The reason why ancient literati often attached great importance to mountains and rivers: they had no close friends who understood their ambitions and ideas. Landscapes were majestic and they felt that mountains and rivers in nature can accommodate all things. Unknowingly, they used mountains and rivers to express their lofty ideals. ambition and broad mind.

Or, there are also some talented people with a certain family background, who have ambitions but no situation to display their talents. They no longer have much hope for worldly things, and they disdain to work with a bunch of utilitarians. Be in the company of others. Then he lived in seclusion in the mountains and forests, focusing on the mountains and rivers, and living his own carefree life.

Just like modern people place their affection on the Internet~~~ The "landscape feelings" of ancient literati. The uncanny workmanship of nature's landscapes are beautiful and full of charm. "The benevolent enjoy the mountains, the wise enjoy the water." Since ancient times, literati and poets have always devoted themselves to the natural mountains and rivers, enjoying themselves and singing songs. The result of the combination of beautiful landscapes and passionate literati is the beautiful landscape articles that have been passed down through the ages. "When you climb a mountain, you will be full of emotions in the mountains, and when you look at the sea, your thoughts will overflow from the sea." When we go through the surface context of these immortal landscape works, it is not difficult to find that what they express is the personality spirit of cultural people. A comprehensive review of the landscape works of ancient literati in junior high school Chinese textbooks generally reveals the following feelings of the authors. 1. Escape from the world. Chinese literati have always been deeply infiltrated by Lao and Zhuang's detached thoughts. When their life path (often their official career) encounters setbacks, they devote themselves to the natural landscape to find spiritual sustenance. "If you are poor, you can benefit yourself; if you are successful, you can help the world." Since I can't "jump ahead" in the tide of life, I can put my heart in the harmonious and pure mountains and waters, and quietly heal and soothe. Immortal insomnia time after time creates glorious chapters. "Book of Thoughts with Zhu Yuan" is one of the representatives. Wu Jun, a writer and historian in the Southern Dynasties, offended Emperor Wu of Liang for writing "Qi Chunqiu", "Records of the Emperor's Evil Acts", and was burned and demoted. But the Fuchun River landscape is very lucky because of this. "When all the wind and smoke are gone, the Tianshan Mountains are in full color; drifting in the current, anything can be seen." What a bright, quiet, calm and pleasant scene! "The water is all clear and green, and you can see the bottom thousands of feet away. Fish and rocks are swimming, and you can look straight at them without hindrance." You can see that the river water is so clear and transparent, just like the author's state of mind. If that’s the case with “strange waters”, what about “strange mountains”? More interesting. The green and continuous green mountains give people a chill at the sight, which is what Wang Wei said, "cold mountains turn green". What's even more surprising is that they "compete with each other, compete with each other, compete for heights, and reach thousands of peaks." Here, the words "negative", "Jing", "Xuan", "Miao", "Zheng" and "Zhi" are used in succession to turn static into movement, making the originally static mountains and ridges come alive. What is even more amazing is the "cooling" sound of the springs in the mountains, the "chirping sounds of birds", the "endless sound of cicadas", and the "endless sound of a hundred calls" of apes. The symphony of nature. This wonderful situation not only intoxicates Wu Jun, but also fascinates us readers. Looking at this situation and recalling his own life experience, the author couldn't help but sigh: "Those who fly violently to the sky will look at the peaks and rest their minds; those who are economical in world affairs will look into the valleys and forget to rebel." The heart of despising fame and fortune is vividly expressed on the page. With such pleasant and relaxing landscapes and beautiful scenery, why go back to the turbulent officialdom! This idea of ??hating officialdom (and even the world) and retiring to the mountains and forests is universal in the thoughts of ancient literati (especially down-and-out literati). Poems such as "The Story of Xiaoshitan", "Inscribed on the Buddhist Temple Behind Poshan Temple", "Drinking Drinking", etc. are all like this. 2. Join the WTO. For thousands of years, the Taoist thought of Lao Zhuang and the Confucian thought of Confucius and Mencius have been almost the two spiritual pillars of Chinese literati. Sometimes they passively retreat from the world, sometimes they actively engage in it; some people advocate tranquility and inaction, while others desire to make a big difference. This idea of ??actively engaging with the world and eager to show off one's ambitions is also reflected in landscape works. Please read Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower". Although he was also relegated, Fan Zhongyan expressed his political ambition of "worrying first and rejoicing later". In fact, this work is not a landscape work in the strict sense. Although the author uses a considerable amount of space to describe the scenery of Yueyang Tower, describing the scenery is not the purpose, but only the foreshadowing. The author's real intention is to use the topic to talk about a person's political ambitions, and to use this as a warning to his friends. The article depicts two pictures of Dongting Lake, one cloudy and one sunny, to evoke the sad and happy feelings of the "immigrant poet" when he climbed the building. Finally, this feeling is compared with "the heart of ancient benevolent people", which naturally leads to the theme of "worrying about the world first, and rejoicing after the world's happiness", pushing the writing to a climax. This kind of optimism that regards the world as one's own responsibility has inspired many people with lofty ideals to abandon personal honor and disgrace and have the motherland in mind for thousands of years. There are many works that use landscapes to express positive feelings about the world, such as "Viewing the Sea", "The Drunkard's Pavilion" and so on. 3. Proud of the world. There is another type of work that is neither as passive and reclusive as "Books with Zhu Yuan", nor as aggressive as "Yueyang Tower". What it embodies is the author's pride in maintaining his personal independent personality and standing out in the world, such as "The Banquet Travel Notes of Shide Xishan". In feudal society, "those who excel in learning will become officials", and the fate of those talented and upright literati is mostly similar. "I want to eliminate evil things for the saints", but in the end they are often demoted, dismissed, or even sacrifice their lives. In the first year of Yongzhen reign of Emperor Xianzong of Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan failed to participate in the political reform movement led by Hanlin scholar Wang Shuwen and was demoted to Yongzhou Sima. This derogation made Yongzhou's landscape famous and shining through the ages. When he first came to Yongzhou to take up a casual job, Liu Zongyuan was naturally in a low mood and spent all day sightseeing around the mountains and rivers of Yongzhou aimlessly. "Give while walking, and travel for a long time" to relieve the depression and sadness in your heart. "Sitting in the grass, pouring the pot and getting drunk", the author is casual and laissez-faire, using wine to relieve his sorrow.

I just hope to dissolve my sadness in the mountains and rivers and forget about the world. Until one day, I discovered Xishan by accident. Immediately, "I ordered my servants to cross the Xiangjiang River, edge the dye stream, chop the hazelnut trees, and burn the thatched rafts." Judging from this series of actions, the surprise is self-evident. Climbing up the Western Mountain and looking far into the distance, "all the soil in several states is under the mat." You can have a panoramic view of the high and low scenery. The "uniqueness" of Xishan Mountain is even more prominent in contrast with the surrounding scenery. His outstanding and proud image is consistent with the author's own image. He felt as happy as if he had found a close friend, so he vividly expressed his feelings of being alone and arrogant: "Then I realized that the mountain is unique and not similar to Peiqiu." This is not about Xishan Mountain, it is clearly the author's own feelings about himself. What a vivid portrayal! When I am overjoyed, I "fill my glass with wine and get drunk". It is really like "drinking with a close friend and a thousand cups is too little", so that "the heart condenses and forms, and merges with all things", achieving the blending of things and myself, the unity of nature and man. realm. Here, the beauty of the natural scenery and the darkness of social reality incongruously stir up the author's emotions. Let him pour his emotions into the mountains and rivers of the Western Mountains, which are not lofty mountains, and endow the mountains and rivers with human emotions, making him the incarnation of the author who is arrogant and contemptuous of the world. Other works that use landscapes to express his outstanding thoughts and emotions include "Climbing Feilai Peak" and "Looking at the Mountains". In short, our country's landscape literature is like an endless clear stream, always crystal clear, flowing to this day, nourishing our hearts.