shortcomings and shortcomings of his motherland and uses the glory of his motherland to make up for his own shortcomings.

85. What a person can truly understand and appreciate is, in the end, things that are congenial to him. Boring people like tasteless works, ordinary people like to read ordinary articles, people with confused ideas only appreciate works with unclear ideas, and people without brains must read empty books.

86. It is not surprising that people are often self-indulgent and confident; in the mind of a dog, the best thing in the world is still a dog, a cow, or a cow. By analogy, this is how birds of a feather flock together.

87. Reputation is only second-rate in the end, it is an echo, a reflection, a shadow and appearance of true value; and in any case, the factors that lead to praise are more valuable. What makes a person happy is not fame but the things that bring him fame. Your own good nature is important to yourself, but not to others. Therefore, one's own view of oneself is more important than others' evaluation of oneself, and other people's will is in a subordinate position.

88.Although we often look forward to a better life, we often have a regretful attachment to the past. Just because we only have a temporary understanding of the current events, where we are thinking about the way to reach the goal.

89. The higher the creature, the more complete the will phenomenon, the more developed the intelligence, and the more obvious the troubles and pains will be.

90. Considering the monotonous repetition and dullness of life, people will feel its unbearable boringness after spending any certain amount of time. Fortunately, there is continuous progress in knowledge and insight, and people can gain a better and clearer understanding of all things. All of this is, on the one hand, the result of experience, and on the other hand, the result of the changes we experience in different stages of life.

91. Those mediocre brains all over the world actually lack two closely related abilities: the ability to make judgments and the ability to propose their own unique insights. Moreover, these two abilities are lacking to the point that no one among them can easily realize this, and therefore no one can realize the patheticness of their existence.

92. In beauty, we always feel the inner and basic forms of living and inanimate natural objects.

93. You will then realize the existence of an eternal justice, and realize that the world itself is its own final judgment; you will begin to understand why everything in the world must be for yourself. Make amends with your own survival: first with life, then with death.

94. It is easier to see people’s character in trivial matters, because in the face of big events, people tend to be cautious, but in trivial matters, they act rashly without thinking.

95. We can only make one assumption about what we will do in any future situation, although we usually think that we are reaching a firm conclusion.

96. What is surprising is how delicately each person's personality determines his every thought and every behavior. Personality is like a penetrating pigment that penetrates even the most insignificant part of their thoughts and actions.

97. The difficulty of changing our character and the inevitability of our actions will have a great impact on all people. It is all people who act when they are unwilling to act, making them Lack of decisiveness, endurance, courage or other qualities needed when such circumstances arise. Then, these people sincerely admit and regret their missed opportunities, and will undoubtedly think of this, 'I will do better next time

'. When the next opportunity came, the situation reappeared, and he acted as he had done before—a fact that shocked him greatly.

98. Human beings naturally believe that what is true in their desires is what is actually true. And, he believed it because he needed it. If these soothing elements of spiritual victory in his nature fail in the face of repeated misfortune, then he will even be forced to believe that things he never wishes will happen, and things he hopes will never happen. , this situation is called despair.

99. The pain inflicted on us by nature, fate, and chance is not as great as the pain caused by other people's will hitting us. Because we all recognize that nature and destiny are the absolute masters of the world. What they give to us they give to others. Therefore, when we suffer from this source, what we grieve is not so much our personal misfortune, but rather the common fate of the entire human race. On the contrary, the pain caused by the will of others has a very special and cruel pain attached to the pain and injury itself, which is the overwhelming sense of superiority of others.

100. True contempt, as the opposite of true glory, always remains silent and does not let anyone discover its existence. For if you let a person whom you despise know that you despise him, you are merely showing a certain respect for him; for you want him to know how you despise him - this is not contempt, but falls into hatred. . True contempt is a pure and innocent belief in the worthlessness of others. It requires a magnanimous and tolerant mind.

101. The pleasure we hope to derive from revenge is soon soured by the wretchedness we experience afterwards. A well-choreographed revenge usually ends up tearing the heart, heart, and conscience. We no longer feel the original motivation that prompted us to seek revenge; we see only an indelible image of our own evil.

102. The reason why we are hard-hearted is because everyone has enough pain to endure, or everyone thinks they have enough pain. Rather, the reason people are so nosy is because they live in dichotomy between misery and boredom.

103. People with extraordinary and excellent qualities will admit their shortcomings and deficiencies without hesitation. They regard these shortcomings and shortcomings as the tuition fees they should pay; they even think that not only are they not ashamed of these things, but they regard these shortcomings as a kind of glory.

104. If you have mediocre intelligence, humility is sincerity; however, if you are very talented, modesty is hypocrisy.

105. Man, even in the aspect of being domesticated, is superior to animals.

Muslims are tamed to face Mecca several times a day to pray, and Christians are tamed to bow their heads and sign the sign of the cross at certain times, etc.

106. The basic characteristics of Judaism are realism and optimism, because it regards the material world as an absolutely real thing and sees life as a delightful gift offered to us. The basic characteristics of Brahmanism and Buddhism, on the contrary, are idealistic and pessimistic, for they see the world as a mere dream and life as the consequence of our sins.

107. Faith is like love, it cannot be forced. Any forced love will turn into hate. The result of that attempt to compel belief is, therefore, first of all true disbelief.

108. First-class writers can know how shallow other people’s opinions are, and they can also know what others cannot see or describe, and they also know how their own vision and description compare. Others progress. He also knew that he was a first-class writer, and those shallow people could not understand them. I know that true geniuses and great writers often fall into a life of despair for a long time.