He who has not visited the Great Wall is not a true man

The Great Wall was built in the Zhou Dynasty. King You of Zhou's beacon-fire play on the princes is the earliest allusion about the Great Wall. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period in the 7th century BC, the Chu State was the first to build the "Chu Fang City" to defend against invasion by other countries, which opened the curtain on the construction of the Great Wall recorded in Chinese history. During the Warring States Period, Qi, Wei, Zhao, Qin, Yan, Zhongshan and other countries also successively built the "Great Wall for mutual defense between princes". Among them, the three kingdoms of Qin, Zhao, and Yan were adjacent to the Xiongnu, a powerful nomadic people in the north. While building the Great Wall for mutual defense between princes, they also built the "Great Wall to Reject Hu" in the north. After that, almost every king in the past dynasties strengthened and repaired the Great Wall. After the unification of Qin, the Great Wall that separated various countries was abandoned, and the Great Walls on the northern borders of Qin, Zhao, and Yan were connected, expanded and repaired, and for the first time a Great Wall was formed that started from Lintao in the west and ended more than 10,000 miles east of Liaodong. The Great Wall emerged from this. According to records, Qin Shihuang used nearly one million laborers to build the Great Wall, accounting for one-twentieth of the country's total population at that time. The Han Dynasty continued to build the Great Wall to resist the invasion of the Huns from the north. From Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty to Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, a Great Wall was built starting from Dayuan Second Division City in the west to the north bank of the Yalu River in the east, with a total length of nearly 10,000 kilometers. There was no machinery at that time, and all labor was done by manpower. The working environment was also very difficult in the high mountains, steep cliffs, and deep ravines. The Great Wall was first built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with a history of more than 2,000 years. The Great Wall referred to today mostly refers to the Great Wall built in the dynasty.

The Great Wall of China

In addition to the "Outer" Great Wall, the Ming Dynasty also built the "Inner" Great Wall and the "Inner Three Passes" Great Wall. The "Inner Border" Great Wall is based on the Northern Qi Dynasty. It starts from the west of Pianguan Pass at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi. It goes eastward through Yanmen Pass and Pingxing Pass and enters Hebei Province. Then it goes northeast, passing through Yuanyuan, Fangshan, and Changping counties, and reaches Juyong Pass. , and then from north to east, to the Sihai Pass in Huairou, connecting with the "outer" Great Wall, with Zijin Pass as the center, running roughly in a north-south direction. The "Inner Three Passes" Great Wall runs parallel to the "Inner Border" Great Wall in many places, and in some places the two cities are only tens of miles apart. In addition, a large number of "heavy cities" were also built. There are 24 "important cities" in the Yanmenguan area.

According to historical documents, more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties built the Great Wall. If the Great Walls built in various eras were added up, the length would be more than 100,000 miles. Among them, the length of the Great Wall built in the Qin, Han and Ming dynasties all exceeded 10,000 miles. China's Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions all have the remains of the ancient Great Wall and beacon towers. [3]

Warring States Period

The Great Wall in northern China began during the Warring States Period, the three kingdoms of Qin, Zhao and Yan.

Why Qin Zhaoyan built the Great Wall in the north starts with the situation during the Warring States Period. The Warring States Period was a period of transition from slave society to feudal society in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River in my country. The exchange and integration of the Xia culture and the cultures of Qin, Chu, Wu, and Yue led to an increasingly strong trend of unification. After the seven kingdoms of Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu, Qi, Qin, and Yan, which were undergoing feudal reforms at that time, became strong, they engaged in annexation wars and sought to unify the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River by force. At this time, the ethnic minorities in the grasslands of northern Shaanxi, northern Shanxi, northern Hebei and Inner Mongolia, mainly the Xiongnu, also became stronger and continued to plunder the northern borders of Qin, Zhao and Yan. In the north of Qin there are Yiqu and the Xiongnu; in the northwest of Zhao there are Linhu and Loufan, in the north there are Xiongnu and Xiongnu; in the north of Yan there are Donghu. Since the middle of the Warring States Period, they have continued to plunder the northern areas of Qin, Zhao, and Yan. Because they are good at riding and shooting, and good at field battles, they adopt sudden attacks, come and go erratically, and are elusive, showing strong combat effectiveness. However, the combat troops of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the middle period of the Warring States Period were mainly infantry and chariots. They wore loose clothes and long sleeves. They moved slowly and could travel 30 to 50 miles a day. Naturally, they could not stop the attacks and plunders of the Xiongnu and Donghu. This not only severely threatened the lives and property of the people in the northern part of the three countries and severely damaged production, but also greatly affected the unification cause of the three countries. In response to this passive situation, the three countries successively carried out military reform and built the Great Wall in the north.

The Qin State began to implement reforms since Shang Yang, and implemented the strategy of enriching the country and strengthening the army. The army gradually changed into infantry and cavalry, and was rewarded and promoted based on military merit. Therefore, the army's combat effectiveness increased and it became invincible. In the sixth and tenth years of King Huiwen's reign (332 BC), he defeated the Wei State and seized Wei Xihe County (now the Luohe River Basin in Shaanxi Province) and Shangjun (now northeastern Shaanxi Province). In order to prevent the Huns from raiding the south, King Zhao ordered the construction of the Great Wall at the northern borders of Longxi, Beidi and Shangjun and stationed troops there.

The Great Wall at Night

In the 19th year of King Wuling (307 BC), the State of Zhao began to reform the military system and practice riding and shooting in Hu uniforms. Since then, the military strength has become stronger. In the 20th year, King Wu Ling made a westward expedition to Linhu and reached Yuzhong. King Linhu offered his horse to surrender and then returned with his troops. In the twenty-sixth year (300 BC), he broke through Zhongshan and conquered the territory as far north as Yan and Dai (today's northwestern Shanxi), and then expanded northwest to Yunzhong and Jiuyuan (today's Horlinger County in Inner Mongolia to the Wuga River area). Therefore, he ordered the construction of the Great Wall, from Dai to the Yin Mountains (today's Daqingshan and Urad Mountains in Inner Mongolia) to the west, directly to the Dahe River (today's Wuga River in Inner Mongolia), and to establish Dai, Yanmen, and Yunzhong counties to prevent the Xiongnu from going south to plunder. . In order to specialize in the northwest, he gave way to his son Huiwen Wang He the following year, calling himself Lord Father.

In the second year of King Huiwen (297 BC), the master's father came to the throne and went to Xihe (today's Yellow River between Shanxi and Inner Mongolia). He broke down the building to harass the king and sent his troops.

The Yan State was the weakest among the seven heroes of the Warring States Period. It faced the strong Qi State and the newly rising Zhao State in the south, and the East Hu State in the north. It was not until King Zhao of Yan came to the throne (311 BC) that he worked hard to become stronger, recruited talented people from all over the world, and implemented reforms, so that the Yan State became strong and prosperous. At that time, Donghu was powerful and often raided the northern areas of Yan State from the south. In order to maintain peace in the north, Yan Jun was forced to make peace with King Hu in the east and took the general as a hostage. During the reign of King Zhao, Qin Kai challenged Donghu. He was both wise and brave, and the king of Donghu trusted him. Therefore, he moved freely and was able to understand the dangerous mountains and rivers in the south of Donghu, the defense situation, and the movement patterns of the army. After returning home, he led a large army to attack Donghu and defeated it, leaving Donghu with a territory of more than a thousand miles. He also "crossed Liaodong and attacked North Korea" and expanded the territory to Xishui (today's Qingchuan River in North Korea). Therefore, "Yan also built the Great Wall from Zaoyang (today's Kangbao County, Hebei and Taipusi Banner, Inner Mongolia) to Xiangping; he established Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, and Liaodong counties to resist the Hu."

To sum up, during the Warring States Period, the reason why Qin, Zhao, and Yan built the Great Wall in the north was to prevent the plundering and killing of the Xiongnu, Donghu and other ethnic groups.

Southern Great Wall

The Southern Great Wall, represented by Chu, Qi, Wei, Han and Zhongshan Kingdoms, has gradually faded out of our memory as time goes by.

1． The Great Wall of Chu

The Great Wall of Chu was built thirty years before King Huai of Chu and was called "Fangcheng" at that time. Its location should be from the north of Biyang, Henan Province to Ye County, passing through the northeast of Neixiang and reaching Zhushan County, Hubei Province. It was used to defend against attacks from neighboring countries.

2. The Great Wall of Qi State

The Great Wall of Qi State was gradually expanded by using embankments to connect the mountains. In the southern part of Qi State, it starts from the northeast of Pingyin County, Shandong Province in the west, and ends at Dazhu, south of Jiaozhou City, where it enters the sea in the east. The main structure is as follows There are two types: earth building and stone building.

3. The Great Wall of Zhongshan

Southern Great Wall

The Great Wall of Zhongshan was built to defend against the intrusions of Zhao and Jin in the southwest. It was built in the sixth year of Zhao Chenghou (369 BC). Its location is in the area where today's Hebei and Shanxi meet.

4． The Great Wall of Wei

There are two Great Walls of Wei: one is the Great Wall to prevent Qin and Rong troops in the northwest (Hexi Great Wall), and the other is the South Great Wall (Henan Great Wall). The Hexi Great Wall was built by using the embankment expansion of Luoshui on the western border during the reign of King Hui of Wei. It starts from Xiangyuan Cave at the northern foot of Huashan Mountain in Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province in the south, and reaches Guyang in Inner Mongolia. In his later years, King Hui of Wei built the Southern Great Wall to protect Daliang, the capital of the country. It passed through Yuanyang County in present-day Henan and turned to the southeast and west to Xinmi City.

5. The Great Wall of Korea

The Great Wall was first built by the Zheng State, and then the Han Dynasty destroyed Zheng and continued to build and use it.

To sum up, the reason why Chu, Qi, Wei, Han and Zhongshan built the Great Wall in the south was to resist the attacks of other vassal states.

2 Editor during the Han Dynasty

The best pass on the Great Wall: Jiayuguan

In the early Han Dynasty, the Huns took advantage of the war in the Central Plains and crossed the Great Wall built by Qin Mengtian. It was bounded by the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period with the Han Dynasty. Because the Great Wall was in disrepair and there were few defenders in the north, the powerful Huns continued to enter the Great Wall and plunder, and penetrated deep into Daigu, Taiyuan, Xihe, Shangjun, Beidi and other counties. She was forced to adopt a pacific policy towards the Xiongnu; she married the princess to the Chan Yu as the queen (i.e. queen) and was given a large amount of property. However, even such a dilapidated Great Wall also played a military defense role to a certain extent. If it were not for the Huns' army, they would generally not be able to enter the Great Wall to plunder. Secondly, if the defenders are effective, even the Xiongnu army will not be able to enter the Great Wall. Cheng Bushi was also a famous general who guarded the Great Wall. He was as famous as Li Guang. He ran the army very strictly and defended against Huns raids at any time. The Huns did not dare to invade, which also shows that the Great Wall played a certain role in the Warring States Period. Its rearguard Qing, Huo Qubing, Gongsun He, Gongsun Ao and others attacked the Xiongnu, and they all used the Zhao and Qin Great Walls as the main offensive and defensive strongholds. This shows that until the early Western Han Dynasty, the Qin, Zhao, and Yan Great Walls of the Warring States Period were still playing a military defense role, although their defensive capabilities were much inferior to those of the Warring States Period. It was not until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty drove the Xiongnu to Mobei, repaired the Qin Great Wall built by Meng Tian and built the Outer Great Wall, that the Qin, Zhao and Yan Great Walls of the Warring States Period were abandoned, and its military defensive role ended.

The Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty

The restored Great Wall is the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty and was built under the supervision of Qi Jiguang, a subordinate of Zhang Juzheng. The Great Wall of the Qin Dynasty has become ruins

However, the Great Wall built by Qi Jiguang There are also Nanshanling Great Wall and Badaling Great Wall

(built to implement Zhang Juzheng’s: one whip method) [1]

Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty ordered: Never build the Great Wall, so far there is basically no Some emperors built the Great Wall on a large scale.

3 Architectural Structure Editor

Length

According to historical documents, there were two dynasties that built the Great Wall of more than 5,000 kilometers: one was the Xiqi Wall built during the reign of Qin Shihuang Lintao, the Great Wall that reaches Liaodong in the east; the second is the Great Wall built by the Han Dynasty that starts from the Hexi Corridor in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east, which is more than 10,000 miles. The ruins of these Great Walls are distributed in more than 10 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in my country today, including Beijing, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Xinjiang, Tianjin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan and Shandong.

The Great Wall (37 photos)

Due to its long history, most of the Great Walls in the early dynasties are incomplete. The most intact ones are those built in the Ming Dynasty, so people generally talk about it. The Great Wall refers to the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty, and the length of the Great Wall is also the length of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty. The Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty starts from Jiayuguan in the west and ends at the Yalu River in the east.

The State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping jointly announced on April 18, 2009 that the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty started from Hushan, Liaoning in the east, to Jiayuguan in Gansu in the west, and traveled from east to west through Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, and Shanxi , Inner Mongolia

Beautiful views of the Great Wall (28 photos)

156 counties in ten provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in ancient China, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai, with a total length of 8851.8 kilometers . It passes through 359.7 kilometers of trenches and 2232.5 kilometers of natural hazards.

The State Administration of Cultural Heritage announced at the Juyongguan Great Wall in Beijing on June 5, 2012 that after nearly five years of investigation, the total length of the Great Wall in China is 21,196.18 kilometers, distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, There are 43,721 Great Wall heritage sites in 15 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions including Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai, including Great Wall walls, trenches, individual buildings, forts and related facilities. This is the first time in China that the total length of the Great Wall has been measured scientifically and systematically. The State Administration of Cultural Heritage published survey data on the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty for the first time in 2009. The total length of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty in China was 8,851.8 kilometers. This survey and identification of the Great Wall not only identified the length of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, but also conducted a survey of the resources of the Great Wall in the Qin, Han and other eras. [1]

Construction methods

During the long history of China, many feudal dynasties built the Great Wall many times in order to consolidate their rule. Tens of millions of working people have contributed so much wisdom to it and shed so much blood and sweat to make it a miracle in the world. Whether it's a dragon-like city wall or a brick-making workshop with a streamlined production process and a more scientific approach. As a result, the output of brick products has greatly increased, and bricks are no longer a precious building material. Therefore, the inner and outer eaves of the Great Wall in many places in the Ming Dynasty were built with huge bricks. At that time, when construction was all done by hand and construction materials were transported manually, bricks with small weight and the same size were used to build city walls. This not only facilitated construction, but also improved the construction rate and construction level. Secondly, the gates of many passes were often built with blue bricks to form long-span arches. Although some of these blue bricks were severely weathered, the entire city gate still stood majestically, showing the superb skills of building arches at that time. Judging from the architectural decoration on the gate towers of the pass, we can see that the production techniques of many stone and brick carvings are extremely complex and delicate, reflecting the unique artistic talent of the craftsmen at that time.

Wall

The wall is the main part of the city wall, with an average height of 7.8 meters, and some sections are as high as 14 meters. Wherever the hills are steep, they are built lower.

The Great Wall (12 photos)

Where flat places are built, they are built higher; important places are higher, and ordinary places are lower. . The wall is the main part of the defense against enemies. Its total thickness is relatively wide, with the base width being 6.5 meters. The average width of the floor on the wall is also 5.8 meters, ensuring that two baggage carriages can run in parallel. The wall body consists of an outer eaves wall and an inner eaves wall, filled with earth and gravel. The outer eaves wall refers to the side of the outer wall facing outside the city. When constructing, there is an obvious cut-off point, which is generally 125% of the wall height. The contraction of the wall can increase the width of the lower part of the wall, enhance the stability of the wall, strengthen its defensive performance, and make the outer wall majestic. The inner eaves wall refers to the inner side of the outer wall. There is generally no obvious cut-off during construction, and it is constructed into a vertical wall. Regarding the thickness of the outer eaves wall, it is generally based on the thickness of the wall at the "crement". Here The thickness is generally one and a half bricks wide, and depending on the ratio of points, the thickness becomes thicker as you go down. The brick laying method is mainly flat laying.

The structural content of the wall is determined according to local climate conditions. Overall, the construction methods of the Great Wall include the following types:

1. Build rammed earth walls;

2. Walls built with adobe;

3. Green bricks

The Great Wall (20 photos)

Building walls;

4. Stone walls;

5. Mixed masonry construction;

6. Strips of stone;

7. Dirt connects bricks.

City walls are built using bricks, stones, or mixed masonry. When the slope of the terrain is small, the bricks or strips of stone are parallel to the terrain. When the slope of the terrain is large, Then use the horizontal falling method to build masonry.

Beacons

There are a large number of beacons (beacon towers) set up in the Great Wall system as an information transmission system. The high platform used to light fireworks to convey important messages in ancient times was an important military defense facility in ancient times and the oldest but effective native telegraph.

The Great Wall of China[4]

The beacon tower was built to prevent enemy invasion. When an enemy situation occurred, smoke would be smoked during the day and fires would be lit at night. The towers were connected to each other. Deliver the message. According to historical documents, unearthed Han bamboo slips and field investigations, we know that there are many beacons and they extend far beyond the Great Wall.

According to the location and function of the beacons, they can be divided into four groups: the beacon towers located deep in the desert are the frontline for issuing warnings, the beacon towers set up along both sides of the Great Wall transmit information along the line, and the series leading from the Great Wall to the capital The beacon towers were connected to the central government of the dynasty, and a group of beacon towers were connected to the local governments and garrisons near where the Great Wall was located. According to the system of the Ming Dynasty, raising one smoke and firing one cannon indicated the arrival of about 100 enemies; raising two smokes and firing two cannons indicated the arrival of about 500 enemies; raising three smokes and firing three cannons indicated the arrival of more than 1,000 enemies. Along the 50 kilometers of the Great Wall, *** discovered more than 80 beacon towers, with an average distance of about 3 kilometers apart, and the farthest one was no more than 5 kilometers. "Beacon fire", there are two signals for border alarm in ancient times. Setting off smoke during the day is called "beacon", and raising fire at night is called "feng".

The beacon towers were built earlier than the Great Wall, but since the emergence of the Great Wall, the beacon towers along the Great Wall have been closely integrated with the Great Wall and become an important part of the Great Wall's defense system. Some are even built on the Great Wall. On the Great Wall, especially in the Han Dynasty, the court attached great importance to the construction of beacon towers. Beacon fire, also called beacon fire, is an ancient military intelligence and police measure. That is, when the enemy invades during the day, smoke (beacon) is lit, and when the enemy invades at night, fire (flint) is lit to alert all parties and superiors with visible smoke and light. In the Han Dynasty, the beacon tower was called a beacon (beacon watch) or a pavilion. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was called a beacon tower. The big ones also have the function of fending off enemies, while the small ones only have the function of beaconing fire without any hope). The beacon towers are generally about 10 miles apart, and some were about 5 miles apart in the Ming Dynasty. When the soldiers guarding the towers discovered that the enemy was invading, they would immediately light the beacons on the towers. The neighboring towers would follow suit after seeing the enemy, so that the enemy's situation could be quickly conveyed to Military central department.

Geological Form

"Due to terrain, use danger to control blockades." This is an important experience in building the Great Wall. It was affirmed by Qin Shihuang, and then Sima Qian wrote it down

The Great Wall

In "Historical Records", every subsequent dynasty built the Great Wall in accordance with this principle. Whenever a Guancheng pass is built, it is always chosen between two mountains and canyons, or at the turning point of a river, or at a place where plains and rivers must pass. This can not only control the dangerous points, but also save manpower and materials, so as to achieve the goal of "one man is responsible for the pass". , the effect of "no one can open it". Building castles or beacon towers is also chosen in dangerous places. As for building city walls, they made full use of the terrain. For example, the Great Walls at Juyongguan and Badaling were built along the backs of mountains. Some sections looked very steep from the outside of the city wall, while the inside was very gentle, making it easy to defend but difficult to attack. "The effect. In Liaoning, the Great Wall in Liaodong Town in the Ming Dynasty had a type of wall called steep mountain wall or split gable wall, which used steep cliffs and slightly chipped them to form the Great Wall. There are also some places that completely use cliffs, rivers and lakes as natural barriers, which can be said to be an ingenious workmanship. The Great Wall, as a great project, has become a precious heritage of the Chinese nation.

Main passes

Badaling Great Wall

The Great Wall passes include Jiayu Pass, Shanhaiguan Pass, Juyong Pass, Yumen Pass, Jingxing Pass, Niangzi Pass, Yanmen Pass, Piantou Pass, Pingxing Pass, Gubeikou, Xifengkou, Yulinsai, Huangya Pass, Waqiao Pass, Hushan Great Wall, Yafu Pass, Niuzhuang City, Fenshui Pass, Ningyuan City, Yangguan, Pingdingbaocheng, Qingyang Pass, Xin'an Pass , Zhenyuanguan, Jinzhou City, Mashuikou, Daomaguan, Jiumenmenkou, Laolongtou, Dongjiakou, Liujiakou, Malanguan, Xinkou, Chajianlingguan, Jinshanling, Dushikou, Zhangjiakou, Mashikou, Yangtze Fangbaoguan, Shuikou Pass, Zijing Pass, Xuanhua City, Santunying, Sandao Pass, Damaoshan Pass, Yiyuankou, Jielingkou, Chongyukou, Xuliukou, Lengkou Pass, Baiyangyu Pass, Qingshan Pass, Tiemeng Pass, Panjiakou, Longjing Pass, Hongshankou, Shangguan, Changyukou, Langwogoukou, Xinhekou, Baishikou Pass, Futuyu Pass, Wulonggou Pass, Feihukou, Widow Tower, Simatai, Mutianyu Pass, Yanhe City, Jiangjun Pass, Baima Pass, Lupi Pass, Hefangkou, Lianhuachi Pass, Huanghuacheng Pass, Bangdaokou Pass, Jiukong Tower, Sihai Yekou, Juyansai Ancient City, Jilu Sai, Gaoque Sai, Datong City, Shahukou, Weilubaokou, Jinsuoguan, Huangzeguan, Huangyuguan, Beiloukou, Ningwuguan, Liminbaokou, Deshengkou, Zhenhongbao mouth, Pingyuan Fort, Xinping Fort, Baoping Fort, Huamen Fort, Wayaokou Fort, Zhenning Fort, Zhenkou Fort, Shoukou Fort, Zhenbian Fort, Zhenchuan Fort, Hongcibaokou, Zhenqiang Fort entrance, Juqiang Fort entrance, Shumen Fort entrance, Zhuma Fort entrance, Polu Fort entrance, Baoan Fort entrance, Ninglu Fort entrance, Pohu Fort entrance, Canhu Fort entrance, Ma Bao entrance, Yunshi Fort entrance , Shaojiabao Entrance, Dahe Fort Entrance, Baihu Fort Entrance, Yingen Fort Entrance, Zuhu Fort Entrance, Jiangjunhui Fort, Yajiao Mountain, Laoying Fort, Hongmenkou, Laoniuwan Fort, Yangfangkou, Baicao Pass , Guangwucheng, Beiloukou, Langyakou, Longquan Pass, Guguan, Hedulingkou, Malingguan, Zhiguolingkou, Junji Pass, Wuqi Qin Great Wall, etc.

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