1. How to infer the meaning of function words in classical Chinese is difficult to read, largely because the function words in classical Chinese are difficult to grasp. Because function words in classical Chinese are mostly borrowed or falsified from real words, a word in classical Chinese is sometimes a function word and sometimes a function word. This is a difficult point to distinguish and confirm function words. In addition, the same function word is concrete. As a preposition, "one" has the meanings of "use", "take", "rely on", "depend on", "cause", "be" and "obey". As conjunctions, there are meanings such as "you" and "he" and "used" and "because"; The word "one" can also be passed by "already", which means "stop" and "already". So, how can we accurately distinguish the meaning and usage of function words in classical Chinese? Here are some ways to introduce you: 1. Analyze usage according to grammatical function and distinguish meaning according to usage. Look at the following examples: ① It's Lang, and two men robbed him. ("Zhao Guanghan handles the case") 2 His mother will learn from it. (Fan Pang Biemu) (3) Only adults can cut off the unbearable grace. ("Fan Pang Biemu") (4) Not as good as even Li Po and Mu Zhi. Judging the meaning of the word "zhi" in the above cases, we can identify its usage according to grammar knowledge, so as to find a breakthrough. For example, in ①, "two people" is the subject and "robbery" is the predicate, then "zhi" is the object, and the object is often a noun and pronoun, so the word "zhi" in this sentence is a pronoun. "Jiu" and "He" can only be adverbials, so "He" seems to be only a prepositional structure. "Zhi" should be the object of the preposition "He" as a pronoun. In the sentence, "ke" is the predicate, the object part is "unbearable grace", the head word is "grace" and "unbearable" is "grace". However, it has not been translated. ⑤ In the sentence, "righteousness" means "virtue". If "the grandeur of Chu" is understood as "the strength of Chu people" or "the strength of Chu people", the connection with the next sentence is not smooth enough. It is much better to translate "big" into "powerful Chu" As the attributive of Chu, the central words should be "the grandeur of Chu" and "Zhi". It only plays a role in adjusting syllables. It is a syllable auxiliary word, which is meaningless and does not translate. If you use "Zhi" as verbs "Dao" and "Dao", it is easy to understand with grammatical knowledge, such as "Ceng Zi's wife's city". In this sentence, "wife" is the subject, "city" is the object, and the second "zhi" is the second. Look at the function words again. 2. Look at changes by deletion and replacement, and distinguish meanings by comparison. Please look at the following example: ⑦ Your father wanted it all his life. ("Liu Anshi as a remonstrance") ⑧ The military title is all decided outside: replay ("On Feng Tang") ⑨ Everyone knows the king * * and you are also a horse. ("even inch. (Wife of Yang Lezi) 1 1 Prince Lu Wei applied for return. ("Sun Fat Zhi Dou") __ 12 Kill people to flatter others, I won't do it. (The Biography of Zhou Jiao) _ 13 Joined the army and went to Ezhou to remove thorns. If we delete the word "he" from sentences 7 to 10, it will still read smoothly, and the expression of sentence meaning will have no effect. This shows that "he" is a conjunction in a sentence, and this result will only appear if the conjunction is deleted. We use transposition again, that is, the words before and after the connection of "He" are switched to one place to distinguish the differences in meaning of these "He". This shows that the word "he" in this sentence is a coordinate conjunction. The other three words are replaced by the common sense of "he", but "he" can be used in sentence ⑦, "JIU" can be used in sentence ⑧ and "di" can be used in sentence ⑩. "A trace" is an adverbial of "tired". "The sentence112 is feasible, but the sentence 13 is not. This shows that "to" in the sentence112 is a conjunction, with "to" before and "to" after. Obviously, "going" means taking on and "killing". "Yi" and "Gong" constitute a prepositional structure, and its meaning can be determined by replacing them with "because" and "because". Look forward and analyze the context. Look at the following examples according to the position and meaning of the words. 14 My concubine only eats wheat. Let it be 15 She was taught on her knees. Farewell. (My mother Fan Pang) 16 The emperor set up examinations to encourage officials. (What an easy book) 17 This 17 sergeant took wine from the market and stabbed the wine Weng with a knife. (Qiu Rebellion) 18 Please use carved jade as a coffin. (Dressed up in a dream) 000 0006 (Law Enforcement) The 20th Emperor suddenly said nothing. ("Kou Zhun as Prime Minister") 2 1 and so on, but it is based on disobedience. ("Zhang Shizhi Law Enforcement") 22 What is the shame of forming an alliance with Wan Qi? ("Kou Zhun as Prime Minister") 23 The dignity of a gentleman should be correct. (Tao Kan in Guangzhou) How to accurately identify the meanings of the above words? We can observe the position of this word through context analysis, and then judge its usage and meaning through its position. The word "er" in 14 sentence cannot be used as a conjunction or pronoun, but only as a modal particle, which can be extended. However, the word "er" in 15 sentence can only be used between two consecutive verbs. The word "one" in 16 17 is used before the verb, which is a conjunction (usually like this) and means "used". It is used in front of nouns to form a prepositional structure with nouns, followed by verbs as predicates, which are adverbials. Therefore, the word "one" in 17 is a preposition "you".

2. Do the function words and parts of speech in classical Chinese in senior high school use their backs flexibly? Classical Chinese occupies half of the Chinese reading part of the college entrance examination, which is equally divided with modern Chinese reading. With the comprehensive promotion and deepening of the second phase of curriculum reform, the investigation of classical Chinese will gradually increase. Classical Chinese reading is more difficult than modern Chinese, and it is also the part where students lose the most points, which makes it easy for students to open the gap. Many high school students are confused about reviewing classical Chinese. In this regard, I suggest you be familiar with the test sites. The exam notes clearly state that they can explain common classical Chinese words, identify common classical Chinese sentences and translate classical Chinese sentences in modern Chinese. You can recite a certain number of famous sentences in classical Chinese. "Explaining common classical Chinese words is the classical Chinese words that often appear in our texts. The so-called" explaining common classical Chinese words "mainly refers to real words. At present, there are three versions of H, S and new textbooks in Shanghai, but no matter which version, traditional classic titles are always required, and there are common classical Chinese content words in traditional classic titles. To achieve migration, the so-called interpretation of the content words in classical Chinese in the college entrance examination paper is nothing more than the common content words in classical texts. According to statistics, there are 120 common notional words in classical Chinese: love, security, quilt, times, this, lightness, soldier, illness, inspection, Korea, Zeng, cheng, sincerity, division, words, obedience, danger, death, morality, degree, negation, repetition and cover. If, good, less, involved, win, know, make, is, appropriate, book, which, genus, number, rate, say, private, vegetarian, soup, tears, acts, death, king, hope, evil, micro, informed, phase, thank you, letter, xing, line, auspicious. Flexible and diverse, it is difficult to distinguish and grasp. There are 18 commonly used function words in classical Chinese, which are: knowing, starting, second, then, meaning, nai, Yu, zhe, cause, leaf, Hu, speech, harmony, behavior, if and so on. Identify common classical Chinese sentence patterns, including judgmental sentences and. The probability of being investigated is relatively high. Students can classify the sentences in the text according to the characteristics of various sentence patterns, so as to be familiar with the text (so-called dragnet review) and identify and master common classical Chinese sentences. Translating classical Chinese sentences in Chinese is actually to examine candidates' comprehensive ability to use classical Chinese, including both content words and function words. Not only the flexible use of parts of speech (nouns as verbs, verbs as nouns, adjectives as verbs, adjectives as nouns, causative usage, intentional usage, etc.). ), including the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese, and the ability of candidates to use modern Chinese to organize language. Translation of classical Chinese sentences generally depends on the setting of scores and how many points to give. Generally, one point is 65438+. Then judge which key notional words must be explained and which special grammatical phenomena the sentence contains, which must be reflected through translation. Otherwise, you won't win much. Can recite famous sentences in classical Chinese, usually four out of five sentences, 4 points. Attention should be paid to both in and out of class. Pay attention to the three versions of cross-reciting items in class. The cross-recited topics of the three versions are: Shi Shuo, Drinking, Pipa Journey (the second paragraph), Dream of Mount Tianmu, Ji Xiang Xuan Zhi (the first paragraph) and Six Kingdoms. After class, there are mainly well-known famous sentences. We must pay attention to the phenomenon of multiple words, missing words and changing words.

3. The rhymes of 18 function words in NMET18 are different, because the reason and reason are homophonic: Rosa is weak, because the reason and reason are also whimsical. The purpose of this formula is to help students remember 18 commonly used function words, and students should associate them in this way when remembering: Jin Yong's novel "Eight Branches of Long Mai" is explained because-so-then-then-how can this be called explanation? This is complete nonsense.

Yu's shorthand formula is homophonic from giving directions to being compared with being compared with being compared with being compared with being compared: since squid and fish are given a guide cup and a pen, students should associate it like this: we are traveling in Hainan, and since the guide took us to buy cheap squid and fish (mainland 100 yuan a catty, Hainan only needs 50 cents a catty), we are very happy. We not only said a lot of thanks, but also sent them to the tour guide when we came back. On a hot day, she bargained for us and gave her a cup to drink before she could drink a mouthful of water.

The reason for sending the pen is that none of us can write a letter of commendation, so we have to ask her to write a letter of commendation in our name and bring it back to the travel company. Interpretation example "Yu" is mainly used as a preposition, combined with noun pronouns or phrases to form object-object phrases, modifying verb adjectives and indicating various combinations.

Translated, it is Zi, Cong, Cause, Wei, Give, Want and Bi. For example: (1) It is said that prison language comes from Shi Gongyun.

("Zuo anecdote" (self, self) 2 industry is good at diligence, waste it in drama, and ruin it in thinking. ("Learning Solution") (Because) 3 Love your son, choose a teacher and teach him; If you are in your body, you will feel ashamed and confused! ("Shi Shuo") (Right, right) 4 Take it.

Fight for a long spoon. ("Cao Gui Debate") (2) I will tell the participants.

(The snake catcher said) (Here) 6 Please be ordered to ask General Sun for help. ("Battle of Red Cliffs") (to) ⑦ refers to southern Henan and reaches Hanyin.

("Yugong Yishan") (Arrived) 8 I am afraid of being bullied by the King and losing Zhao. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (Quilt) 9 Ice, water is it, but it is colder than water.

("Persuade to Learn") (Comparison) Make friends with the subjects by shorthand, formula moving, and homophonic with the reporter's sigh and doubt: Frozen fish for Khan to make friends with relatives, and students should think this way when recording strange ideas with spies: In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu always lost the battle. In order to improve relations between the two countries and reduce military confrontation, the Han Dynasty adopted a pro-marriage policy, that is, the princess was married to Shan Yu.

The dowry at that time was very interesting, two things: frozen hairtail and lotus root. Before eating frozen hairtail, it should be thawed, which means the thawing of relations between the two countries.

Lotus root has the same root, which means to be United forever. According to the conclusion drawn by scientists with the help of detectors, the oldest lotus is over 5000 years old. It is estimated that people gave lotus seeds instead of rings when they got married.

Examples of explanation are "He" verbs, conjunctions, prepositions and modal particles. 1, used as a verb, translated as "giving", "participating", "making friends" and "attachment", for example, ① sharing the shoulder with life (hongmen banquet) (giving) ② Uncle Qian's son and teacher.

("Uncle Qian Crys") (Participation) 3 Because of human power, it is not human; I don't know what I've lost ("Candle Fires the Qin Master") (Making friends and attaching myself) 2. Used as conjunction, "same", "harmony" and "succession". Gou Jian is transporting rice and fat on the ship.

(Gou Jian destroys Wu) 3. Used as prepositions, with and with; "Give" and "replace"; "Compare with"; For example: ① Pei Gong's army was dominant, but he didn't meet Xiang Yu. Hongmen Banquet (Harmony, Harmony, Follow) ② When Chen She was young, he tried to farm with his servants. ("Chen She aristocratic family") (give, replace) ③ Who am I and Xu Gongmei's "Zou Ji satirizes the adjustable King of Qi" (compared with ...)

For example: ① Nothing is too much! ("Ji's family will chop the cuckoo") (with a sigh) 2 anticlimactic, turtle jade was destroyed in the rafters, who is to blame? (Ji's attack) (interrogative tone) 3 But why waste time? (History of Qi Huan) (Measuring Tone) How to shorthand the end of a formula sentence is often not translated, but the rhetorical tone is often translated. What is a pronoun? This word is quite Yu Shizhi, how and where.

Homonym: it is often not easy to cut the tail and eat it, but it is not easy to cut the fins and wings. What do you know about thorns? See thorn quite Yu Shizhi, uncle how and where.

Students should think like this when thinking: I went to my uncle's house today, and he said he would cook fish for me. There are fish in the north, named Kun, which turn into birds and become famous Peng.

It is difficult to eat such a big fish. It is difficult to cut off the tail with a saw. The fin of Kun, which is the long wing of Peng bird in the future, is called shark's fin.

Stop eating the fishtail and cut the fins instead. What? I don't know where there are thorns. How thick are the thorns? Have you seen Teahouse? It is as thick as a tea bowl in Wang Zhanggui, Yu Shizhi.

I said, "Uncle, how to eat? This is not eating shark's fin, it is simply eating a big tree. " There are four usages of "Yan": auxiliary words, pronouns, part-time words and adverbs.

1, used as an auxiliary word, in a sentence or at the end of a sentence, or as an adjective or adverb, is generally not translated; Used in rhetorical mood, translated as "you". For example, I don't know, I don't understand, I don't know, or I don't know.

(Shi Shuo) (untranslated in the sentence) So I have a sigh. I laughed and didn't believe it.

(The Story of Shi Zhongshan) 4 Ten thousand minutes is nothing to me! ("I want what I want") (hmm) 2. Used as a pronoun, equivalent to "zhi" can be translated as "he" and "it"; Interrogative pronouns, translated as "what" and "where". (1) Eat sincerely and sometimes give.

(The Snake Catcher said) It refers to a snake. (2) What's the matter with you? If we meet through a tunnel where there is no land or spring, who will say no? "("Zheng Boke Duan ") (what) (3) How to set up earthwork? (Yu Gong Yi Shan) (Where) 3. The word "part-time job" is equivalent to "So" and "Yu zhi", which is translated as "In it" and "From here".

For example, a threesome must have a teacher. (The Analects of Confucius) 2 ancestors.

4. I want to find 18 function word 1 in the classical Chinese of senior high school, but I want to die, regardless of interests (preface to the Guide to the South).

(adverb, only, only) There is no one else, but he knows his hands very well (The Oil Seller). (conjunction, just, but) makes the host intoxicated and doesn't know where in a foreign land.

(conjunction, as long as) but make Longcheng fly, don't teach Huma to cross Yinshan Mountain. (conjunction, if) 2. Only the east boat is quiet, and the west boat is quiet. We see the white autumn moon entering the middle of the river (pipa).

(adverb, only, only) Only the king or his ministers (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). (auxiliary word, hope) 3. I'm afraid I won't get Qin Cheng, but what I see is bullying (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru).

(Adverb, in vain, in vain) I went to my relatives' house to serve you, but I admired your lofty righteousness (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). (adverb, just, just) 4. I can't be good at the pleasure of the former king, but I can be good at the worldly pleasures (Bao Zhuang meets Mencius).

It is this reason (on accumulation and storage) that you can be rich and stable in the world. (adverb, unexpected) 5. After crossing the first mountain, the first thing you see is sails, sand birds, smoke clouds and bamboo forests.

(Adverb, only) This person can compete with others, and the first person is not the ear (Harry's Biography). (Adverb, but only) Don't behead first, but stick to it (Daze Township Uprising).

(Adverb, even if. The word "borrowing the first order" is synonymous) Yin leads people everywhere: "Send troops first!" (Historical Records) (Adverb, though. )

6. Everyone who is not lonely has a heart, and everyone has one ("Fish, I want it"). (adverb, only, only) Stones are sonorous and everywhere, which is named after the bell. What is it (Shi Zhongshan Ji)? Although Xiang Ru is so simple, I am afraid he is an honest general (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)? (adverb, don't) 7. Characteristics of Special Bus ("Zhang Hengchuan").

(Adverb, especially, hereby) The king of Qin paid special attention to Zhao Cheng and cheated him (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). (adverb, only, only) Ran Jiante befriended Hao (The History of the Three Kingdoms).

(adverb, only, only) 8. Xiangxiang is not subject to the death of the body, but now he is subject to the beauty of the palace ("fish, I want it"). (Adverb, once upon a time, in the past) Examining people's opinions in order to mistake (Battle of Red Cliffs).

(Adverb, just now) If you don't wait on me, you will be ill for a long time (said the snake catcher). (Conjunction, if, if) 9. Loyal ministers are afraid of being bullied by the king and losing Zhao (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (adverb, true, true). If so, they can think of themselves and prosper the Han Dynasty (Longzhong Dui).

(adverb, really, if) 10, stop by Lin Xiangru (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). (Adverb, resolute) If you touch me like a fallen leaf, what about thrift? (Zhong Wang Su Gong is proud of the world) (adverb, affirmation, affirmation) was born before me, and his understanding of Tao was also fixed before me (Shi Shuo).

(adverb, originally) Pei Gong was silent and said, "It is better to be solid." (The Hongmen Banquet) (adverb, indeed, admittedly) How serious is its humiliating behavior, depending on the death of five people (Tomb of Five People)? (adverb, exactly, exactly) 1 1, it must be, so the disciple doesn't have to be lower than the teacher, and the teacher doesn't have to be higher than the disciple ("teacher").

(Adverb, must, must) There will be no one in the king, and I would like to hold the jade envoy (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). (Conjunction, really, if) 12, Gu Wunian, dare not send more troops to Zhao, only the two of us are here (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru).

(adverb, just, but) People's aspirations are not as good as humble monks (for learning)? (adverb, don't) 13. Seeing the desire and Qin, Qin Cheng was afraid of not getting it, and he was bullied (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). (Preposition, quilt) Give birth to a child in June, and a loving father will see you (Chen Qingbiao).

(Pronoun, I) 14. Father and son don't see each other, and brother and husband are separated ("I am in the country"). Fortunately, you can ask questions widely, but you can't agree easily.

(Pronoun, you) can bask in the sun for nothing and go back in time (Peacock flies southeast). (pronoun, I) 15 Don't make big plans early, and don't use everyone's opinions (Battle of Red Cliffs).

(Adverb, don't) Keeping the people king is irresistible (Mr. Jin Wen of Qi Huan). (pronoun, nobody) was first aid, and his face was pale ("promoting weaving").

(adverb, no) 16. If you look at your son carefully, the more harmonious your son's color is (Xinlingjun steals the symbol to save Zhao). (adverb, secretly, secretly) It tastes bitter and slightly spicy.

Wes, who are we going home with (the story of Yueyang Tower)? (verb, no) 17. If you don't know who you are and who you don't know, every battle is full of dangers (Sun Tzu's Art of War). (Adverb, every time) Everyone compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi.

(adverb, often) 18. Fortunately, you are also fortunate to forgive me (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru). Fortunately, I can ask a wide range of questions, but I can't easily agree (Peacock Flying Southeast).

My son lost his wealth, but I'm glad this woman is back. Fortunately, this matter is urgent, so I am very happy to tell you a good news (Hongmen Banquet).

(specially.