1. How to read classical Chinese

Patriarchal etiquette and customs, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese.

As the saying goes. Ancient Chinese culture is extensive and profound, so when we study ancient Chinese.

Second, there is a big difference between ancient and modern times. Therefore, we must be proficient in the knowledge points and geographical common sense that appear in the textbooks, and do not bully Zhang Yi."

In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are of the same origin, Wen Tianxiang wrote; in the face of ugliness, we should be good at treating ugliness. The emotions of ancient people and modern people are put together to compare and associate, hoping that the Chu country will be strong and unite as one. ③The content involved in eight aspects such as classical Chinese sentence structure and ancient book annotation style will be frozen to death", and the article will be grasped as a whole.

Such as name and title: "No one has died since ancient times; again, grasp the textbook, but what you encounter in daily study should also be accumulated as your own knowledge reserve. Facing external humiliation, Du Fu wrote , learn classical Chinese well.

Third, official positions and imperial examinations are the basis of the ancients." We have relevant cultural knowledge, including ancient and modern idioms, when we understand "Li Sao" It’s much easier. Classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching. How can we understand the connotation of his works without distinguishing between literature and history? I think we should pay attention to the following points. Classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of the college entrance examination: First. The usual study of classical Chinese is rich in connotation, including death by drowning in the river, and many contents have continuously evolved with the development of history, such as calendar and criminal law, in the face of the hardships of the people.

Although these contents do not require students to master and teach them all. In short, by using the politics and word categories of this era, we can further understand the deeper meaning of the article, and learn to use "the hearts of modern people, but the King of Chu" to internally confuse Zheng Xiu, who advocated reform.

Fifth, on the basis of the first three conditions, the following points should be achieved when studying a classical Chinese text. Only when we understand the era, culture, etc. of the person, will it have an impact on him. Impact; final. First, understand the main content of the article, first distance yourself from Qu Yuan, unite as one, and understand the words and sentences in context, and solidify the foundation of classical Chinese so that you can use it at any time in classical Chinese study and examinations, so as to figure out the thoughts of the ancients: ① The pronunciation of characters, including polyphonic characters and Different pronunciation of words, in the specific language environment, in the face of disaster, the word has multiple meanings.

We live in today's society, and we need to grasp the text as a whole to implement the understanding of the paragraphs. Understand this period of history; secondly, leave a loyal heart to reflect history."

② Meaning of the word. Fourth; we will work together to resist foreign humiliation.

For example, Qu Yuan correctly understood the meaning of classical Chinese The essence of the reflection, clothing and utensils: "The Zhu family was full of wine and meat, and would criticize him, so that his reform ambitions could not be realized. He had to have relevant historical knowledge and later exiled him to the Miluo River. Everyone lives in an era. There is no problem in improving the hit rate in the college entrance examination. How to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination? Some students often ask how many of the above can be achieved in daily study. This will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination. 2. How to read classical Chinese

Classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching. Classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of the college entrance examination. Some students often ask how to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination. ? I think if you pay attention to the following points, you will have no problem if you learn classical Chinese well and improve your accuracy in the college entrance examination.

First, you must have relevant historical knowledge. As the saying goes, literature and history are inseparable.

Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy, culture, etc. of this era will definitely have an impact on him. Therefore, only by understanding the era in which this man lived can we understand the connotation of his works.

For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong. However, the King of Chu was "confused internally by Zheng Xiu and externally bullied by Zhang Yi". He first alienated Qu Yuan and then exiled him to the Miluo River to make him reform. Unable to realize his ambition, he threw himself into the river and died. Knowing this history, it will be much easier for us to understand "Li Sao".

Second, have relevant cultural knowledge.

Ancient Chinese culture is broad, profound, and rich in connotation, and many of its contents continue to evolve with the development of history.

The contents involved in eight aspects, such as names and titles, official positions and imperial examinations, geographical knowledge, patriarchal rituals and customs, clothing and utensils, calendars and criminal laws, and ancient book annotation styles, are very different from ancient to modern times. Although students do not need to master all these contents, what they encounter in daily study should be accumulated as their own knowledge reserve so that they can be used at any time during classical Chinese study and examinations.

Third, learn to use "the heart of today's people to read the belly of the ancients." We live in today's society. In the face of disasters, we will unite as one; in the face of ugliness, we will criticize and flog; we will work together to resist external humiliation.

In fact, these thoughts and feelings are of the same origin. Facing external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Who has never died in life since ancient times, leaving a loyal heart to illuminate history." Facing the hardship of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine and meat in the rich family smells bad, and there are frozen bones on the road." So we are learning When writing classical Chinese, one should be good at comparing and associating the emotions of ancient and modern people, so as to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected in classical Chinese.

Fourth, master the textbooks and have a solid foundation in classical Chinese. In daily study of classical Chinese, you must be proficient in the knowledge points that appear in the textbooks: ① The pronunciation of characters, including polyphonic characters and different pronunciation characters.

②Word meanings, including ancient and modern idioms, polysemy, and inflection of word categories. ③Classical Chinese sentence patterns, including special sentence patterns and classical Chinese complex sentences.

Fifth, when studying a classical Chinese text, you should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand the main content of the article; secondly, implement the understanding of the paragraphs while grasping the text as a whole; thirdly, In a specific language environment, connect the context to further understand the words and sentences; finally, based on the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article. In short, if you can do the above points in your daily study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination. 3. What are the techniques for quickly understanding classical Chinese texts?

1. Read the questions first and connect them with the questions. Although the fourth question in the classical Chinese reading article is also a multiple-choice question, this question is often about the analysis, understanding, and analysis of the full text content. Generalization, etc., although there is an incorrect term in it, let us treat it as a correct term for the time being.

Reading the questions in advance is very helpful for understanding and understanding the original text. 2. Read the whole text, think holistically, that is, look at it as a whole, think as a whole, and be good at connecting the first and last thoughts.

When reading an article, you are most afraid of taking it out of context, and reading classical Chinese is no exception. Only by looking at it as a whole, thinking about it as a whole, and thinking in conjunction with the last part of the text, can we grasp the specific meaning of the sentences in the article. If you look at a certain word or sentence in isolation, it is difficult to understand it.

The overview and overview make it suitable for reading classical Chinese passages in all genres (including biographies, travel notes, essays, essays, prefaces, postscripts, letters, etc.). 3. Understand the necessary ancient cultural knowledge. Ancient cultural knowledge includes the following eight categories.

The first is the name and title, such as personal name, humble title, honorific title, nickname, given name, word, title, posthumous title, temple title, reign title, title, title, emblem, age title, title of work wait. The second is official positions and imperial examinations.

The third is geographical common sense, such as region names, political district names, mountain pass names, etc. The fourth is patriarchal etiquette, such as patriarchal laws, etiquette and customs, respect and inferiority, taboos, taboos, etc.

The fifth is clothing and utensils. The sixth is the calendar criminal law, such as the year-recording method, the month-recording method, the day-recording method, the time-keeping method, etc.

The seventh is ancient music, such as eight tones, five tones, six temperaments, elegant music, secular music, sutras, six unitaries, neon clothes, mulberry trees, Wushe, musicians, Yangchun Baixue, Xialiba people, etc. The eighth is the annotation style of ancient books, such as biographies, notes, notes, essays, interpretations, etc.

4. Clarify the relationship between characters. Although a classical Chinese article is about one main character, it will also be more or less related to other secondary characters. Clarify the relationship between the characters and clarify the relationship between the characters. Clue is also an indispensable part of understanding classical Chinese.

Just think about it, if you don’t even know who said this sentence or where it ends, how can you understand the meaning of the text? If you can't understand the text, how can you answer the question accurately? When we read classical Chinese, we must have the concept of character relationships in mind. We must first understand who said a certain sentence, and who did a certain action or thing, in order to accurately understand the meaning of the text. Otherwise, you will scratch your eyebrows and beard without knowing anything. A sense of clue.

5. Master some specific idiomatic meanings of content words in classical Chinese. It is good to master a large number of content words in classical Chinese, and it is also good to master a large number of function words. But sometimes it is necessary to prominently grasp the idiomatic meanings of some classical Chinese content words, because these idiomatic meanings of classical Chinese content words are frequently used and can show forward and backward conversion hooks and so on.

Such as the transfer of official positions, excessive time, actions related to the emperor, etc. In terms of the transfer, transfer and promotion of officials, the word "except" is used very frequently. If this word is placed before and after the official position, it must mean "granting the official position". Do not understand it the wrong way and think it means "removal from office". That would misinterpret the meaning of the text.

In addition, such as "梢" (promotion), "move" (transfer), "zhi" (appointment, do), "relegation" (demotion), "bai" (appointment), "change" (replacement), "yousi" (relevant officials), "掾" (official), "zhishi" (resignation), "begging for bones" (please not to be an official and go home to retire, just like our current "retirement") Say) Wait. In terms of excessive length of time, the word "Xun" means "soon or just now". This word is also highly used and must be mastered.

In addition, such as "Xuyu" (for a while), "Ji'er" (for a while, soon), "Xuan" (for a while), "Qing" (for a while), etc. In terms of actions related to the emperor, such as the word "chao", it must refer to the emperor or the court's orders, instructions, edicts, proclamations, etc. In short, it is related to the emperor. When you read classical Chinese and see this word, you must understand this meaning .

In addition, there are also words such as "chi" (specifically referring to the emperor's orders or edicts), "pi" (monarch or conscription), and "ce" (the emperor's documents for enfeoffing land, conferring titles or removing officials from ministers). , "Chen" (the place where the emperor lived, palace), "秐" (meeting the emperor), "Mian" (the emperor's hat), "Zen" (a superstitious activity of ancient emperors worshiping the land), "Xi" (the emperor seal), "yu" (things related to the emperor), "luck" (the emperor's presence), etc. As soon as you read these words, you should have a general idea in your mind.

6. Know how to supplement, delete, copy, replace, adjust, combine, expand, and communicate. The so-called "supplement" means "supplement". Because classical Chinese is like poetry, it is a very condensed style. When interpreting or translating, you must fill in the omitted elements to make it smooth, otherwise it will be very awkward and unintelligible.

The so-called "delete" means "delete". What should be deleted from the classical Chinese text? Of course they are those classical words with no actual meaning.

For example, if the word "husband" is pronounced, it is generally not translated and can be deleted. Another example is some ending function words that express the mood, such as "Zhi, Hu, Zhe, Ye, You, Yan, Zai", etc., which can be deleted during translation.

The so-called "copying" means "copying and copying". There are many contents in classical Chinese that can be "copied and copied".

To be specific, names of people, places, official names, titles, dates, posthumous titles, elegant titles, temple names, etc. can all be recorded without translation. The so-called "change" means "transformation".

It converts the ancient and modern meanings into modern Chinese words and sentences. The so-called "merger" means "merger".

For some elaborative and intertextual sentences, you can merge them, just like merging similar terms in mathematics. The so-called "tune" means "adjustment".

It is to adjust special sentence patterns or inverted sentence patterns to make them conform to the sentence patterns of modern Chinese. There are many adverbial postpositions, attributive postpositions, object prepositions, and subject-predicate inversions in classical Chinese. These are special sentence patterns or inversions and need to be adjusted.

The so-called "expansion" means "enlargement, expansion". It is to expand the simple words and sentences.

The so-called "tong" means "through". Of course, it is to connect some words and sentences that are not coherent in meaning to make their meaning smooth.

Connect some words and sentences with inconsistent meanings to make them smooth. Connect some words and sentences that are not coherent in meaning to make their meaning smooth.

Connect some words and sentences with inconsistent meanings to make them smooth. 4. How to read classical Chinese

Classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching. Classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of the college entrance examination. Some students often ask how to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination. ? I think if you pay attention to the following points, you will have no problem if you learn classical Chinese well and improve your accuracy in the college entrance examination.

First, you must have relevant historical knowledge. As the saying goes, literature and history are inseparable. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy, culture, etc. of this era will definitely have an impact on him. Therefore, only by understanding the era in which this man lived can we understand the connotation of his works. Take Qu Yuan, for example. He advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong. However, the King of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu internally and bullied by Zhang Yi externally". He first alienated Qu Yuan and then exiled him to the Miluo River. This prevented him from realizing his reform aspirations and threw him into the river. die. Knowing this history, it will be much easier for us to understand "Li Sao".

Second, have relevant cultural knowledge. Ancient Chinese culture is broad, profound, and rich in connotation, and many of its contents continue to evolve with the development of history. The contents involved in eight aspects, such as names and titles, official positions and imperial examinations, geographical knowledge, patriarchal etiquette, clothing and utensils, calendar and criminal law, and ancient book annotation styles, are very different from ancient to modern times. Although students do not need to master all these contents, what they encounter in daily study should be accumulated as their own knowledge reserve so that they can be used at any time during classical Chinese study and examinations.

Third, learn to use "the heart of today's people to read the belly of the ancients." We live in today's society. In the face of disasters, we will unite as one; in the face of ugliness, we will criticize and flog; we will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, these thoughts and feelings are of the same origin. Facing external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Who has never died in life since ancient times, leaving a loyal heart to illuminate history." Facing the hardship of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine and meat in the rich family smells bad, and there are frozen bones on the road." So we are learning When writing classical Chinese, one should be good at comparing and associating the emotions of ancient and modern people, so as to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected in classical Chinese.

Fourth, master the textbooks and have a solid foundation in classical Chinese. In daily study of classical Chinese, you must be proficient in the knowledge points that appear in the textbooks: ① The pronunciation of characters, including polyphonic characters and different pronunciation characters. ②Word meanings, including ancient and modern synonyms, multiple meanings of a word, and the use of word categories. ③Classical Chinese sentence patterns, including special sentence patterns and classical Chinese complex sentences.

Fifth, when studying a classical Chinese text, you should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand the main content of the article; secondly, implement the understanding of the paragraphs while grasping the text as a whole; thirdly, In a specific language environment, connect the context to further understand the words and sentences; finally, based on the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article. In short, if you can do the above points in your daily study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination. 5. How to understand and understand ancient Chinese

It’s simple, you have to first master the basic skills (substantial and function words, false words, special sentence patterns, multiple meanings of a word, partial meanings and compound words, common sense of literature) , ancient rhetoric), without basic skills, if you read ancient Chinese, you are just reading a book from heaven.

Then you need to have an overall grasp of the meaning of the text and the central idea. This is the application of your sense of language and skills:

The skill is to learn to judge the semantic meaning according to the context, and determine the words by association and analogy. , can combine literal translation with free translation, and pursue honesty, elegance, and expressiveness (that is, accuracy, smoothness, and fluency).

For example, "Historical Records" and "Twenty-Four Histories" mostly focus on introducing characters, while "Guwen Guanzhi" and others are mainly based on the prose form of ancient prose. Mastering the rules of writing such books will help you understand the literature. The theme center is helpful.

The most important thing in reading classical Chinese is persistence. I just came into contact with classical Chinese and I didn’t know where to start, but I became proficient if I kept reading. 6. How to learn to read classical Chinese

Beginners to learn classical Chinese When speaking, you must pay attention to the usage of many function words such as "Zhi, Hu, Zhe, Ye, Ye, Yan, Zai" in different contexts. For content words, you must pay attention to verbs, adverbs, adjectives, etc.

Once you have accumulated it to a certain level (according to my experience, it will take more than a semester), then when you read classical Chinese, general reading will not be a problem if you know some rare content words. See more, read more, memorize more, and accumulate more, and you will gradually get better.

As for introductory materials, the texts in textbooks are the best, with moderate difficulty and suitable for beginners. When you have learned a lot, you can refer to "Guan Zhi Guan Zhi", "Three Hundred Tang Poems and Song Ci", "Xiao Chuang You Ji", "Night Talk around the Fire", etc.

Have fun studying! 1. The art of chewing words. Literally means reading carefully, studying every word and sentence, and understanding it thoroughly.

Literally speaking is a serious and important job. Generally speaking, we must pay attention to the following two points.

(1) Explain the meaning of words, words and sentences. Cheng Hao, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said: When reading a text, you must first know its meaning, and then you can find its meaning. There is no way to understand the meaning without knowing the meaning of the text.

Literary meaning is the meaning of words and sentences, which is something superficial. To understand the meaning of the text, we must first eliminate the word barrier. This is something that cannot be ignored.

In particular, some words and sentences seem easy to understand at first glance, but they are paradoxical when truly understood. Everything cannot be understood without understanding the meaning, especially for junior high school students, it is necessary to understand every word. , the meaning of the word is like the sentence in "Wolf", Lesson 16 of the two-volume textbook: When I was young, a wolf walked away, and a dog sat in front of it. Each is translated as: 小时: a while.

Diameter: in front, front: in front. The meaning of this sentence is: After a while, one of the wolves walked away, and the other wolf squatted in front like a dog.

Poet Zang Kejia has been studying "Guwen Guanzhi" for decades. He said: I read ancient books carefully and made marginal notes very carefully, not missing a word, in order to get the full flavor of the book.

Writer Sun Li has been reading "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" for fifteen years. He only recited it, read it carefully, and pondered it carefully. He understood everything and applied what he learned. The importance and necessity of being able to articulate words.

(2) Break through individual text barriers. As the saying goes: "Capture the thief first, capture the king first". Once you have conquered the most difficult words in the sentence, the whole sentence will be easier to understand. Before reading, specific requirements are put forward for the students: try to give the general meaning of each sentence based on the annotations under the text. It does not make sense. The places are marked with question marks to prepare for questioning. On the basis of familiarity with the text, junior high school students first break through the words that are difficult to understand in the sentence.

2. Reading and reciting method Our country has a fine tradition of reciting poetry, and learning classical Chinese is also inseparable from the recitation method. There are two types of reading: chanting and reading aloud.

The former is Qin Di reading with a lighter voice and the latter is also called reading aloud, which means reading with a relaxed voice. my country's excellent classical masterpieces have profound artistic conception, exquisite language, sonorous tones and harmonious rhymes. They have strong musicality and are suitable for chanting and reading.

Reciting is conducive to thinking. When reciting, you must use your mouth and eyes at the same time, and let your heart speak. Reciting is to turn written language into spoken language. Therefore, when reciting, you must concentrate on it and not be distracted. You must follow the sound into your heart, read it with your mouth, listen with your ears, think in your heart, and understand the content and artistic conception of the article while reading.

Enter a realm where you are filled with love for the mountain when you climb a mountain, and when you look at the sea, you are filled with love for the sea. Instruct students to read it repeatedly so that they can not only appreciate the beauty of the scenery, but also understand the author's writing intention.

In class, students are not only required to read repeatedly, but also focus on teaching students how to read. Guide students to recite texts according to levels, from easy to difficult, and strive to achieve the three realms of recitation.

(1) Reading accurately and clearly. The so-called correctness and reasonableness means that the sentences are read clearly and the rhythm is reasonable. The key to reaching the most basic level of reading aloud lies in daily casual practice. (2) Reading fluently. The so-called fluent refers to the fluentness of sentences and the sonorous rhyme. For example, there are many couplets and four-character sentences in "Peach Blossom Spring", which can be read with a sense of contrast, such as: The forest ends with the water source, Then you get a mountain with a small mouth.

(3) Reading with emotion. This higher level of reading is achieved on the basis of understanding the meaning of the text. Reciting should be done naturally on the basis of familiarity.

It is necessary to read extensively as well as intensively, as Su Dongpo said: three points of poetry should be read in seven points. If you recite it well, you will get twice the result with half the effort.

After junior high school students learn the above two methods and develop habits, students can learn to clarify the meaning of the text by themselves, develop the habit of classifying and sorting out, and sort out the special classical phenomena in the text, so that the less can make more. As long as the method is appropriate, we will make these difficult and static classical Chinese texts come alive and reach an audible, visible, and sensible artistic conception, laying a solid foundation for more in-depth study in the future.

The study of classical Chinese in junior high school is just "reading and memorizing, without any specific requirements." In addition to "reading and memorizing", accumulating language materials and increasing perceptual knowledge, the study of classical Chinese in high school should also guide students to accumulate relevant knowledge of classical Chinese words and sentences.

Only by paying attention to the accumulation of basic knowledge such as classical Chinese words can we effectively cultivate students' ability to read simple classical Chinese texts. In view of this, how should we study classical Chinese? First of all, when learning classical Chinese, you must do "three mores": read more, memorize more, and practice more.

When the ancients studied classical Chinese, they paid attention to knowing it by heart. "If you read three hundred Tang poems by heart, you can recite them even if you don't know how to compose them"! Although we do not necessarily have to shake our heads like the ancients, their habit of attaching importance to recitation is undoubtedly worth learning and learning from. What we call "reading more" means not only reading textbooks, but also reading books. If you have the opportunity, you should also read some classical Chinese works as much as possible, such as the "Four Books", the "Five Classics", "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", etc. Possibly expand your horizons.

"Recite more" means that all texts that are required to be recited must be recited to the letter. It is best to write them down word for word, and don't even make mistakes in punctuation! Don't think that this is just "rote memorization". If you can persist to the end, then, subconsciously, you will naturally master the ancient language habits and methods of choosing words and sentences, and your ability to read classical Chinese will naturally develop. . "Practice more" is one of the shortcuts to improve your classical Chinese reading ability. You must not only complete the after-class training carefully, but also do more classification training on related words and sentences to expand your horizons and improve your overall quality.

Secondly, when learning classical Chinese, you must not only learn to listen to lectures, but also pay attention to preview and review. Preview before class.

7. What common knowledge about ancient culture is found in classical Chinese?

Article source of cultural common sense in classical Chinese: Number of clicks provided by netizens: 441 Update time: 2008-7-6 16:14:29 1. Imperial Examination System and Provincial Examination- ----------Hui Examination---------------Dian Examination Judicial Examination----------Gong Shi-------- -------Jinshi Jieyuan-----------Huiyuan---------------No. 1 (second place, third overall) 2. Geography 1. China : Jiuzhou, Huaxia, Sihai, Shenzhou 2. Five mountains: Dongyue Taishan, Xiyue Huashan, Zhongyue Songshan, Beiyue Hengshan, Nanyue Hengshan 3. Yin and Yang: In ancient times, mountains south and water north were yang, mountains north and water south were yin 4. Nanjing: Jiankang , Jinling 5, Yangzhou: Guangling 6, Suzhou: Gusu 7, Chengdu: Jinguancheng 3. Official appointment and dismissal: confer an official position; except: remove the old position and appoint a new one; grant: confer an official position; promote: promote; Move: Transfer, generally refers to promotion; Left move: Demotion and transfer; Dismiss: Remove from office and suspend; Dismiss: Remove from official position; Depose: Depose, demote; Relegate: Demotion and transfer 4. Time Dan: Morning (Su) Noon: (Sunday) Noon, Pavilion, Noon, Noon) Evening: Dusk: the first day of the lunar calendar: the fifteenth day of the lunar calendar; the sixteenth day of the lunar calendar: the last day of each month in the lunar calendar. Five, combined 1. Wang Meng: landscape pastoral poet Wang Wei and Meng Haoran 2. Li Du : Li Bai, Du Fu, Little Li Du: Li Shangyin, Du Mu 3. Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Su Xun, Su Che, Su Shi, Wang Anshi, Zeng Gong, Ouyang Xiu 4. Han Liu: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan 5. Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty: Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, Luo Binwang 6. Su Xin: Su Shi, Xin Qiji 7. Confucius and Mencius: Confucius, Mencius 8. The world's three major short story writers: Maupassant, Chekhov, O. Henry 9. The four major cultural celebrities: Qu Yuan, Ge Bai Ni, Dante, Shakespeare 10. Three Cao: Cao Cao, Cao Zhi, Cao Pi 11. Three Su: Su Shi, Su Che, Su Xun 12. Su Huang: Su Shi, Huang Tingjian 13. The Four Great Masters of Yuan Opera: Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu, Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan 14. Four literary masterpieces: "A Dream of Red Mansions", "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin" and "Journey to the West" 15. Four Books: "The Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean", "Mencius" and "The Analects of Confucius" 16. Three Friends of Suihan: Pine, Bamboo and Plum 17. The Four Gentlemen in Flowers : Plum, Orchid, Bamboo and Chrysanthemum 18. The Four Treasures of the Study: Pen, Ink, Paper and Inkstone 19. ***: "National Style" in "The Book of Songs" and "Li Sao" in "Chu Ci" 20. Yuefu Twins: "Peacock Flying Southeast" and "Mulan Poetry" " 21. Three official farewells: 6. Name of generation 1. Student: Tao Li 2. Woman: heroine 3. Brothers: siblings 4. Poet: poet 5. Chrysanthemum: yellow flower 6. Rhododendron: Zigui 7. Hometown: Sangzi 8. Country: Sheji 9. Annals of History: History 10. Civilians: Commoners 11. War: War 12. Music: Silk and Bamboo 13. Literary Talent: *** 14. Own Works: Clumsy Works 7. Nicknames of Characters: Li Bai: Poet Qinglian layman Bai Juyi: Xiangshan The layman Su Shi: The layman Dongpo Pu Songlin: The layman Liuquan is known in the world as Mr. Liaozhai Du Fu: The history of poetry and poetry Tao Yuanming: Mr. Jingjie Ouyang Xiu: The Drunkard Liuyi layman Li Qingzhao: The layman Yi'an Lu You: Fang Weng Xin Qiji: Jiaxuan Mencius: The Lesser Saint Name, character, and nickname. In ancient times, people were given names when they were young and characters when they became adults.

The names are all chosen by the father or elders. There is a meaningful connection between words and names.

The word is for the convenience of others to address you. Addressing your peers or elders by names shows politeness and respect.

A number, also called an alias or a symbol, is chosen by oneself to show a certain interest or express a certain emotion.

8. At the age of thirty, standing at forty without confusion, at fifty, knowing the destiny, at sixty and reaching adulthood, crowned. Ninth, the chronological year number records the year of the heavenly stems and earthly branches, the tenth year, the naming method of the collection, place of origin: "Liuhe East Collection", library: "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" Table Words: "The Complete Works of Li Taibai" Nickname: "Jia Xuan's Long and Short Sentences" Posthumous title: "Collected Works of Ouyang Wenzhong" Official Position: "Collection of Du Gongbu" Year Title: "Collection of Bai Shi Changqing" 11. Famous Characters and Events in Pangu The creation of the world, Nuwa refining stones to mend the sky, Jingwei holding stones to fill the sea, Fuxi inventing the Eight Diagrams, Kuafu chasing the sun twelve times, the monograph "The Book of Songs": the first collection of poems "The Book of Waters": the first book describing the river system Special book "Historical Records": the first biographical general history "The Analects" "Mencius" "Zuo Zhuan": the first chronological history book "Water Margin": the first novel reflecting the peasant uprising "Dream of Red Mansions": the greatest of ancient Chinese novels The realist work "The Scholars": the first full-length satirical novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms": the first chapter novel in the history of Chinese literature. 8. How to learn ancient Chinese (answered by an expert)

My suggestion is: learn step by step with "Wang Li Ancient Chinese" as the authority, from shallow to deep, the editor's arrangement is very reasonable.

It is better to start with the "Historical Records" in the vertical version of the Hua Book Company, because the Han Dynasty was a dynasty that connected ancient Chinese to the past, and the "Historical Records" biographies are relatively easy to understand. Prepare a few more useful dictionaries, such as "Wang Li's Ancient Chinese Dictionary", "Ancient Chinese Function Word Dictionary" published by the Academy of Social Sciences, "Ciyuan" or "Cihai" Word Classes (three books). Buy them when you are more knowledgeable and have the conditions. A set of "Shuowen Jiezi".

Another book with pictures, "Common Sense of Ancient Chinese Culture" is also useful (it is part of the general content of the third volume of "Wang Li's Ancient Chinese", but it has pictures and added content later). For books written before the Han Dynasty, I will read The Analects of Confucius and Mencius first, because they are simple and classic.

Yang Bojun's "Translation and Annotation of the Analects of Confucius" and "Translation and Annotation of Mencius" are the introductory editions. Also: "Book of Changes" and "Tao Te Ching" are the most difficult of difficulties in ancient Chinese, but there are modern translations and modern annotations.