1. Confucius said, "Why don't you say something when you learn it?" Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? People don't know and don't care (yùn), aren't they gentlemen? "The first sentence is about learning methods." "Time" is an adverb here, which is equivalent to "time" and can be interpreted as "according to a certain time" or "timely". The original meaning of "learning" is "bird flying", which is extended to "practice" and "exercise". The etiquette, music, shooting, defense and other courses taught by Confucius all need practice to master; But other classes, such as lectures, can only be words like "review" or "review" that should be understood vividly. The second sentence is about the fun of learning. "Friends" old note: "Same-door friends. "It is similar to' classmates' and' classmates' now. Confucius said this sentence has a background. " Historical Records Confucius Family said that after Confucius resigned, he devoted himself to giving lectures. More and more disciples came from afar. "This naturally made him feel very happy. This sentence was said by Confucius to his disciples, so "friends" refer to like-minded people. The third sentence is about people's attitude, which belongs to the category of personal cultivation. "People don't know" and "don't know" what? I didn't say it, but the meaning was clear, that is, "myself". It can also be seen from the sentence "Don't worry about others and don't know your friends" in The Analects of Confucius. "Gentleman" has many meanings in The Analects: sometimes it refers to a moral person; Sometimes it refers to a person in a high position. This sentence can take the former meaning. Because this word is also commonly used now, everyone knows its meaning, and we have no translation; Must be translated, can also be translated into "noble". 2. Zeng Zi said: "I am in three provinces. I am (xǐng): Is it unfaithful to others? Don't believe in making friends? Can't you learn? "[Explanation] In The Analects of Confucius, Confucius' disciples are generally called Zhong You, with Zi Gong as Duanmu Ci and Zi as Zeng Shen, because this book was written by two or three disciples of Confucius and was taught by Zeng Shen." Three provinces ",more introspection. In classical Chinese, "three" and "nine" all mean "many", not exact numbers. The following three things are purely coincidental. In Zhu's view, learning is the most important thing. "Passing" means learning from teachers, "learning" means knowing yourself, and "loyalty" and "faith" are the basis of "passing" and "learning". It can be seen that ancient literati attached great importance to moral cultivation. 3. Review the past and learn the new, and you can be a teacher. [Explanation] This article also talks about learning methods, emphasizing the necessity of independent thinking, because only "reviewing the past" without independent thinking will definitely fail to achieve the goal of "knowing the new". In the past, there was an understanding that "reviewing old knowledge" (reviewing old knowledge) and "learning new knowledge" (acquiring new knowledge) were two complementary aspects. For example, Xia Zi said that "the day knows what it has, and the month never forgets what it can do" (see The Analects of Confucius, Zhang Zi) because the word "be a teacher by example" was ignored. Confucius recorded this sentence in the Book of Rites: "Learning the backrest problem is not enough to be a teacher. "This shows that Confucius thinks that he can only recite some knowledge and cannot be a teacher of others. Only by mastering knowledge and finding something in reviewing old knowledge can we "be a teacher". It can be seen that "reviewing the past and learning the new" are not two things that go hand in hand. The key is to "know the new", which requires independent thinking. 4. Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." [Explanation] This article is also about learning methods. It expounds the dialectical relationship between learning and thinking, and thinks that both can't be neglected. Among them, the words "Wang" and "Dan" have always had different interpretations. Zhu Zhuyun said: "If you don't ask for thoughts, you will be confused and get nothing; "I'm not used to it, so I'm dangerous and uneasy." "Not seeking the heart" means not thinking; "Not learning" means not reading. Speaking of this chapter, we should prevent one-sided understanding and let students realize that "learning" is the foundation. Confucius attached great importance to "learning" and opposed thinking without "learning". He once said, "I try not to eat for a day and stay up all night." It's useless to think, it's better to learn. " ("Wei Linggong") 5. Confucius said, "You, teach your daughter what to know! Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, but knowing. " [Explanation] The background of this passage is recorded in Xunzi Zidao: Lutz was persuaded by Confucius and Confucius criticized him; Lutz then changed his clothes and entered, but the color was still intact. Confucius said to him again ... so a gentleman knows what he knows, but he doesn't know what he doesn't know, so he has to say it; "You can say you can do it, you can't say you can't, you can do it. If you speak, you will know, and if you speak, you will be benevolent. Be grateful for kindness and not evil! "Accordingly, the last word" knowledge "should be broken and" wisdom "should be understood. What Confucius means is to be careful what you say and do, and not to exaggerate your knowledge and skills. To use modern expression means to have a modest learning attitude. 6. Confucius said, "See the sage Si Qi, and reflect on him. "7. Confucius said:" If you have a threesome, you must learn from me; Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. "These two chapters have the same content, so they merged. These two chapters are also about learning attitude, which means that we should learn from everyone, pay attention to learning anytime and anywhere, not only learn from others' strengths, but also learn from others' weaknesses, and reflect on whether we have similar problems with them. Laozi also said something similar: "A good person is a bad teacher; Being bad at people is the capital of good people. "Capital, also has the significance of reference. 8. Ceng Zi said: "Scholars have a long way to go to strive for self-improvement. Isn't it important to think that benevolence is your responsibility? Isn't it far after death? " [Explanation] The word "scholar" appeared about fifteen times in The Analects of Confucius, mostly referring to people with aspirations or special social status. ""Hong "is broad-minded and easy" is strong-willed. Open-minded and able to accept heavy responsibilities; Strong-willed, can we persist in struggle for a long time. "Benevolence" is the core of Confucius' theory. The purpose of Ceng Zi's remarks is to encourage his disciples to fight for the ideal of "benevolence" all their lives. 9. Confucius said, "Cold tells the decline of pine and cypress." [Explanation] This is a metaphor for the social phenomenon after pine and cypress wither. Yan He explained: "In the cold year, all the trees died, and then we knew that the pine and cypress were slightly bruised;" Even at the age of ten, many trees are immortal. They must be cold before they leave. Yu Fanren is in charge of the world, but also self-study, with a gentleman; In a turbulent world, then you know the integrity of a gentleman. " Zhu quoted as saying, "The reason why a villain rules the world, or that he is no different from a gentleman, is that he is in danger and changes with things, and then the prevention of a gentleman can be seen. "Second, it is similar. 10. Zi Gong asked: "Who can keep a word for life? Confucius said, "I forgive you! Do as you would be done by. [Explanation] Ceng Zi once said: "The master's way is only loyalty and forgiveness." "Loyalty" and "forgiveness" are exactly two aspects of Confucius' theory of benevolence: the requirement of "loyalty" is "one should stand up and be a man, and the other should do it", which is a positive side; The requirement of "forgiveness" is "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", which is a negative side. Confucius said a lot about "benevolence", which is related to these two points, such as "cultivate one's morality to treat others", "cultivate one's morality" means "forgiving benevolence" and "forgiving benevolence" means "loyalty". Since Zigong asked a sentence that he could do for a lifetime (in fact, he asked Tao), Confucius answered him with forgiveness.

Satisfied, please adopt.