2. Economically speaking, the increase of population and the annexation of land by officials and landlords at all levels have reduced the per capita land possession year by year, and the number of farmers who have no land or less land has been increasing, and the number of refugees has been increasing. Land rent exploitation, tax collection, exorbitant taxes and levies, and corvee apportionment are increasing year by year, which makes the life of farmers increasingly difficult. Feudal economy based on natural economy no longer plays an active role, but becomes an important factor hindering economic development.
3. Culturally speaking: the development of science and technology is relatively slow, and it gradually lags behind the West; Strict absolutism, the implementation of stereotyped writing examination in the Ming Dynasty and the literary inquisition in the Qing Dynasty destroyed intellectuals and seriously hindered cultural development and scientific and technological progress.
4. Militarily, the military declined, the military strength declined, the training was slack, and the equipment was backward. Compared with western countries, China's military strength is far behind, unable to cope with foreign aggression, leading to the gradual decline of China, which has been in the semi-colonial and semi-feudal abyss for a long time.
5. From the diplomatic point of view, since Zheng He in Ming Dynasty, there has been little active foreign exchange. In Qing Dynasty, China closed its doors to the outside world, and its foreign trade was severely restricted, which hindered the cultural exchange and development.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Modern History of China
Baidu Encyclopedia-China Feudal Society