1. Confucianism: representative figures: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi

Confucianism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It takes Confucius as the teacher in the Spring and Autumn Period, takes six arts as the method, advocates "rites and music" and "benevolence", advocates "loyalty and forgiveness" and the impartial "golden mean", and advocates "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government".

Confucianism emphasizes the function of education, and thinks that it is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. Advocating "no class for all", we should educate both the rulers and the ruled, so that the whole country can become virtuous people.

Politically, he also advocates ruling the country by courtesy and serving people by virtue, and calls for the restoration of "Zhou Li", which is considered as an ideal road to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.

second, Taoism: representative figures: Laozi and Zhuangzi. Works: Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi

Taoism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, also known as "moralists". This school is based on Laozi's theory of "Tao" in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and uses "Tao" to explain the essence, origin, composition and change of all things in the universe. It is believed that heaven does nothing, and all things are naturally transformed. It denies that God and ghosts dominate everything, advocates that Taoism is natural, let nature take its course, and advocates quietism, keeping women soft and being soft. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different factions. There are four famous schools: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song and Yin School and Huang and Lao School.

third, Mohist school: representative figure: Mozi. Works: Mozi

Mohism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, and its founder is Mo Zhai.

this school is based on the theory of "love each other and benefit each other": treat people as yourself; Universal love means loving others as yourself. "The world loves each other" can achieve the goal of "mutual benefit". Politically, he advocated respecting sages, Shang Tong and non-attack; Economically, it advocates strong cost saving; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts. At the same time, it also puts forward the idea of "non-fate", emphasizing self-reliance.

Mohist school has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, all of them can go to the fire and jump the knife to inspire themselves. His disciples are engaged in debating, which is called "Mo Debate". Those who engage in martial arts are called "Mo Xia"; The leader called it a "giant". Its discipline is strict, and it is said that "the law of the Mohist, the murderer dies, and the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu").

after Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist post-study" (also known as "late Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in Qin and Han dynasties.

4. Legalists: representatives: Han Fei and Li Si. Works: Han Feizi

Legalism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is called Legalism because it advocates the rule of law, "Don't be intimate, don't be noble, and break away from the law". In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of Legalism. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao started the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States Period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Shi" and Shen Buhai's "Shu" to combine the thoughts and theories of Legalists.

economically, this school advocates abandoning mining fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing enfeoffment, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation, and ruling with harsh laws; In terms of ideology and education, hundred schools of thought's theory should be forbidden, and the law should be taken as the teaching and the officials as the teacher. His theory provided a theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy.

There are 217 legalists' works recorded in History of Han Dynasty, and nearly half of them exist today, of which the most important are The Book of Shang Jun and Han Feizi.

5. Famous artists: representative figures: Deng Xi, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong and Huan Tuan. Works: Gongsun Longzi

A famous scholar was one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, and was called a famous scholar by later generations because he was engaged in debating the name (name, concept) and reality (fact, reality) as the main academic activity. At that time, people were called "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals". The representatives are Hui Shi and GongSunLong.

six, yin and yang school: representative: Zou Yan

yin and yang school is one of the important schools in the warring States period, named after advocating the theory of yin and yang and five elements, and using it to explain social personnel. This school originated from the ruling class who was in charge of astronomical calendar in ancient times, and its representative was Zou Yan, a Qi person in the Warring States Period.

the theory of yin and yang holds that yin and yang are the opposing and transforming forces of things themselves, which can be used to explain the law of development and change of things. The theory of five elements holds that everything is composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, gold and water, among which there are two laws of mutual growth and mutual victory, which can be used to explain the origin and change of everything in the universe. Zou Yan integrated the two, interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five virtues" according to the theory that the five elements generated each other and won each other, and created the theory that "five virtues began at the end", which was regarded as the law of the rise and fall of successive dynasties, providing a theoretical basis for the establishment of a new unified dynasty.

Twenty-one kinds of works of this school were recorded in History of Han Arts and Literature, and all of them have been lost. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order, which was written in the late Warring States period, is said to be the work of Yin and Yang. Some articles in Guanzi also belong to the works of Yin and Yang, and some materials of Yin and Yang are preserved in Lu Chunqiu Yingtong, Huai Nan Zi Qi Su Xun and Historical Records of Qin Shihuang.

VII. Strategists and strategists: representatives: Su Qin and Zhang Yi. The main speech was spread in the Warring States Policy

The strategist was China, a counselor who lobbied the governors and engaged in political and diplomatic activities with the strategy of making peace vertically and horizontally during the Warring States Period. Listed as one of hundred schools of thought. The main representatives are Su Qin and Zhang Yi.

During the Warring States Period, the south and the north were vertical, and the west and the east were horizontal. Su Qin advocated the vertical integration of Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu to repel Qin, while Zhang Yi tried to break the vertical integration. The six countries of Lian Heng were in charge of Qin respectively, hence the name of the strategists. Their activities had an important influence on the changes in the political and military structure during the Warring States Period.

The Warring States Policy has a lot of records about its activities. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, strategists once wrote "Sixteen Books with 17 Articles".

VIII. Miscellany: Representative: Lv Buwei

Miscellany was a comprehensive school at the end of the Warring States Period. It was named after "Confucianism and Mohism, the method of combining names" and "all the ways of a hundred schools of thought are consistent" (Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi and Yan Shigu's Note). The Spring and Autumn Annals of Lu compiled by Lv Buwei, a gathering guest of Qin Dynasty, is a typical collection of miscellaneous works.

Nine, the peasant family,

The peasant family was one of the important schools in the Warring States period. It is named after paying attention to agricultural production. This was sent from an official who managed agricultural production in ancient times. They believe that agriculture is the foundation of food and clothing and should be put in the first place in all work. Mencius on Teng Wengong recorded that Xu Xing was a man, "for the words of Shennong", and proposed that sages should "cultivate with the people and eat, and treat them with food", which showed the social and political ideals of farmers. This party also pays attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production technology and experience. The chapters in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, such as Shang Nong, Ren Di, Bian Tu and Shi Shi, are considered to be important materials for studying pre-Qin farmers.

1. Novelist,

Novelist, one of the nine schools of thought in the pre-Qin period, collects folk tales to investigate people's feelings and customs. "History of Han, Art and Literature" says: "Novelists flow out of the official. The street talks about the lane, and the road listens to what the talker has made.

hundred schools of thought's brief introduction

In hundred schools of thought, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, stood out in hundred schools of thought because he inherited the cultural orthodoxy of the Central Plains for three generations. As a result, Confucianism not only occupies a prominent position in hundred schools of thought, but also becomes the mainstream and core content of traditional culture, which has an unparalleled influence on the formation of Chinese national spirit. In fact, we can say that Confucianism is not an academic or school in the usual sense. Confucianism is the cultural essence of the Chinese nation and a manifestation of the inherent value system of China. It has penetrated into every capillary of traditional culture and greatly influenced every field of China culture. All the doctrines, religious sects, even foreign cultures and religions produced from the soil of China can't avoid bringing traces of Confucian culture. Today, there is more than that. Confucianism has also had a permanent impact on world culture (as we know, Japan and the "Four Little Dragons" respected Confucianism as a remedy to solve the crisis of faith and moral decline caused by modernization after they realized or basically modernized. The so-called "Southeast Asian cultural circle" is basically a cultural composition model with Confucianism as the main body. It has effectively promoted the social civilization and progress in Southeast Asia. With the development of history, Confucian ethics is entering western countries.

Regarding the classification of hundred schools of thought's factions, Sima Tan listed six schools. "It is the key point of the six schools: Yi Da Chuan:' The world is unanimous and all concerns, and the same goal leads to different paths. "Fu Yin Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, fame, law, morality, this service is also for those who govern" ("Preface of Historical Records Taishigong"). Liu Xin's "Seven Outlooks" in the History of Han Dynasty can be divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Fa, Ming, Mo, Zongheng, Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Novel. Apart from novelists, they are called "nine-legged and ten-legged".

philosophers are the general name of political schools because their basic purpose is to provide political strategies for the monarch. Confucianism advocates transforming the people with morality; Taoism advocates governing by doing nothing; Legalists advocate that credit must be punished; Mohism advocates universal love for Shang Tong; Famous scholars advocate respecting and suppressing soldiers. After the Han Dynasty, Mohists and famous artists became juexue, farmers became a technical subject independently, and Yin and Yang scholars evolved into mysterious magic. Therefore, only Confucianism, Taoism and France had an impact on the politics of the later unified dynasty.

many of hundred schools of thought's thoughts have left a profound inspiration for future generations. Such as Confucian "benevolent politics" and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you"; Mencius' ancient democratic thought; Dialectics of Taoism; Mohist scientific thought; Materialist thought of legalists; Military thoughts of military strategists still shine today. Even the master of sophistry created the field of logic in the history of China's philosophy. We can and should learn from the vigorous and promising spirit of Confucianism to motivate ourselves to be angry and strive for strength; Learn from the Confucian spirit of loyalty to the country to cultivate their patriotic feelings; Learn from the Confucian spirit of "controlling benefits with righteousness" to enlighten yourself to treat material interests correctly, and learn from the Confucian spirit of benevolence to cultivate your noble sentiment of loving the people; Learn from the Confucian concept of integrity to cultivate one's self-esteem and self-reliant independent personality; Also learn from Mohism's "universal love", "Shang Xian" and "frugality"; Taoism's "less selfish desires" and "Taoism is natural"; Legalists' idea of "abolishing private public" and so on.