There are two things, and the more we think about them repeatedly, the more they infuse people's minds with constant renovation. With admiration and awe? -the starry sky overhead and the moral law in the heart. ? -Kant's tombstone inscription

"There are two things. The deeper and longer we think about them, the more and more surprise and awe they arouse will fill our hearts. These are the starry sky and the moral law in my heart." (The Commercial Press, 1981, 2nd printing, 1992, p. 141)

There are two things: the more often and persistently we think about them, the more they fill our hearts with ever-changing admiration and awe: the starry sky above me and the moral law that lives in my heart. (The Commercial Press, page 177, 1999)

Deng Xiaomang's Chinese translation: "There are two things, and the more people think about them constantly and persistently, the more they fill their hearts with ever-new and increasing surprise and awe: the starry sky above my head and the moral law in my heart." (People's Publishing House, 23, page 22)

Li Qiuling's Chinese translation: "There are two things. The more you think about them repeatedly and persistently, the more they will fill your heart with ever-new and growing awe and awe: the starry sky above my head and the moral law in my heart." (The Complete Works of Kant, Volume V, Renmin University of China Press, 27, page 169)

Feng Xiaohu's "Learning Kant's Good Example": "There are two things that fill the soul. The more you think about it, the more you read it, the more you feel amazed at the new day and fear the benefits of the moon: the stars in the sky above your head and the moral laws in your heart."

In the 18th century in Konigsberg, on the on the boulevard outside a courtyard, at 3: 3 every afternoon, a short man who is less than five feet tall, with a sunken chest and a bulging belly, his right shoulder bent in, his left shoulder tilted downwards and his head tilted. ? He always wears a gray costume, always carries a gray cane in his hand, always followed by a loyal old servant, and always prepares an umbrella for him. The master and servant are so punctual that the citizens always take the opportunity to correct their watches while greeting them cordially. This is the philosopher Kant and his servant Rapp.

A biographer praised: "Kant's life is like the most regular verb." Yes, and it's a verb that never matches other words. Kant has never been far away from his native land in his life, nor has he ever had the desire to get married and have children. He only knows that he follows his own schedule day after day, just like the most accurate and reliable machine.

Kant's day as a teacher at the University of Konigsberg goes like this: Kant gets up at five o'clock, goes to the study in his pajamas, drinks two cups of light tea first, and then smokes a pipe of cigarettes. Kant goes to the classroom at seven o'clock. After class, he changed into pajamas and went back to the study to read. At thirteen, Kant changed his clothes again and had lunch with his friend. At 13: 3 after dinner, Kant set foot on the path called "philosopher's road" by later generations, and philosophers began to take a walk ...

Kant's private house was bought shortly after he taught at school, with two floors. There are two ordinary desks in the study, and a portrait of Rousseau hangs on the wall. Kant's private books are not many, and all kinds of books add up to only 5.

It is in this simple and monotonous environment that Kant spent his ordinary and rigid life. Fame, power, interests, love ..., everything the world craves is out of his life. Heine even concluded that Kant had no life. Kant didn't die until he was eighty, which was really a rare old age at that time. I wonder if this is due to his uniform, conservative and temperate life.

On one occasion, however, Kant read Rousseau's Emile, which was so valuable that he couldn't bear to release it. He stayed indoors for several days and forgot all about his schedule. This is an exception, and it is the only exception that Kant is widely known.

Schopenhauer thinks that anyone who doesn't know Kant in philosophy is just a child.

what kind of person is Kant?

Immanuel Kant,? Born on April 22, 1724 in Konigsberg (today's Kaliningrad, Russia), the capital of East Prussia. Kant came from a poor family with many children. His ancestors moved to the European continent from Scotland in the 17th century. Kant entered the University of Konigsberg in 174 and graduated in 1745. After leaving university, Kant went to a noble family in the countryside to work as a tutor. In 1755, Kant returned to the University of Konigsberg as a lecturer. In 177, Kant was named professor, and in 1786, he was promoted to president. At school, he was successively elected as an academician of Berlin Academy of Sciences, Petersburg Academy of Sciences and Cohen Academy of Sciences. In 1797, Kant resigned from teaching in the university. Kant died on February 12, 184.

marked by 177, Kant's life can be divided into two stages: the early stage and the late stage. In the early stage, he mainly studied natural science, focusing on mathematics, astronomy and chemistry. His main achievements include positive and negative number theory and nebula theory, and he is also accomplished in other disciplines. Later, he mainly studied philosophy, and also involved in religion, logic and anthropology.

As a natural scientist, Kant put forward the theory of the development of the universe, which was opposite to the dominant theory of the invariance of the universe at that time, and laid a scientific foundation for dialectics. In 1754, Kant published "Research on whether the Earth has undergone some changes in its rotation since its birth", and put forward the hypothesis that the rotation speed of the Earth is slowed down by tidal friction, which was later confirmed. In 1755, Kant published "An Introduction to the Development of the Universe", which put forward the "Nebula Hypothesis" about the origin of celestial bodies from the viewpoint of the historical development of nature, containing materialism and dialectics, and challenging the view that nature is immutable. Later, Laplace also put forward a similar hypothesis, and later generations collectively called Kant-Laplace hypothesis.

Although Kant has made many brilliant achievements in natural science, he still appears in the hearts of most future generations as a philosopher, or he is engraved in the history of human civilization with the influence of philosophical theory.

Goethe said, "When you finish reading a page of Kant's works, you will feel as if you have entered a bright hall." In his research career of more than 3 years, Kant left three landmark masterpieces: Criticism of Pure Reason (1781), Criticism of Practical Reason (1788) and Criticism of Judgment (179). In addition, he also wrote books such as Introduction to any kind of future metaphysics that can appear as science (1783), Moral Metaphysics (1785) and Permanent Peace (1795).

Kant expounded his epistemology, ethics and aesthetics respectively in three critical masterpieces. In Critique of Pure Reason, he divided human cognitive ability into three categories: perceptual, intellectual and rational, corresponding to mathematics, physics and metaphysics respectively. He believes that mathematics can be understood by sensibility, physics by intellectuality, and metaphysics by reason. Mathematics and physics study the phenomenal world, but "metaphysics"? The object of study is "thing in itself". Phenomenal world is the manifestation of the world, which can be recognized; The "thing in itself" is the noumenon of the world and cannot be grasped. He also put forward four famous "antinomy", pointing out that people's cognitive ability can only know the phenomenon world, but not the "thing in itself". The so-called God, soul and freedom are all unknowable or unprovable. Metaphysics can't exist as a real science.

In Critique of Practical Reason, he proposed that morality is not based on the happiness of individuals or others, but absolute, that is, there is an eternal and universally applicable moral law in people's hearts. Morality is "absolute command" and "should be so". Morality should conform to justice rather than personal happiness. But he also suggested that people can feel free will and live forever. God will always guide everything in the world. God is omnipotent and the soul will not die. People with virtue can finally get the greatest happiness.

In Critique of Judgment, he criticized and integrated the aesthetic viewpoints of various schools at that time, and created a unique and complex aesthetic system. He pointed out that art originated from genius, and God created everything. Beauty should be found in nature and human morality. It can be said that Kant denied God in the first book, but confirmed God in the second book and looked for God in the third book. Kant realized the unity of truth, goodness and beauty in his ideal with his three Criticism, and built a holy temple of philosophy in the trinity.

Kant called his era "the era of criticism". On the one hand, he criticized Leibniz Wolff's "metaphysics" system and feudal theology; On the one hand, he criticized atheism and materialism, won a place for theology and science, and tried to reconcile the contradiction between materialism and idealism.

Kant founded the classical idealism in Germany and initiated the bourgeois philosophical revolution in Germany. Heine wrote in On the History of German Religion and Philosophy: "Germany was introduced into the path of philosophy by Kant, so philosophy became a national cause. A group of outstanding thinkers suddenly appeared on the land of Germany, just like calling out by magic. " The development of German idealism is the process in which Fichte criticizes Kant, Schelling criticizes Fichte and Hegel criticizes Schelling. And the starting point of Hegel's dialectics is Kant's philosophy.

After the disintegration of Hegel's philosophy, the philosophy of many German universities developed into neo-Kantianism, and their slogan was "Return to Kant". The new realism and phenomenology in modern philosophy from the late 19th century to the 2th century can also be traced back to Kant's philosophy.