Sun Quan, courtesy name Zhongmou, was a native of Fuchun, Wu County. The founder of Sun Wu during the Three Kingdoms era.
To preserve strength, Jingzhou was given to Liu Bei 1
Jingzhou during the Eastern Han Dynasty included the entire territory of today's Hubei and Hunan and parts of Henan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Guizhou. According to "Book of the Later Han · County" Records of the State records that Jingzhou at that time was divided into seven counties, bounded by the Yangtze River. Nanyang County was in the north of the Yangtze River, most of Nanjun and Jiangxia County were in the north of the Yangtze River, and the rest of the two counties were with Changsha County, Lingling County, Wuling County, and Guiyang County. The four counties are in the south of the Yangtze River. In 200 AD, Liu Bei, who was unable to gain a foothold in the north, defected to the Jingzhou warlord Liu Biao and was placed in Xinye County, Nanyang County, where he lived under the shelter of others for a long time.
In 208, Cao Cao led his army south. Liu Biao died in shock, and his second son Liu Cong surrendered.
Liu Bei had no choice but to retreat to Jiangling in Nanjun (today's Jingzhou City, Hubei Province). He was chased by Cao Cao's cavalry at Dangyang Changban. ), joined forces with Liu Biao's eldest son Liu Qi, with an army of about 20,000 by land and water. This was his entire family fortune. In the ensuing Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei and Jiang Dong, who were desperate, joined forces to defeat Cao Cao with less and more. Cao Cao was defeated and fled all the way, and the allied forces of Sun and Liu pursued him from Jiangxia to Nanjun.
At this time, the situation in the seven counties of Jingzhou is: Cao Cao still controls the entire county of Nanyang and a small part of Jiangxia, Liu Bei occupies Jiangxia and the south part of Nanjun, captures the remaining part of Jiangxia north of Jiangxia, and seizes the remaining part of Jiangxia in Nanjun. The Jiangbei department started a tug-of-war with Cao Jun, while the four Jiangnan counties adopted a wait-and-see attitude. Before the Three Kingdoms appeared, the three parties first established a small Three Kingdoms in Jingzhou.
Liu Bei was the biggest beneficiary of the Chibi War and the biggest upstart after the war. After the war, Liu Bei had actually broken away from Cao's army. Taking advantage of the protracted battle with Cao Cao in Nanjun, he led his troops south and captured the four Jiangnan counties, finally gaining a foothold. After a year of bloody battles, Cao Cao occupied the Jiangbei part of Nanjun, and Cao Cao only took over Xiangyang (today's Xiangyang, Hubei Province) of Nanjun.
At this time, Cao Cao was in full confrontation on the thousands-mile front line in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. After Cao Cao's defeat in the Battle of Chibi, he left two strategic corps in the Jianghan Plain on the west and Huainan on the east. Among them, Zhang Liao, the most outstanding general in Cao's camp, was stationed in Huainan.
Under the command of Zhang Liao, repeated battles in Huainan were unfavorable. They could not take both the east and the west into account, so shortening the front line was the only option. At this time, Liu Bei was unable to do anything because his territory was too small. He hoped to get the Jiangbei part of Nanjun from there. At this time, Lu Su, the counselor of Cao Cao, came up with an idea: give the occupied Nanjun to Liu Bei and let Liu Bei deal with Cao Cao on the western front.
This suggestion was immediately implemented. After Liu Bei entered Jiangling, he set up the administrative center here. This was a win-win deal: one side was able to shrink its forces and defend the core areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, while also giving Liu Bei a favor; although Liu Bei had to face Cao Cao, an old and troublesome rival, he got most of Nanjun. Especially Jiangling, the military fortress of Nanjun, the forces in the east can be restrained from moving up the river, and the north can threaten the Central Plains at the closest distance. The gateway to the west to attack Yizhou (today's Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces) is open. It is really cost-effective.
No wonder Cao Cao was so surprised when he heard the news that the pen in his hand fell to the ground. From then on, Liu Bei accounted for almost sixty-five of the seven counties in Jingzhou, becoming the first to influence China at that time. This is the truth behind Liu Bei's borrowing from Jingzhou.
Why did you seek peace with Wei and take the initiative to become an official in Wei 2
In the more than ten years of serving Cao Wei, he was not an idle person who did nothing. During the five years in Jian'an, At that time, Sun Ce passed away, and Sun Zhongmou, as his younger brother, naturally succeeded his elder brother's position. Those who used to work under Sun Ce turned their attention to Sun Zhongmou and assisted him wholeheartedly. Just imagine, if he was just an ordinary person, could important ministers like Zhou Yu and Zhang Zhao assist him attentively? This also proves that Sun Zhongmou is also a talented and strategic person. There is a reason why a person with such personality traits could hide in Cao Wei for almost ten years.
In the twenty-fifth year of Jian'an, he was not an experienced military strategist and successfully exploited a big loophole. This is the famous "Guan Yu lost Jingzhou" incident. At that time, Mr. Kong Ming asked Guan Yu to build troops in Jingzhou and decide Unable to lose Jingzhou, a battleground for military strategists, Guan Yu sent troops to attack Cao Cao's army. After all, no one could have predicted that they would seize this good opportunity to attack Jingzhou and finally successfully capture Jingzhou from Guan Yu. From then on, Jingzhou was successfully taken under Zhongmou's command, and the three-point situation became a foregone conclusion. Just when everyone was about to prepare for Zhongmou to ascend the throne and become the overlord of the party, Zhongmou calmed down and did not sit on the dragon throne in a hurry. He quietly enjoyed the enjoyment that victory brought him until the 30th anniversary of Jian'an. Four years later, Zhongmou proclaimed himself emperor, and then began to move the capital and build an industry. Although Zhongmou's personality is not as distinct as other characters in the Three Kingdoms, and compared with other characters, there is even a trace of indecision in his character, and his "heroic sense" is not as strong as other characters, but it is precisely because of his This unique character makes the character image more prominent.
Sun Zhongmou's ability to bend and stretch was not only shown in the "Guan Yu is Jingzhou" incident, but also after this incident.
After Sun Zhongmou captured Jingzhou, he attacked Guan Yu and "captured" it. This was something that many people did not expect, and what many people did not understand was that some of the great figures in history The powerful heroes - Cao Cao, Liu Bei and others were defeated by their junior Sun Zhongmou. However, after Zhongmou did this series of things that shocked the world, he also did something that shocked the world even more, that is, he asked for peace with Wei and took the initiative to become an official in Wei. Many people thought it was stupid. He has no vision, but that's not the case. It was precisely because of Sun Zhongmou's flexible and adaptable character that he finally succeeded in ascending to the throne of God. In fact, this was just a strategy of Sun Zhongmou. Because Zhongmou successfully acquired Jingzhou, this move caused everyone to look at him covetously. In order to avoid "two parties starting work", he finally took the initiative to seek peace with Wei for a longer-term strategy. A deep foreshadowing was laid, which also reflects his resourcefulness and strong heart.
Nowadays, people in the world have mixed opinions about Zhongmou. Some people say that he has great personal charm and can make Lu Xun, Zhou Yu and others loyal to him. In fact, loyalty depends on both parties treating each other. As a newcomer on the battlefield, he was able to have many generals under his command and use them at his disposal. What was the reason for this? We don’t know what the true thoughts of these generals were, but it was precisely because of the trust between them. This kind of trust, when Zhongmou first inherited his brother's position, none of his generals were more strategic and talented than him, and no one was inferior to him, but Zhongmou was still very confident and gave these generals many important tasks. Because he knew that these generals were loyal to him. Zhongmou was indeed able to assume the position of his elder brother, but without the assistance of these generals, Sun Zhongmou might not be the Sun Zhongmou recorded in history books.
When Sun Zhongmou was young, most of his qualities were tolerant, strategic, and far-sighted. But everything has two sides, and so do people. In his later years, Sun Zhongmou was not as good as he was when he was young. His character gradually became distorted, his suspicion became more and more serious, and he even became cruel. He was far from what he was when he was young. The turbulent political situation and decline of Soochow in the future are also inextricably linked to the drastic changes in personality in old age. From an objective analysis, he does not have the military sensitivity of his father, Sun Jian, and his brother, Sun Ce. It is even said that he does not have his brother's unique military talent.
But it is undeniable that a young man who has faced everything on his own since he was in his teens is admirable no matter what. After Zhongmou became emperor, all his contributions to the state of Wu were indelible. Whether in terms of economy, politics, culture, etc., they were fully developed. When he was in power, he sent People visited Jiangnan and carried out large-scale land development here. He appointed officials specializing in agricultural management and implemented the farming system, which allowed Wu's agriculture to be fully developed. These all reflected Zhongmou's superior politics. Talent and excellent governance.
Although Sun Zhongmou is not as generous and brilliant as Cao Cao, Liu Bei and others in terms of character and strategy, as a generation of emperors, he has given full play to his greatest role. The biggest characteristic of his character is tolerance, but it is also Among the heroes in the Three Kingdoms, he is the most prominent. Although Zhongmou's "play" in history is not as large as that of others, and he does not receive as much attention as others, but it is precisely because of this that Sun Zhongmou's unique temperament makes it impossible to divert attention from him.
Why did you choose to unite with Liu Bei 3
Why did you choose to unite with Liu Bei in the Battle of Chibi? The Battle of Chibi is one of the famous wars in Chinese history in which the weak defeated the strong. On July 12, 208 AD (the 13th year of Jian'an reign of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty), Cao Cao led a land and sea army, known as one million, to launch the Battle of Jingzhou and then crusade. He formed an alliance with Liu Bei, commanded by Zhou Yu, and defeated Cao's army in the Chibi area of ??the Yangtze River (now northwest of Chibi City, Hubei Province, some say northeast of today's Jiayu). From then on, the Three Kingdoms were established.
Hou Ye was still very valuable in the late Han Dynasty. Although Liu Bei was the emperor's uncle, he was only a general before he became emperor. And the Hou Ye was called a jueye. There were not many in the Han Dynasty. At that time, the flying general Li Guang did not seal it until his death. Cao Cao himself was neither. Although the Han Dynasty was in decline, all decrees came from the imperial court. It's not that the emperor is incompetent, nor is the court. The court is still very powerful. The reason for its strength lies in the fact that Cao Cao is in charge of the work. If you have the canonization from the imperial court, it is genuine. If you don't, it is just a copycat. If you are convinced, you will be convinced. If you are not convinced, you will not be able to appoint yourself as an official no matter how high you are. Although Cao Cao is in charge of the affairs of the imperial court, if anyone dares not to recognize the official title and goes to attack the other party, then he will be in trouble with the imperial court, and the imperial court can mobilize an army to attack you. If you don't obey, you are rebelling, and I will beat you all the same.
How did Soochow come to fight with Cao Cao in Chibi?
After Liu Bei rebelled against Cao Cao, Cao Cao said that Liu Bei rebelled against the imperial court. Liu Bei refused to admit it, but Liu Bei said that I was only against it. Cao Cao's tyranny is not against the imperial court. I want to fight against Lao Cao on behalf of the imperial court. Liu Bei surrendered to Liu Biao, who was a Jingzhou shepherd conferred by the imperial court, and Liu Biao took Liu Bei under his wing. Liu Bei did well in his childhood, and he stayed there for more than ten years. I also have some strength. During this period, Cao Cao was not idle and pacified the northwest and northeast regions. Then we have to go south to deal with Liu Bei. Just when Liu Biao was about to finish playing, something happened at home and there were problems with establishing heirs.
Liu Biao's second son Liu Cong was kept by his mother and uncle in place of his eldest son Liu Qi. At this time, when Cao Cao saw an opportunity, he came to recruit Liu Cong in the name of beating Liu Bei.
In the novel, Liu Biao is described as a 250-year-old good old man. In fact, Liu Biao is quite awesome. Why wouldn't Cao Cao dare to come when Liu Biao was strong? Cao Cao just believed that Liu Biao had no ambition to annex the world, which was right. But Liu Biao is by no means a waste. At that time, Liu Biao came to Jingzhou to take office with a letter of appointment from the imperial court. When he first came, there was not even a Han Dynasty official or army here. It was he, with his domestic slaves and a letter of appointment, through various civil affairs and martial arts, Such a large foundation was established by taking over local powerful people and famous families as well as a large number of rogue bandits. Of course, he just wants to be a minister of ZTE and has no ambition to conquer the world. This is right.
So, when Liu Biao was in good health, Liu Bei lived very comfortably at his place. Now that Liu Biao is dead, there is nothing wrong with the second child Liu Cong, but when his mother and his uncle wanted to establish Liu Cong, Liu Bei had opposed it. So Liu Bei felt uncomfortable staying here. At this time, Cao Cao came to attack Liu Bei, and the Liu Cong Group took this opportunity to get rid of Liu Bei. The novel says that Liu Cong's group surrendered to Cao Cao and handed over the order. In fact, this is impossible, because the Liu Cong Group is still an official of the Han Dynasty, and Cao Cao came here this time to inspect the cadres. Your father, Liu Cong, took in the traitor Liu Bei of the imperial court. I have ignored you all, but now that your father is dead and Jingzhou belongs to the Han Dynasty, can you, Liu Zi, take over if you want? Let me see how you are doing and whether it is okay, and then we can study the inheritance. Firstly, the Liu Cong Group had long wanted to get rid of Liu Bei. Secondly, they did not have the strength to go against the imperial court or the central government represented by Cao Cao. Thirdly, it happened to be that this time they wanted to please Cao Cao and obtain official recognition from the imperial court.
Don’t buy it. , after assessment, he believed that Liu Cong was not qualified for the official position of Jingzhou Zhi, so he dismissed him, but gave him an individual official to take up his post elsewhere. This is a huge loss. But this time Liu Bei directly used the power of Xinye County to fight against the imperial court. How could it be possible? After fighting several times, it still didn't work, so he retreated. I've fought before. Liu Bei has not been without any problems in the past ten years. Cao Cao came to beat Liu Bei before, and Liu Bei burned Xia Houdun in a plan. However, this incident was later credited to Kong Ming, but in fact at that time, little Kong Ming was still Too young, only a teenager, studying at home, nothing to do without him.
But it won’t work this time. Liu Bei is not going to fight again and will just leave. But the local people have feelings for Liu Bei. Liu Bei was a very kind man and was called "The Great Virtue". Don't do good deeds because they are small, and don't do evil deeds because they are small. Such an eternal saying is what he taught his children and ministers. It was indeed very famous at the time. Therefore, for the sake of his own reputation, Liu Bei did not abandon the masses, but took them with him. They were going to Xiakou to defect to Liu Qi.
Because in order to avoid the harm from his brother and stepmother, Liu Qi asked to guard Xiakou and stayed away from home. This also left Liu Bei a hand. However, after voting for Liu Qi, Liu Qi was unable to fight against Cao Cao. What should he do? Comrade Kong Ming thought of Soochow.
Of course, this was not something he just thought of. Longzhong thought of it at the right time. So he went looking for it. He was also a minister of the Han Dynasty. Cao Cao was the chief minister in charge of the work of the central government and conveyed instructions on behalf of the central government. This time, he came to capture Liu Bei on the one hand and on his southern tour. All the forces that opposed Cao Cao in the north were wiped out. Although Liu Biao had no objection, he was guilty of taking Liu Bei in. Now he has driven away his heir. Although he had not objected to Cao Cao's central government, his brother was very bad at that time. He was also guilty of taking away the imperial seal. .
So when Cao Cao comes this time, after settling Jingzhou, he will come to Soochow to inspect cadres. Whether you can succeed your brother Sun Ce's position will have to be discussed by the court. You must be evaluated before the meeting. . But Cao Cao was a little hasty in Jingzhou, and Liu Cong's fate made him very worried, and this gave Kong Ming and Liu Bei a chance.
Kong Ming came to Soochow, stated his past dangers, and asked to fight against Cao Cao with Liu Bei, not to listen to his mercy, and not to recognize this court. I am very hesitant. First, Cao Cao has not made it clear that he cannot take over Sun Ce's position. Second, he does not have the strength to confront Cao Cao's central government. Basically all the ministers opposed falling out with the central government and demanded not to accept Liu Bei. Liu Bei was just a traitor to the court and a mourning star. Accepting him would be tantamount to opposing the court. This could not be done. Cao Cao should be received and the letter of appointment should be handed over first. Let’s talk about it after we get it.
Jinling Celebrity Sun Quan 4
Sun Quan, the Great Emperor of Eastern Wu, was born in Xiapi, Xuzhou (now Pizhou, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province) in the fifth year of Guanghe (AD 182). Fuyang, Zhejiang), died in the second year of Taiyuan (AD 252). It is said that he is the 22nd generation grandson of Sun Wu, the strategist of the Spring and Autumn Period, and the second son of Sun Jian. He was born with a purple beard and blue eyes, with bright eyes, a square mouth and a large mouth. His appearance is strange and majestic, which is different from ordinary people. He was good at both civil and military affairs since he was a child. In his early years, he followed his father and brother to conquer the world. He is good at riding and shooting. When he was young, he often rode on horseback and shot at tigers. His courage was outstanding. Cao Cao once praised: "Having a son should be like Sun Zhongmou."
In the fifth year of Jian'an (200) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, his brother Sun Ce died of illness. Sun Quan succeeded to the throne as Marquis of Wu, became the rebel general, took over as the prefect of Kuaiji, and began to rule Jiangdong. From the eighth year of Jian'an to the thirteenth year of Jian'an (203-208), Huang Zu, the prefect of Jiangxia, made three expeditions, and during this period he captured the general Gan Ning. In the same year, the Han Prime Minister Cao Cao went on a southern expedition and defeated Yicheng Tinghou, Zuo General, and Yuzhou Mu Liu Bei. After Cao Cao occupied Jiangling (the seat of Nanjun), he wrote to Sun Quan and insisted on taking down Soochow.
Soochow was divided into two factions: the main war faction and the main peace faction. The main war faction was headed by Lu Su and Zhou Yu, and the main peace faction was headed by Zhang Zhao. Zhang Zhao was very convincing at the time, but Sun Quan was interested in fighting Cao Cao. At this time, Lu Su brought Liu Bei's military advisor Zhuge Liang from Jiangxia to express Liu Bei's determination to unite with Wu to fight against Cao. Zhou Yu returned in time to explain Cao Cao's various shortcomings, and the war was expected to be won. Sun Quan decisively decided to fight Cao Cao with Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu as the left and right commanders. Zhou Yu used Huang Gai's strategy to defeat Cao Cao at Chibi with 30,000 men. This was the famous Battle of Chibi in history.
After the war, Sun Quan and Cao Cao faced off many times in the Hefei and Ruxu areas, each with his own victory or defeat. During this period, Sun Quan teamed up with Liu Bei and married his sister into Jingzhou. Following Lu Su's plan, he temporarily transferred the Nanjun part of Jingzhou to Liu Bei. In May 215, he conquered Wancheng and captured Zhu Guang, the prefect of Lujiang. In the same year, Liu Bei succeeded in taking Shu. Sun Quan wanted to return Jingzhou, but Liu Bei refused. Furious, Sun Quan took Lü Meng as his general and led the army to Changsha, Guiyang and Lingling counties. Liu Bei also sent 50,000 troops to the public security. Guan Yu sent 30,000 troops to confront Lu Su in Yiyang, and a war was imminent. However, when Cao Cao conquered Hanzhong at this time, Liu Bei faced a great threat, so he negotiated peace with Sun Quan and returned the land east of Changsha, Jiangxia, and Guiyang. In 219, Liu Bei and Jingzhou defender Guan Yu launched the Battle of Xiangfan. At this time, Sun Quan saw that Liu Bei was gradually getting bigger and posing a threat to himself with considerable troops. He immediately changed his strategy and professed an alliance to Cao Cao. With Lu Meng as the commander-in-chief, he took over Liu Bei's territory in Jingzhou. Pan Zhang and Zhu Ran captured and killed Guan Yu. . In 220, Cao Pi replaced the Han Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. The founding of the country was named Wei, and the history was called Cao Wei. In 221, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, his country was named Han, and its history was called Shu Han. He then launched an army to attack Soochow. Sun Quan decisively appointed the 39-year-old Lu Xun as the governor to attack Liu Bei and defeated the Shu army in the battle of Yiling. In 222, Cao Pi gave Sun Quan Jiuxi, named him King of Wu, Great General, and led the herdsman of Jingzhou, making him the governor of Jingyang and the military of the three states. In the same year, Cao Wei attacked Wu in three ways. Two of them had their own victories and defeats. The Wei army had the overall advantage. However, Zhu Huan severely damaged Cao Ren's army and reversed the entire war situation. The Wei army was not as good as expected and the Wei army had to retreat.
In 223, Liu Bei died of illness. Shu and Wu exchanged envoys and their relations eased. In 226, Cao Pi died of illness, and Sun Quan took the opportunity to attack Jiangxia, but failed to return.
In 229, Sun Quan officially ascended the throne as emperor in Wuchang (today's Echeng, Hubei Province). The founding country was named Dawu. The Sun-Wu Dynasty was formally established, and the capital was immediately moved to Jianye (today's Nanjing City). In 234, Sun Quan responded to Zhuge Liang's last Northern Expedition and personally conquered Hefei, but was defeated by Man Chong, the governor of Yangzhou. After 229 years, Sun Quan sent troops to the Northern Expedition many times, and there were many battles, each with its own victory or defeat.
After Sun Quan became emperor, he sent a large number of people to sail to strengthen ties with Yizhou (now Taiwan). Agricultural officials were also set up to implement farming; counties were also established in the Shanyue area to promote the development of land in the south of the Yangtze River. In his later years, Sun Quan became increasingly arrogant and favored Lu Yi. He imposed heavy taxes and cruel punishments. In the dispute over the heir, Sun Quan also made a huge mistake, and most of his famous officials died unexpectedly. After Sun Deng died in infancy, Sun Quan first deposed Sun He, then granted death to Sun Ba, and finally established his young son Sun Liang, which laid the foundation for the future Wu Palace coup.
In 252, Sun Quan died of illness at the age of seventy-one. His posthumous title was the Great Emperor, and he was known as the Great Emperor of Soochow in history. The temple name is Taizu, who reigned for twenty-four years.