Spatial knowledge essay 1. About space knowledge, shorter.
Space technology has created a series of advanced and complicated construction procedures for the smooth progress of space activities.
It involves the allocation of human resources, the collocation and installation of equipment and instruments, and other difficult academic tasks. It is the lofty pursuit of the development of the country, the nation and even all mankind.
Electronic system is one of the important systems in modern aerospace engineering. It is divided into communication, navigation, radar, target recognition, telemetry, remote control, remote sensing, fire control, guidance, electronic countermeasures and other systems.
Generally, various systems include electronic systems on airplanes and corresponding ground electronic systems, which are combined into a system by transmitting signals through electromagnetic waves. Electronic theories and technologies related to these electronic systems include communication theory, electromagnetic field theory, radio wave propagation, antenna, detection theory and technology, coding theory and technology, signal processing technology and so on. Microelectronics and computer technology are the basis to improve the performance of various electronic systems.
Their development has further miniaturized the electronic system on the aircraft, and has the ability to process more data in real time, thus greatly improving the performance of the aircraft (maneuverability, fire control capability, all-weather flight, automatic landing, etc.). ) and expand the functions of spacecraft (scientific exploration, resource investigation, communication and broadcasting, reconnaissance and early warning, etc. ). 1. The characteristics of electronic equipment on aerospace vehicles are: ① small size, light weight and low power consumption; ② Able to work in harsh environmental conditions; ③ High efficiency, high reliability and long service life.
These requirements are especially strict in high-performance aircraft and spacecraft. There are strict restrictions on the cabin volume, load and power supply of aircraft and spacecraft.
Every time the weight of the equipment on the satellite increases by 1 kg, the launching weight of the launch vehicle will increase by several hundred kg or more. Missiles and spacecraft are subjected to severe impact overload, strong vibration and particle radiation.
Some spacecraft work for a long time, such as the geostationary orbit communication satellite for 7~ 10 years, while the deep space probe works for a longer time. Therefore, electronic components used in aerospace must undergo very strict quality control and screening, and the design of electronic systems needs to make full use of reliability theory and redundancy technology.
2. The main development directions of aerospace electronic technology are: ① Make full use of electronic computers and large-scale integrated circuits to improve the integration, automation and intelligence of aerospace electronic systems; ② Improve the real-time signal processing and data processing capabilities and data transmission speed; (3) Developing high-speed and ultra-high-speed large-scale integrated circuits; (4) Developing electronic technology in higher frequency bands (millimeter wave, infrared ray and optical frequency); ⑤ Develop various electronic components with higher reliability and longer service life.
2. Space tips
Hehe, I will take part in this competition, too.
I found out, so ...
I won't tell you! Forget it, I'll tell you! 1. Good health. Do high-intensity physical exercise every day, run at least two miles (about 3.2 kilometers), ride a bike 15 minutes, swim in the 50-meter lane five times, and lift weights 15 minutes without interruption. 2. Teamwork and learn to get along with others.
Spacecraft is very small, so you must know how to live with other crew members. 3. Foreign language proficiency and basic Russian.
But it's not that simple. Mark Shuttleworth, a South African millionaire, once spent a lot of money on a Russian spaceship for space travel in 2002. He once said that a four-hour Russian course every day is like a brain operation.
It is necessary to have a good health check-up. Heart disease patients are definitely not allowed to go to heaven, but mild asthma will not affect them.
Psychological examination is also very important for mental health, especially to keep calm under any circumstances. An astronaut may face all kinds of dangers, but there is nowhere to escape in space.
6. Overweight endurance training Overweight endurance training requires astronauts to maintain normal breathing and thinking ability under the condition of 8 times their own weight. This kind of training is usually carried out in a high-speed rotating centrifugal cabin or rotating seat. The biggest pressure in training is to bear acceleration, and the training of astronauts requires overload to reach 8 times of human gravity for 40 to 50 seconds.
In manned space training, overweight endurance training is the biggest challenge to astronauts' self-limit, and it is a famous devil training, which many people discourage. 7. First-aid training The basic first-aid knowledge is the common sense of astronauts, such as fixing the leg with a splint after a fracture and giving medicine to the wound.
8. Land survival training simulates the accidental crash of the space shuttle in the Russian wild. Trainees must receive basic survival training, such as how to make a fire, how to build a temporary shelter and how to ask for help. 9. In the event of an accident, astronauts should also be prepared for crash landing in the Black Sea.
One of the exercises is that astronauts wear spacesuits and jump into the water. In water, they should learn to inflate their lifeboats. 10. weightlessness training in weightlessness, all daily tasks such as eating, drinking, going to the toilet and vomiting need to be relearned, otherwise it may bring you and others a lot of trouble.
Medical experts from NASA have specially developed a large instrument called "Vomiting Comet Machine". As long as astronauts stay in this instrument for 100 hours before entering space, they will not vomit again after entering space. In this rotating machine, astronauts have to learn to wear spacesuits in 30 seconds.
1 1. Learn to fly the space shuttle. Any accident can happen. Therefore, if the automatic control system breaks down and causes an accident, or all other crew members are killed, someone must be able to fly the space shuttle back to Earth. 12. Money may be the last and most crucial point. You should have at least 20 million dollars.
1.2007165438+1On October 24th, China's first lunar exploration satellite was successfully launched. The name of this satellite is Chang 'e-1. 2.20071October 24th, 165438+ The launch vehicle carrying China's first lunar exploration satellite was ignited and launched at Xichang Launch Center.
At present, there are three satellite launch bases in China, and the fourth launch base is about to be built in Wenchang, which is expected to be put into use at 20 10. On April 14, 2007, China successfully sent a Beidou satellite into space by the Changsanjia carrier rocket. This satellite is a satellite in China's "Beidou Plan". Excuse me, is the main purpose of "Beidou Plan" positioning and navigation?
To commemorate Galileo's feat of observing the starry sky with a telescope for the first time 400 years ago, in March 2007, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) designated 2009 as the international year of astronomy with the theme of "Universe-Your Discovery". 6. The following statement about planets is wrong. Jupiter, known as Chang Geng in ancient China, has the largest mass of all the planets in the solar system.
7. So far, humans have launched a large number of probes to investigate other planets in the solar system. The following detectors correctly correspond to the detected planet: Galileo Jupiter 8. The five most massive planets in the solar system are Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus and Earth. The messier number of Orion Nebula is M42 10. The following description of the meaning of each solar term is winter. 1 1. Humans have named many places on the moon. The following name does not belong to the moon: Mount Olympus 12. Most craters on the moon are named after astronomers, including astronomers in ancient China. The name of the person below is Song 13. The right thing about telescopes is the horizon telescope. The advantage of equatorial telescope is that it is easy to track the diurnal apparent motion of celestial bodies 14. The angle between the orbit plane of the moon around the earth and the equator of the moon is 6 degrees 4 1 min, which enables us to see some back faces of the moon at the north and south poles of the earth.
15. the following statement about comets is incorrect: comets are heated when they are close to the sun, and the light of comets is mainly emitted by hot gases. 16. The discovery of asteroids is closely related to Titius-Bode law. According to this rule, there should be a planet 2.8 astronomical units away from the sun, and then Piacci really discovered the first asteroid ceres 17. Some planets in the solar system radiate more energy than they receive from the sun. At present, the known planets are Jupiter and Saturn 18. There is a dark gap in the middle of Saturn's outer ring, which divides the ring into two parts, named after its discoverer, and called Cassini ring gap 19. By observing the phase of the moon, we can roughly know the date of a day in a month. For example, when the phase of the moon is the first quarter, it is probably the eighth day of the eighth lunar month. There is a planet that rotates in a very unique way. The angle between its equatorial plane and its orbital plane is 97 degrees and 55 minutes. Which planet is almost lying on the orbital plane? Uranus 2 1. Which of the following celestial bodies?
3. Small knowledge of space science and technology
First of all, the characteristics of electronic equipment on aerospace vehicles are:
① Small size, light weight and low power consumption are required; ② Able to work in harsh environmental conditions; ③ High efficiency, high reliability and long service life. These requirements are especially strict in high-performance aircraft and spacecraft. There are strict restrictions on the cabin volume, load and power supply of aircraft and spacecraft. Every time the weight of the equipment on the satellite increases by 1 kg, the launching weight of the launch vehicle will increase by several hundred kg or more. Missiles and spacecraft are subjected to severe impact overload, strong vibration and particle radiation. Some spacecraft work for a long time, such as the geostationary orbit communication satellite for 7~ 10 years, while the deep space probe works for a longer time. Therefore, electronic components used in aerospace must undergo very strict quality control and screening, and the design of electronic systems needs to make full use of reliability theory and redundancy technology.
Second, the main development direction of aerospace electronic technology is:
① Make full use of computers and large-scale integrated circuits to improve the integration, automation and intelligence of aerospace electronic systems; ② Improve the real-time signal processing and data processing capabilities and data transmission speed; (3) Developing high-speed and ultra-high-speed large-scale integrated circuits; (4) Developing electronic technology in higher frequency bands (millimeter wave, infrared ray and optical frequency); ⑤ Develop various electronic components with higher reliability and longer service life.
Know little about space flight.
Space technology has created a series of advanced and complicated construction procedures for the smooth progress of space activities. It involves the allocation of human resources, the collocation and installation of equipment and instruments, and other difficult academic tasks. It is the lofty pursuit of the development of the country, the nation and even all mankind.
Avionics technology (aerospace electronics)
[Edit this paragraph] Overview
Electronics and electromagnetic wave theory and technology applied to aviation engineering and aerospace engineering. Electronic system is one of the important systems in modern aerospace engineering.
[Edit this paragraph] Composition
It is divided into communication, navigation, radar, target recognition, telemetry, remote control, remote sensing, fire control, guidance, electronic countermeasures and other systems. Generally, various systems include electronic systems on airplanes and corresponding ground electronic systems, which are combined into a system by transmitting signals through electromagnetic waves. Electronic theories and technologies related to these electronic systems include communication theory, electromagnetic field theory, radio wave propagation, antenna, detection theory and technology, coding theory and technology, signal processing technology and so on. Microelectronics and computer technology are the basis to improve the performance of various electronic systems. Their development has further miniaturized the electronic system on the aircraft, and has the ability to process more data in real time, thus greatly improving the performance of the aircraft (maneuverability, fire control capability, all-weather flight, automatic landing, etc.). ) and expand the functions of spacecraft (scientific exploration, resource investigation, communication and broadcasting, reconnaissance and early warning, etc. ).
[Edit this paragraph] function
First of all, the characteristics of electronic equipment on aerospace vehicles are:
① Small size, light weight and low power consumption are required; ② Able to work in harsh environmental conditions; ③ High efficiency, high reliability and long service life. These requirements are especially strict in high-performance aircraft and spacecraft. There are strict restrictions on the cabin volume, load and power supply of aircraft and spacecraft. Every time the weight of the equipment on the satellite increases by 1 kg, the launching weight of the launch vehicle will increase by several hundred kg or more. Missiles and spacecraft are subjected to severe impact overload, strong vibration and particle radiation. Some spacecraft work for a long time, such as the geostationary orbit communication satellite for 7~ 10 years, while the deep space probe works for a longer time. Therefore, electronic components used in aerospace must undergo very strict quality control and screening, and the design of electronic systems needs to make full use of reliability theory and redundancy technology.
Second, the main development direction of aerospace electronic technology is:
① Make full use of computers and large-scale integrated circuits to improve the integration, automation and intelligence of aerospace electronic systems; ② Improve the real-time signal processing and data processing capabilities and data transmission speed; (3) Developing high-speed and ultra-high-speed large-scale integrated circuits; (4) Developing electronic technology in higher frequency bands (millimeter wave, infrared ray and optical frequency); ⑤ Develop various electronic components with higher reliability and longer service life.
5. A 300-word knowledge composition about space flight.
American astronauts are expected to watch HDTV programs in space in the future. At present, NASA plans to build a new laser communication system to transmit hundreds of millions of bytes of information from the moon to the earth every second, which is equivalent to transmitting 100 HDTV channels at the same time.
At present, the first step is to establish two-way laser communication with the moon, thus confirming the feasibility of this technology. This experiment is part of the recently implemented Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration Program (LLCD). Besides watching high-definition TV, it can also transmit high-definition video data, so that workers can remotely control mechanical equipment and perform tasks such as asteroid mining or moon construction projects. The lunar laser communication demonstration program is the first special two-way communication system of NASA that uses laser instead of radio waves. Since NASA sent astronauts into space for the first time, it has adopted the radio frequency communication platform, but with the increase of data and information, the radio frequency communication platform has reached the upper limit. According to NASA, laser communication can resist signal interference and break through the bottleneck of RF signals. According to Beijing Daily.
6. Articles about the knowledge of the space shuttle
The space shuttle combines the technical features of rockets, satellites and airplanes. It can be launched vertically into space orbit like a rocket, fly in space orbit like a satellite, and glide into the atmosphere like an airplane. It is a new type of multifunctional spacecraft. Its structure mainly consists of three parts. (1) Orbiter, including three rocket engines, cab, passenger compartment and cargo compartment. ② Used as an external fuel tank to provide propulsion. (3) There are two rocket boosters, which use solid fuel. The main uses of the space shuttle are space transportation and satellite service. It can transport goods and carry out maintenance close to other spacecraft. You can also carry out interstellar observation, military geographical observation and take photos. Because of its large volume (more than 20 meters high and 50 meters long), it can also be used as a large space building. After the space shuttle takes off, it can be launched vertically like a rocket. In order to reduce the burden of operation, the solid fuel rocket booster and propulsion outer tank can be thrown away after the work is completed. The main machinery of the space shuttle can continue to be used after being renovated after returning to the ground.
The United States began to develop and implement the space shuttle program in 1972. The first space shuttle, Enterprise 1977, began to test in various complicated ground and atmosphere. 198 1 year, the space shuttle Columbia flew in space for the first time and successfully returned to the ground after three days of flight. From then on, the manned space shuttle began to enter space.
7. Some knowledge or composition about aerospace.
The birth of modern rockets heralds the arrival of manned space age.
In order to prepare for manned space flight, as early as the end of 1964 and the beginning of 1947, Braun used V-2 rockets to send spores and fruit flies into the sky for experiments. 1June 948, 195 1 April, the monkey was sent to heaven again.
195 1 In June, korolev of the Soviet Union also used geophysical rockets to send two puppies to the altitude of 1 10 km and recovered them safely. In August of the same year, the Soviet Union sent two more puppies to the sky.
In September this year, the United States used sounding rockets to send 1 monkey and1/mouse into the sky and recovered them safely. It can be seen that the United States and the Soviet Union have been fighting for the first manned space flight for a long time.
After the Soviet Union successfully launched the world's first artificial earth satellite in June 1957 and June 10, it began to make concrete preparations for manned space flight. From 65438 to 0960, the first batch of 20 astronauts were carefully selected from 3000 candidates for detailed training.
At the same time, in addition to continuing to use rockets to send animals into the sky for experiments, satellites and spacecraft are also used to carry animals for orbital flight tests. On this basis, on April 2, 196 1, yuri gagarin was put into space orbit for the first time by Dongfang 1 spacecraft, and successfully returned to Earth after circling the earth once.
After the Soviet Union successfully launched intercontinental missiles and artificial earth satellites for the first time, the United States wanted to win the "first" manned space flight. 1958+00 In June, the Mercury plan for manned flight was drawn up.
1959 In April, the Soviet Union secretly selected the first batch of seven astronauts from jet pilots for training. But its rocket technology is not satisfactory. Before Gagarin went into space, the flight test of Mercury program often failed.
In the United States, only two suborbital flights with monkeys, an orangutan and a dummy were successful. After the successful flight of the Soviet Union, the United States had to switch to the more mature "Redstone" rocket, and on May 196 1, the brave alan shepard made a suborbital flight in the Mercury 3 spacecraft, which lasted about 15 minutes.
On July 2 1 this year, D. Gleason made the same flight on Mercury 4. However, on August 6th, half a month later, Soviet astronaut Geiger Titov flew around the earth 17 times in the Oriental II spacecraft and returned the next day.
Faced with this huge pressure, Americans put a Mercury spacecraft with a dummy into orbit for the first time on September 13 this year. In the same year1October 29th, 165438, the "Cosmos" rocket originally used to launch the spacecraft finally put a "Mercury" spacecraft carrying orangutans into orbit.
After the problem of putting rockets and spaceships into orbit was solved,1On February 20th, 962, the United States sent john glenn to orbit the earth three times in the Mercury 6 spacecraft. On May 24th, Scott Carpenter also flew around the earth three times in the Mercury 7 spacecraft.
The United States, which has repeatedly lost in the competition with the Soviet Union, is determined to catch up. They have made an "Apollo" plan to send a man to the moon first. 196 1 On May 25th, 2000, President Kennedy of the United States approved this plan, and then the whole country mobilized to put a man on the moon in the 1960s and "throw the Soviets on the moon".
To this end, the "Mercury" program has also been transformed into the "Apollo" program service. Then another Gemini plan for manned flight was implemented, mainly to accumulate long-term manned space experience.
In order to find out the situation of the lunar surface, from August of196/kloc-0 to June of 1968+0, the United States carried out three unmanned lunar exploration programs, namely rover, surveyor and lunar orbiter, and found out that there were many smooth places on the lunar surface where the spacecraft could land. Make sure that the spacecraft will not sink deeply when landing on the moon, and you don't need to wear snow boots to walk on the moon. Five landing sites were selected for manned spaceship. But during this period, the Soviet Union also secretly carried out their manned moon landing plan.
On August 1962, 1 1 and 12, the Soviet Union launched two spacecraft, Dongfang, respectively, and flew in formation in orbit. 1On June 4th, 963, the first female astronaut, Wa tereshkova, entered space orbit and flew in formation with another spaceship.
1964 10 10/2, ascend to heaven 1 fly with three people. 1965 March 18, Soviet astronaut A. leonov walked out of the sealed cockpit of Ascension II and made the world's first spacewalk.
These are obviously needed for manned landing on the moon. The Soviet Union also developed the N-/KLOC-0 rocket with the largest thrust in the world, and even identified two astronauts who landed on the moon for the first time.
Fortunately, the development and test of Apollo spacecraft and Saturn 5 launch vehicle in the United States are progressing smoothly. However, on June 27th, 1967, three astronauts were burned to death in the ground exercise of Apollo 4A spacecraft.
It took 10 months to check and improve the design. 1967 10, two Soviet unmanned spacecraft docked in orbit; 1September 1968, the first batch of turtles, plant seeds and other life were sent to the moon; 1969 65438+ 10 In October, two Soyuz spacecraft docked and exchanged astronauts from outside the cabin.
Every progress has become the driving force for America's progress. The United States began flight tests of rockets and spacecraft from 1967+065438+ 10. By May 1969, * * * had carried out three unmanned flights, two manned flights around the earth and two manned flights around the moon.
The time to land on the moon has finally arrived. 1July 6, 969, Apollo 1 1 set out, and the lunar module landed on the moon on July 20.
After waiting for nearly seven hours, Tony Armstrong landed on the moon at 22: 56: 20 EDT on the 20th, and said the famous saying that will never go down in history: "This is a small step for man, but it is a leap for mankind." Subsequently, aldrin also set foot on the surface of last month.
By February of 1972, five Apollo spacecraft sent 10 people to the moon. They conducted many scientific investigations and experiments on the surface of the moon and brought back more than 300 kilograms of lunar material.
The Soviet N- 1 rocket failed again and again. 1At the beginning of July, 969, when the United States first manned the moon, it declared that it had no intention of competing with the United States for the first manned moon landing.