"Spring Hope"
The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city has deep spring vegetation.
I am moved to tears by the flowers, and the birds are frightened by the hatred.
The war rages on for three months, and a letter from home is worth ten thousand gold.
The white-headed scratches are shorter, and the lust is overwhelming.
Commentary: In July of the fifteenth year of Tianbao's reign (756), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Anshi rebels captured Chang'an. Suzong ascended the throne in Lingwu and changed the Yuan Dynasty to De. On his way to Lingwu, Du Fu was captured by the rebels and brought to Chang'an. He wrote this poem the following year (the second year of Germany). The poet witnessed the fall of Chang'an's flutes after the fall, and was deeply homesick after experiencing adversity. He couldn't help but sigh with emotion. The first and second couplets of the poem describe the devastation of the Spring City, full of sighs; the third and fourth couplets describe the situation of missing relatives, full of feelings of separation. The whole poem is calm and subtle, sincere and natural, reflecting the poet's love for the motherland and his feelings for his family. Modern scholars such as Xu Yingpei and Zhou Rongquan commented on this poem: "The meaning is thorough but straight, the scenes are comprehensive but not dissociated, the emotions are strong but not superficial, the content is rich but not complicated, the rhythm is rigorous but not rigid." This comment is quite interesting. For appropriateness. "A letter from home is worth ten thousand dollars" is also a famous saying that has been passed down through the ages.
In June of the reign of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty (756 AD), the Anshi rebels captured Chang'an, the capital of Tang Dynasty. In July, when Du Fu heard the news that Tang Suzong had ascended the throne in Lingwu, he settled his family in Qiang Village in Yanzhou and went to Suzong. He was captured by the rebels on the way and brought to Chang'an. Because of his humble official position, he was not imprisoned. "Spring Hope" was written in March of the following year.
The first four lines of the poem describe the fall of the Spring City, full of sighs; the last four lines describe the situation of missing relatives, full of detachment. The whole poem is calm and subtle, sincere and natural.
"The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city is full of grass and trees in spring." The opening chapter describes what Chun Wang saw: the country's capital fell and the city was dilapidated. Although the mountains and rivers remained the same, there were weeds everywhere and green trees. The word "broken" makes people frightened, and then the word "deep" makes people sad. Sima Guang said: "'The mountains and rivers are there', it is obvious that there is nothing left; 'the grass and trees are deep', it is obvious that there is no one left." ("Wen Gongxu Poetry Talk") The poet here clearly describes the scene, but in fact expresses his feelings, placing his feelings on things and supporting his feelings. Yu Jing creates the atmosphere for the whole poem. This couplet is skillfully crafted, mature and natural, and poetic. "National destruction" and "city spring" have opposite meanings. There is a sharp contrast between the ruins of the "national collapse" and the prosperous "city spring". "The country is broken" is followed by "mountains and rivers are here", which has the opposite meaning and is unexpected; "city spring" is originally supposed to be a beautiful scene, but the suffix "deep grass and trees" describes the state of desolation. It is contradictory and yet another turn. Hu Zhenheng of the Ming Dynasty praised this couplet very much and said: "The duality is not bad, but it changes vertically and horizontally, surpassing the stereotypes, with dark and light colors, and the movements are amazingly clever." (Volume 9 of "Tang Yin Gui Zhu")
"Impressions" The general interpretation of these two sentences is that flowers and birds are meant to entertain people, but because they feel sad and hate farewell, the poet sheds tears when he sees them. Another explanation is that the flowers and birds are used to represent people, and they feel sad when they say goodbye. The flowers shed tears and the birds are frightened. Although the two theories are different, their spirit can be connected. One touches the scene to create emotion, the other empathizes with the object, which shows the richness of good poetry.
The first four sentences of the poem are all contained in the word "Wang". The poet looked up and looked up, his sight went from near to far, and then from far to near. His vision ranged from the city to the mountains and rivers, and then from the city to the flowers and birds. Emotions progress from hidden to obvious, from weak to strong, and advance step by step. In the changes of scenery and emotion, it seems that the poet gradually turned from looking up at the scenery to bowing his head in contemplation, and then naturally transitioned to the second half - longing for his relatives.
"The war has been going on for three months, and a letter from home is worth ten thousand gold." Since the Anshi Rebellion, "the war has burned hard and the faith of the village has been broken." Until now, in the deep spring of March, the war is still going on. How much I look forward to hearing from my loved ones at home. A letter from home at this time is really worth "ten thousand pieces of gold"! "A letter from home is worth ten thousand pieces of gold" expresses the urgent mood of long-awaited news without news. This is the thought in everyone's heart, and it naturally makes people excited, so it has become a famous saying that has been passed down through the ages.
"The hairpin is shorter when the white head is scratched, and the lust is overwhelming." The war is everywhere, and family letters are blocked. I miss the tragic scene in the distance, look at the decadent scene in front of me, and feel extremely bored. , scratched his head and hesitated, and suddenly felt that his short hair was sparse and there were almost no hairpins. "White hair" is caused by sorrow, "scratching" is an action to relieve sorrow, and "shorter" shows the degree of sorrow.
In this way, in addition to the pain of losing a country, losing a family, and being separated from others, they also sigh and grow old, which adds a layer of sadness.
This poem reflects the poet's beautiful sentiments of loving the country and missing his family. The meaning is thorough but not straight, the situation is comprehensive but not dissociated, the feelings are strong but not superficial, the content is rich but not complicated, and the rhythm is Rigorous but not rigid, written with the ups and downs of the five-rhythm regular pattern, it is written with a sonorous sound and a clear spirit. Therefore, it has been popular for more than 1,200 years and has endured for a long time.
"Eight Formations Diagram"
His achievements cover three parts of the country, and it is called the Eight Formations Diagram.
The stone in the river will not turn, and the regret will be swallowed by Wu.
Commentary: This is a poem of praise. The author praises Zhuge Liang's great achievements, especially his military talents and achievements. Three or four sentences, expressing regret that Liu Bei swallowed Wu and lost his army, which ruined Zhuge Liang's grand cause of uniting Wu to fight against Cao and unify China. The last sentence echoes the beginning, and the three sentences echo the second sentence; in terms of content, it is both nostalgic and expressive, with emotions in the emotion and meaning behind the words; it is unique among the quatrains.
This is a poem in memory of Zhuge Liang that the author composed when he first arrived in Kuizhou. It was written in the first year of the Dali calendar (766). "Eight formations" refers to the formations for military drills and operations consisting of eight formations of heaven, earth, wind, cloud, dragon, tiger, bird and snake. It is a creation of Zhuge Liang and reflects his outstanding military skills. Talent.
"The merits of the Three Kingdoms are known as the Eight Formations", these two sentences praise Zhuge Liang's great achievements. The first sentence is written from a general aspect, saying that Zhuge Liang made the most outstanding achievements in the process of establishing the situation where Wei, Shu, and Wu were divided into three parts of the world. There are certainly many factors that led to the coexistence of the Three Kingdoms, and Zhuge Liang's assistance in helping Liu Bei create the foundation of Shu from scratch should be said to be one of the important reasons. Du Fu's highly summarized praise objectively reflects the historical reality of the Three Kingdoms era. The second sentence is written from a specific aspect, saying that Zhuge Liang's creation of the Eight Formations made him more famous. The ancients have repeatedly praised this point. For example, the inscription in the Wuhou Temple in Chengdu reads: "The ambition to unify the economy has not yet been fulfilled, and the formations are laid out with sincere and clever plans." ." This poem by Du Fu praises Zhuge Liang's military achievements more concentratedly and concisely.
The first two lines of the poem are written in antithetical lines. "Three-pointed Kingdoms" versus "Eight Formations", the contribution to the military with overall achievements, seems exquisite and neat, and naturally appropriate. In terms of structure, the first sentence is mentioned at the beginning and gets straight to the point; the second sentence points out the title of the poem, further praising the achievements, and at the same time paving the way for the following to pay tribute to the relics.
"The stone in the river will not turn, and the regret will swallow Wu." These two sentences express feelings about the ruins of the "Eight Formations". The ruins of the "Eight Formations" are located on the flat sand in front of Yong'an Palace in the southwest of Kuizhou. According to the "Jingzhou Picture Vice" and Liu Yuxi's "Jia Hua Lu", the eight formation pictures here are made of fine stones piled up, five feet high and sixty in circumference, arranged vertically and horizontally into sixty-four piles, and always maintain their original appearance. Even if it is flooded by floods in summer, and when the water falls in winter, everything will lose its original state, but the stone piles of the Eight Formations remain the same and have remained unchanged for six hundred years. The previous sentence describes the magical characteristics of the ruins very concisely. "A stone cannot turn" is adapted from the poem "My heart is a stone, and it cannot turn" in "The Book of Songs·Beifeng·Bozhou". In the author's opinion, this magical color is intrinsically related to Zhuge Liang's spiritual aspirations: he was loyal and unwavering to the Shu Han regime and the great cause of unification, as unshakable as a rock. At the same time, the existence of these piles of eight formations of stones that have been scattered and reunited and remain unchanged for many years seems to be a symbol of Zhuge Liang's regret and regret for his own death, so the last sentence written by Du Fu is "Regret the loss" "Swallow Wu", it is said that Liu Bei made a mistake in swallowing Wu and destroyed Zhuge Liang's fundamental strategy of uniting Wu to fight Cao Cao, so that the great cause of unification died midway, which became an eternal regret.
Of course, this poem is not so much about Zhuge Liang's "regret" as it is Du Fu's feeling sorry for Zhuge Liang, and this regret is permeated with Du Fu's "hurting himself and failing to achieve anything" ( Huang Shengyu)’s depressive feelings.
This nostalgic quatrain has the characteristics of integrating discussion into poetry. But this kind of discussion is not empty and abstract, but the language is vivid and vivid, and the lyrical color is rich.
The poet integrates nostalgia and narration into one, without distinction, giving people a feeling of lingering hatred and endless thoughts.
"I heard that the government troops were taking over Henan and Hebei"
Suddenly there was a rumor outside the sword that they were taking over Jibei. When I first heard about it, my clothes were filled with tears.
But seeing where his wife was worried, she was filled with poems and books filled with joy.
It is necessary to indulge in drinking while singing during the day, and it is better to return home with youth as a companion.
That is, pass through Wu Gorge from Ba Gorge, then go down to Xiangyang towards Luoyang.
Commentary: This is a narrative lyric poem, written in Zizhou in the spring of the first year of Emperor Guangde's reign (763). The Anshi Rebellion, which lasted for more than seven years, was finally over. The author was delighted to hear that Jibei had been restored, and shed tears of joy at the thought of bringing his family back home. This kind of passion is unique to all people. There is no embellishment in the whole poem and it is sincere. After reading this poem, we can imagine the author talking about the good news to his wife and children, dancing with joy, and looking crazy with surprise. Therefore, poetry commentators of all ages have highly praised this poem. Pu Qilong praised it in "Reading Du Xinjie" as Du Fu's "first quick poem in his life."
This poem was written in the spring of the first year of Guangde's reign (763) in the Tang Dynasty. The author was fifty. Two years old. In the winter of the first year of Baoying (762), the Tang army fought a great victory at Hengshui near Luoyang and recovered Luoyang, Zheng (now Zhengzhou, Henan), Bian (now Kaifeng, Henan) and other prefectures. Rebel leaders Xue Song, Zhang Zhongzhi and others They surrendered one after another. In the second year, in the first month of the first year of Guangde, Shi Siming's son Shi Chaoyi was defeated and hanged himself. His generals Tian Chengsi, Li Huaixian and others surrendered one after another. Du Fu, who was living in Zizhou (the seat of government today in Santai, Sichuan Province) and living a wandering life, heard the news and wrote this popular masterpiece with passionate pen and ink.
Du Fu himself annotated this poem: "My garden is in Tokyo." The theme of the poem is to express the joy of rushing back to his hometown when he suddenly heard the good news that the rebellion was over. "Suddenly there was a message outside the sword to close Jibei", which started quickly and violently, which appropriately expresses the suddenness of the victory. "Jianwai" refers to the place where the poet lived, and "Jibei" refers to the home base of the Anshi rebels, in the northeastern area of ????now Hebei. The poet has been wandering "Jianwai" for many years and experienced hardships. It is impossible to return to his hometown because "Jibei" has not been captured and the Anshi Rebellion has not been settled. Nowadays, "Suddenly Chuan Jibei" is like the sudden sound of spring thunder, a sudden flash flood, and the torrent of surprise suddenly breaks open the long-simmering emotional floodgates, gushing out and rolling over the waves. "My clothes were filled with tears when I first heard it" is the first wave of this surprising emotional torrent.
"First heard" closely follows "Suddenly passed on". "Suddenly delivered" expresses the suddenness of good news, while "full of tears" vividly expresses the waves of emotions aroused by the sudden good news at the moment of "first hearing" it. This is a realistic expression of joy and sorrow, and a mixture of joy and sorrow. . "Jibei" has been conquered, the war is about to end, the devastation of the world, and the sufferings of Li and Yuan will all be cured. Personally, the miserable days of being displaced and feeling sorry for others are finally over. How can you not be happy! However, after learning from the pain and recalling how I survived the many hardships in the past eight years, I can't help but feel sad and unable to suppress it. However, this catastrophe finally passed like a nightmare, and I could return to my hometown, and people would start a new life, so my sadness turned into joy, and I was overjoyed. The psychological changes and complex emotions when "first hearing" the good news require a lot of pen and ink if written in prose, but the poet only used five words to describe it vividly: "the clothes are full of tears", which is enough to summarize it all.
The second couplet is based on Zhuan and settles on "ecstasy", which is the higher peak of the emotional torrent of surprise. "Looking at my wife" and "managing poems and books" are two consecutive actions with a certain causal relationship. When I feel sad and happy at the same time, and my clothes are filled with tears, I naturally think of my wife and children who have suffered together for many years. "Looking back" means "looking back". The action of "looking back" is very meaningful. The poet seems to want to say something to his family, but he doesn't know where to start. In fact, there is no need to say anything else. The sorrow that has enveloped the whole family for many years has disappeared. The relatives no longer have sad faces, but smiles and joy. The joy of my loved ones in turn increased my own joy, and I no longer had the intention to sit down at my desk. I casually rolled up my poems and books, and everyone shared the joy of victory.
The couplet "You have to drink too much to sing songs, and return to your hometown with youth as a companion" further expresses the "crazy joy". "White head" indicates that a person has reached old age.
It is rare for the elderly to "sing", and it is not appropriate for them to "indulge in drinking"; now they must both "sing" and "indulge in drinking", which is a concrete manifestation of "ecstasy". This sentence is about "crazy" attitude, and the next sentence is about "crazy" thoughts. "Youth" refers to spring. Spring has arrived. "Youth" with your wife and children amidst the singing of birds and the fragrance of flowers is just the right time to "return to your hometown". Thinking of this, how can one not be "crazy with joy"!
The last couplet reads, "Youth is a good companion to return to my hometown." The wild thoughts take flight. I am in Zizhou, and in a snap, my heart has returned to my hometown. The emotional torrent of surprise surges to a climax one after another, and the whole poem ends here. This couplet contains four place names. "Baxia" and "Wuxia", "Xiangyang" and "Luoyang" are not only opposites (intra-sentence pairs), but also before and after, forming a neat pair of place names; they are combined with "Ji Cong" and "Bian Xia" , two sentences closely connected, concentrated in one breath, and a lively flowing water pair. Coupled with the dynamics of "through" and "direction" and the repetition of two "xia" and two "yang", the style and tone are as fast as lightning, accurately expressing the flight of imagination. Just imagine, "Baxia", "Wuxia", "Xiangyang", "Luoyang", how long the distance is between these four places, and when using "jicon", "chuan", "jixia", When "Xiang" is connected together, the picture of "from Ba Gorge to Wu Gorge, then down to Xiangyang to Luoyang" appears, and the scene flashes past the eyes one after another. What needs to be pointed out here is that the poet not only displays imagination but also depicts reality. From "Ba Gorge" to "Wu Gorge", the gorge is dangerous and narrow, and the boat travels like a shuttle, so "chuan" is used; from "Wu Gorge" to "Xiangyang", one has to drive quickly along the current, so "xia" is used; from "Xiangyang" "To "Luoyang", we have changed the land route, so we use "xiang", which is highly accurate.
In this poem, except for the narrative point of the first sentence, the rest of the sentences express the surprise after hearing the news of victory. Thousands of dendrobium springs come from the chest and pour down. Qiu Zhaoao quoted Wang Sishi in his "Detailed Annotations to the Collection of Du Shaoling": "This poem has a joyful meaning, a flow of energy, and full of twists and turns. There is absolutely no embellishment. The simpler the more true, the more genuine it is. Others will never be able to explain it." Poetry commentators of later generations can never say it. They all highly praised this poem and praised it as Lao Du's "first quick poem in his life" (Pu Qilong's "Reading Du Xinjie").
"Wang Yue"
How is Dai Zongfu? Qilu is still young.
The clock of creation is beautiful, and the yin and yang cut off the dawn.
Zeng Yun is born in the chest, and the returning bird enters the canthus.
You will be at the top of the mountain, and you will have a panoramic view of the mountains.
Commentary:
In the 23rd year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign (735), the poet went to Luoyang to apply for Jinshi, but failed and returned, so he traveled north to Qilu. This poem was written during my wandering. There are many poems about Mount Tai, but only Du Fu can cover thousands of miles with the words "Qi and Lu Qing is not over", which can be described as majestic. The conclusion is particularly exquisite, with extraordinary momentum and far-reaching artistic conception, which contains the poet's ambitions and ideals. The whole poem is open and clear, with a healthy mood.
There are three poems in Du Fu's "Looking at the Mountains", which are respectively dedicated to Dongyue (Taishan), Nanyue (Hengshan) and Xiyue (Huashan). This song is about looking at Dongyue Mount Tai. In the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan (736), the 24-year-old poet began to live a roaming life of "Qiu Ma Qing Kuang". This poem was written when he traveled to Qi and Zhao (today's Henan, Hebei, Shandong and other places in the north). It is the earliest existing poem by Du Fu. The lines are filled with the vigorous vitality of young Du Fu.
There is no word "looking" in the whole poem, but every sentence is written to look towards the mountains. The distance is from far to near, the time is from morning to dusk, and we look at the mountains and think about the future climbing of the mountains.
The first sentence "How is Dai Zongfu?" It describes the excitement, wonder and admiration that I felt when I first saw Mount Tai. I was so happy that I didn't know how to describe it. It is very expressive. Dai is the alias of Mount Tai. Because it ranks first among the five mountains, it is revered as the Dai Zong. "How is your husband?" means how is it? The word "husband" is usually a virtual character used at the beginning of a sentence in ancient Chinese prose. It is a new creation and unique to incorporate it into the poem here. Although the word "husband" has no real meaning, it is indispensable. The so-called "lifelike portrayal is in Adu".
"Qilu is still young" is the answer I came up with after some speculation. It is really an astonishing sentence.
It does not say that Mount Tai is high in the abstract, nor does it describe it with general language such as "Cui Xi stabs the sky" like Xie Lingyun's "Taishan Yin", but writes his own experience ingeniously - in the ancient Qilu and Qilu kingdoms From outside the country, you can still see Mount Tai, which lies far across the country. The height of Mount Tai is highlighted by its distance. The south of Mount Tai is Lu, and the north of Mount Tai is Qi. Therefore, this sentence describes the geographical features and cannot be used when writing about other mountains. In the Ming Dynasty, Mo Ruzhong wrote in his poem "Dengdong County Wangyue Tower": "Qilu is still young, who can succeed the Duling people in this poem?" He specifically mentioned this poem and believed that no one could succeed, which is reasonable.
The two sentences "The bells of creation are beautiful, and the yin and yang cut off the dusk" describe the magical beauty and majestic image of Mount Tai seen in the close-up view. They are a footnote to the previous sentence "The green is not yet over". The word "clock" expresses the sentimentality of nature. The side facing the sun in front of the mountain is called "yang", and the side behind the mountain facing away from the sun is called "yin". Because the mountain is high, the dusk and dawn of the sky are divided between the yin and yang sides of the mountain, so it is called "cutting the dusk and dawn". "Cut" is originally a common word, but when used here, it really means "odd danger". It can be seen from this that the poet Du Fu's creative style of "continuing to die without surprising words" was already developed in his youth.
The two sentences "Strata of clouds grow in the chest, and returning birds enter the canthus" are written about careful observation. Seeing the endless clouds in the mountains, my heart was rippling; because I stared at it for a long time, I felt as if my eye sockets were bursting. "Returning bird" is a bird that returns to its nest in the forest. It can be seen that it is already dusk, but the poet is still looking at it. It goes without saying that it contains the poet's love for the mountains and rivers of his motherland.
"You will be at the top of the mountain, and you will have a panoramic view of all the small mountains." These last two sentences describe the desire to climb the mountain that comes from looking at the mountain. "Huidang" is a Chinese colloquialism, which means "must". For example, in Wang Bo's "Spring Thoughts": "Hui will break away from the wind and dust in one fell swoop, and the verdant covered pavilion will come to spring." Sometimes the word "hui" is used alone, such as Sun Guangxian's "Bei Meng Suo Yan": "One day I will kill this Zhuzi!" That is, There are often single words in Du's poems, such as "In this life, that old Shu will return to Qin if he doesn't die!" ("Sending Yan Gong to the Dynasty") If "huidang" is interpreted as "should", it will be inaccurate and dull.
From these two inspiring and symbolic poems, we can see the poet Du Fu's ambition and spirit of not being afraid of difficulties, daring to climb to the top, and looking down on everything. This is the key to Du Fu becoming a great poet, and it is also indispensable for all people who make a difference. This is why these two lines of poetry have been recited by people for thousands of years and can still arouse strong resonance in us. Pu Qilong in the Qing Dynasty believed that Du's poems "should be headed by this" and said, "Du Zi's mind and spirit are impressive. Take them as a scroll and stand tall as a town." ("Reading Du Xinjie") It is from this point of view. Focus on the symbolic meaning of the two poems. This is consistent with Du Fu's "comparison between Ji and Qi" in politics, and his "Qi Piao Qu Jia Lei, short sight Cao Liu Qiang" in creation. This poem was praised as the "swan song" by later generations, and was carved into a stone tablet and erected at the foot of the mountain. Undoubtedly, it will live forever with Mount Tai.
"The Prime Minister of Shu"
Where can I find the ancestral hall of the Prime Minister? There are many trees outside Jinguan City.
The green grass reflects the spring color on the steps, and the oriole sounds good in the sky through the leaves.
Three visits to trouble the world, two dynasties to open the hearts of old ministers.
He died before leaving the army, which made the hero burst into tears.
Commentary: This is an epic poem. The author visited the Wuhou Temple to praise the prime minister for assisting the two dynasties, but it was a pity that he died before his victory was achieved. There is both the orthodox concept of respecting Shu and the emotion of being impoverished and facing difficulties. The first half of the poem describes the scenery of the ancestral hall. The first couplet asks and answers itself, writing about the location of the ancestral hall. The couplets "The grass is in the spring" and "The birds are singing in the sky" describe the desolation of the ancestral hall, and the words express feelings of appreciation for things and people. The second half of the poem is about the Prime Minister's character. The neck couplet describes his great talent and general strategy ("The Plan of the World") and his loyalty to serve the country ("The Heart of an Veteran"). The last couplet laments the fact that he died before his ambition was fulfilled, which evokes the cries of the heroes of thousands of years and the unfinished business.
With deep respect for Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period, I remember his outstanding achievements during his lifetime, and express endless sighs. It also embodies the poet's ambition and disappointment in helping the world.
The title is "Sichuan Prime Minister" instead of "Zhuge Temple", which shows that the meaning of Lao Du's poem is about people rather than temples. However, the poem clearly started from the temple.
Why? There are many characters throughout the ages, none of whom can be personally inherited; there are several couplets on the appearance of the temple, and one can only imagine them in the wind. It is also inevitable to think of Shu Xiang because of the Wuhou Temple. But for those who study poetry, between virtual and real guests and hosts, the wonderful writing and emotion of poetry, is it something that others can’t help but admire? Are there any people in the temple? See how he writes ink and play around with it, you should have some understanding.
The first sentence starts with a question. Where is the ancestral hall? Outside Jinguan City, several miles away, looking from a distance, you can see a forest of green cypresses, which is lush and lush, and the atmosphere is extraordinary. This is where the Zhuge Wuhou Temple is. The first couplet of this poem is straight to the point, and the two sentences are self-explanatory and self-contained.
Next, Lao Du wrote about the green grass on the steps and the chirping of birds through the leaves.
Some people say: "That first couplet is the beginning, this couplet is the inheritance, and the rules are well organized." Yes. Someone else said: "From the dense forest outside the city to the green color in front of the steps, the winding and meandering scenery, from far to close, from finding the way to entering the temple, the road is the clearest." It is also true. However, if that's all, who can't? Where is Lao Du?
Some people say: Since you said that the poet's intention is people and not temples, then why did he spend two of the eight sentences on green grass and orioles and reflecting steps and leaves? Isn't this the scene of the ancestral hall? It can be seen that the statement that the intention is not in the temple is incorrect.
Some people say: Du’s intention is that people are in the temple. There is no need to elaborate. It’s just that the poem is short and needs to be concise. He actually included these two sentences under this title. It is neither necessary nor necessary. Wonderful; at least it says "go". Isn't this one of Lao Du's faults?
I said: Where, where. Don't judge Du Zimei with the eyes of Eight-part Shiwen. If every sentence is "to the point", or if it is written as "nothing more than a biography of Kong Ming", I will forgive him. Now he is not like that. The truth must be there.
You must look at him. The first sentence has the word "自" and the next sentence has the word "empty". These two characters are suitable for oblique patterns, that is, "zi" is supposed to have a flat tone, but now it is made into a flat tone; "empty" is supposed to have a flat tone, but now it is made into a flat tone. Mutual exchange, a beautiful change in tone. Those of us who study poetry must not lose sight of things like this.
Let’s talk about Lao Du Fengchen Hudong, living in the southwest, and after settling in Jincheng, probably the first thing he did was to visit the Wuhou Temple. "Where can I find the Prime Minister's ancestral hall?" From the writing point of view, it is straight to the point, not to mention concise; from the mood point of view, where is the ancestral hall, I have been yearning for it for a long time! On that day, the old poet, with a feeling of admiration and admiration, asked for directions and rushed to the place of the ancestral hall. When he arrived, he neither admired the majestic temple nor admired the majestic statues. What he "first" noticed was It’s the green grass in front of the steps, and the oriole outside the leaves! What is the logic of this?
You must know that Lao Du's trip is not a "tour". After entering the temple, he has naturally seen the majestic temples and the majestic statues like ordinary people. However, when he wrote the poem (not necessarily the time when he first visited the ancestral hall), what he wanted to write about emotionally was by no means the appearance of these traces. What he wanted to write was his inner feelings. Writing about the scenery is already a dead sentence; what's more, he didn't actually write about the scenery of the ancestral hall?
In other words, it was after he saw the majestic temples and the majestic statues that he felt a variety of emotions, and then he became more and more aware of the luxuriant green grass in the courtyard, and his unspeakable loneliness; Only then did I feel more and more the oriole's chirps, and the desolation was endless.
Here, you see an old poet, alone, full of thoughts, wandering and looking between the Wuhou Temple.
Without this couplet, where would the poet be? Where is your poetic heart? Only because of these two sentences, we can understand that the following ventral couplet refers to "three visits" (that is, "repeatedly", "several times", not "frequently"), "two dynasties" ("Qiwo Kuangzhu"), on the one hand It is to know people well and do their job unswervingly; on the one hand, it is to devote oneself to death; on the one hand, it is a heavy entrustment, and on the other hand, it is sincerity to repay: Lao Du thought about all this thousands of times, but only when he faced it Looking at the desolate courtyard of the ancient temple, Zhuge Liang's state of mind was written, and every word was extremely important. Don't say that the ancients only talked about "a scholar will die for his confidant", does the poet's understanding of the world's plan really mean "the descendants of the Liu family will be the emperor forever"? In the heart of an old minister, doesn’t he also cherish the rivers and mountains of China and the life of the people? A lifelong ambition, six out of Qishan Mountain, five feet away, the autumn wind rustled, the stars suddenly fell, and the people lost their voices... Thinking of this, the poet Lao Du wandering in the forest in front of the steps couldn't help but burst into tears, and burst into tears.
The grass in the garden has grown since spring, so it has nothing to do with human affairs; the new orioles are chirping in the air, which is only good for the mood. Lao Du's poetic heart was all condensed here, so how can he be said to be a "failure"? Even with the "transition" (meaning that the reason why the couplet in Du's poem is written like this is just to make a natural and seamless transition to the next couplet of text), I still feel that I only know that the main writing is the text.
Someone asked: Who is the hero who makes heroes burst into tears? Answer: It refers to people with lofty ideals throughout the ages who serve the country and the people, who are wise and brave. Do not make simple explanations such as "leaping a horse and crossing a spear" or "taking a knife and an ax". Throughout his life, Lao Du pledged himself to Jiji and aspired to the Kuang Kingdom, and he was also a heroic person. It is only true that this sentence is true for the poet himself.
However, Lao Du is by no means just an individual. Thinking of Marquis Wu and looking up to the mountains are exactly the kind of people who place their hopes on the good ministers of the world. What he had in mind was great and what he felt was profound. For this reason, everyone in the world and in future generations who read this article of his will shed tears. Isn’t it a coincidence?
In the spring of the first year of Shangyuan (760), the poet wandered from Qinzhou to Chengdu, where he farmed and studied by the Huanhua River. Chengdu is the place where the Shu Han Dynasty established its capital. There is Zhuge Liang Temple in the northwest of the city, which is called Wuhou Temple. The poet looked for a quiet place to pay his respects and wrote this seven-line poem "The Prime Minister of Shu" to express his admiration for this great statesman's intelligence and moral character and his emotion at the failure of his achievements. The whole poem combines emotions, scenes, and discussions. It not only comments on history, but also contains realistic metaphors. It can be called a masterpiece among the poems praising Zhuge Liang in the past dynasties.
In classical poetry, sentences often start with questions and answers to highlight the ups and downs of emotions. The same goes for the first couplet of this poem. "Where can I find the ancestral hall of the Prime Minister? There is a lot of trees outside Jinguan City." Every question and answer creates a strong emotional atmosphere from the beginning, which envelopes the whole story. The previous sentence "The Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall" is directly to the point of the topic, and its connotation is cordial and full of reverence. "Where to look for" is a question without doubt, which strengthens the tone of the language. It does not mean where to look for. Zhuge Liang was well loved by the people in history, especially in Chengdu, Sichuan, and temples dedicated to him are easy to find. The beauty of the word "Xun" is that it depicts the poet's persistent feelings of pursuing the sages and his long thoughts of pious worship. The next sentence, "There are so many trees outside Jinguan City," points out that the poet pays homage to the Wuhou Temple on the outskirts of Chengdu. The cypress trees here are tall and dense, creating a quiet and solemn atmosphere. Cypress trees have a long life and never wither all year round. They are tall and straight and have symbolic meaning. They are often used as ornamental trees in temples. The author seizes the scene of Wuhou Temple and shows the image characteristics of the cypress tree: majestic, lush, vigorous and simple, which reminds people of Zhuge Liang's spirit and can't help but stand in awe. What is then displayed in front of the reader is the verdant spring grass, spreading under the stone steps, reflecting a patch of green; an oriole walks among the forest leaves, making a clear and clear call.
The scenery described in the second couplet "The green grass reflects the spring color on the steps, and the oriole sings in the sky through the leaves", with bright colors, bright music, contrasting stillness and movement, tranquility and nature, infinitely beautiful expression See the spring-filled scene in Wuhou Temple. However, the spring of nature has come, where is the hope for the rejuvenation of the motherland? Thinking of this, I can't help but have a feeling of sadness and melancholy, so it is said to be "the beauty of spring" and "the sound of empty space". "Self" and "empty" intertextualize, depicting a static and quiet state. The poet infiltrated his subjective feelings into the objective scenery, making business in the scenery, and conveyed his inner sadness from the description of the scenery, reflecting the poet's patriotic spirit of caring about the country and the people. Through the refraction of this patriotic thought, the image of Zhuge Liang in the poet's eyes becomes even more radiant. "Three visits have troubled the world, and two dynasties have helped the old ministers' hearts."
The third couplet is rich in color and highly summarizes Zhuge Liang's life. The previous sentence writes that before leaving the mountain, Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times, and Zhuge Liang took the countermeasures. It points out that Zhuge Liang could foresee the political situation of Wei, Shu, and Wu at that time, and formulated a set of strategies for Liu Bei to unify the country, which shows that he was a great talent in helping the world. The next sentence writes that after leaving the mountain, Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Bei in creating the Shu Han Dynasty, supported Liu Chan, and praised his dedication and loyalty for the country. Two sentences and fourteen characters bring people to the war-torn Three Kingdoms era, and against the broad historical background, they portray the image of a wise prime minister who is loyal to the emperor, patriotic, and helpful to the world. Nostalgic for the past in order to harm the present.
At this time, the Anshi Rebellion had not yet been put down, the country was falling apart and the people were displaced, which made the poet worried. He longed for loyal ministers and virtuous ministers to help the country, put things in order, and restore the country's peace and unity. It is this kind of concern for the country that condenses the poet's admiration for Zhuge Liang; on this historical figure, the poet pins his beautiful longing for the fate of the country. The last couplet of the poem, "Died before leaving the army, making the hero burst into tears," eulogizes the historical misfortune of Zhuge Liang's death in the army before his achievements were accomplished. The tragic ending of Zhuge Liang's death is undoubtedly another hymn of life. He fulfilled his vow of "devoting his whole life until death" with his actions, which further sublimated the spiritual realm of this outstanding ancient politician and produced The power to inspire people to rise up.
Generally speaking, this poem is divided into two parts. The first four sentences pay homage to the Prime Minister's ancestral hall, feel the reality from the description of the scenery, and reveal the poet's concern for the country and the people; the last four sentences praise the Prime Minister's talents and virtues. , remembering the ancestors from historical recollection, and also contains many of the poet's expectations and longing for the destiny of the motherland. The whole poem has profound meaning and far-reaching sustenance, creating a deep and sad artistic conception.
In terms of artistic expression, questions and answers are set up, reality is used to describe fiction, scenes are blended, narratives are combined, the structure is continuous and complex, and the layers are wavering. It also has the charm of language with refined words and sentences and harmonious tones, which makes people Singing and sighing three times, the aftertaste is endless. Du's poems are said to be "depressing and frustrating", and "Xiang of Shu" is a typical representative.